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and the chattel-loan business, the feasibility of establishing an employment bureau in the city of New York, and the methods used and the results accomplished in relieving the recent earthquake sufferers in San Francisco. Another important special line of research has been the so-called Pittsburgh Survey, which has been an intensive and deep study of social and industrial conditions in Pittsburgh as a typical American industrial city.

Means have been provided whereby the schools of philanthropy in Boston, New York, Chicago, and St. Louis have been enabled to establish departments for the training of workers in social investigation. This assistance has enabled them to offer two or three years' courses to students and to give more thorough preparation for work and investigation.

The Foundation has emphasized the importance of the housing problem in the great cities and their suburbs. A considerable tract of land has been purchased near New York, and is being used for purposes of experiment and demonstration.

One of the Foundation's lines of activity has had to do with the practical problems of common school administration which are related to the progress of children throughout the common schools. Investigations have been steadily in progress for the past three years to discover and lessen the factors which prevent the regular progress of a large portion of children through the common school course and account for our schools being clogged with many so-called "backward children." Encouraging progress has been made in this field; and the problem is now being attacked in many cities with renewed assurance, as the result of the work that has been accomplished.

This, however, has not been the sole or the ultimate object of this particular line of work. The larger object has been the discovery of ways of measuring educational progress and educational results. The realization that the great development of modern science is based upon the perfection of exact methods of observation and research has led to the conclusion that one of our great needs in education at the present time is to have means of checking results, so as to be able to test different methods as accurately as it is possible to test them in the field of business. The Foundation's workers feel that we need to be able to measure the relation between educational products and educational processes. A considerable number of studies have been conducted in this field, and more are in progress.

Other lines of work in the field of elementary education are represented by the publications which have already appeared on medical inspection of schools, the problems of retardation and elimina

tion, and open-air schools. There are now in course of preparation volumes on the wider use of the school plant, and on the problems and results of school feeding here and abroad.

Among the other activities to which the Russell Sage Foundation has contributed financial aid are the National Red Cross, the President's Homes Commission, and the Child-Saving Congress in Washington. Some idea of the scope of the Foundation's activities may be gained from the following titles of a few of its publications:

The Standard of Living Among Workingmen's Families in New York City.

Medical Inspection of Schools.

Laggards in Our Schools.

Correction and Prevention.

Four Volumes.

Juvenile Court Laws in the United States: Summarized.

The Pittsburgh Survey. Six volumes.

Housing Reform.

A Model Tenement House Law.

Among School Gardens.

Workingmen's Insurance in Europe.

The Campaign against Tuberculosis in the United States.
Report on the Desirability of Establishing an Employment
Bureau in the City of New York.

Wider Use of the School Plant.

The above statement of some of the activities of the Foundation is not inclusive or complete, nor is it intended to be. It is only illustrative. The Foundation has never published a complete report of all of its activities.

The fundamental idea of the Foundation is to place in the hands of qualified trustees the income of its large endowment and the power to use it in any way they think will best make for improvement in social and living conditions. The Foundation is not confined to any single form of social betterment. The provisions of its charter are sufficiently elastic to provide for any modification made necessary through the shifting of social conditions.

II. VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS

The following selected list of typical existing (1914) organizations, the principal object of which is public education, i.e. the molding of public opinion, and the stimulation of public activity, is indicative of a tremendous fund of social energy.

The proper expenditure of this energy represents one of the problems of the organized educational system.

1. American Association for Labor Legislation (1906). New York City.

a. Promotes the uniformity and encourages the study of labor legislation in the United States. Membership-3348.

b. Meets annually; serves as a clearing house for information on legislative matters relating to labor.

c. Publication - American Labor Legislation Review (Quarterly). 2. American Federation of Arts (1909). Washington, D. C. a. Unifies art interests of the country; stimulates popular interest in art of all kinds.

Membership-186 chapters and 1000 associate members. b. Holds yearly conventions.

c. Publications - Art and Progress (Monthly). The American Art Manual.

3. American National Red Cross (1900-incorporated by Congress, 1905). Washington, D. C., War Dept.

a. Furnishes volunteer aid to the sick and wounded of armies in time of war; carries on a system of national and international relief in time of peace.

Membership - 14,000.

b. Meets annually a feature of its work is its fight against tuberculosis.

c. Publication-American Red Cross Magazine (Quarterly).

4. American Peace Congress (National Arbitration and Peace Congress) (1907).

a. Advocates the abolition of war as a means of settling international disputes.

Membership-212 delegates appointed by various State
Governors.

b. Meets bi-annually.

c. Publication - Proceedings.

5. American Prison Association (Changed from National Prison Association, 1907) (1870). Indianapolis.

a. Improves prison discipline; reforms criminal law, preventive and reformatory law.

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6. American Social Hygiene Association (Formed by merging of American Vigilance Association, 1906, and American Federation of Sex Hygiene, 1909) (1914). Chicago.

a. Advocates the highest standards of private and public morality; suppresses commercialized vice; organizes the defense of the community against the diseases of vice.

b. Meets annually; conducts investigations into present conditions of prostitution and venereal diseases.

c. Publication- Vigilance (Monthly).

7. Boy Scouts of America (1910) New York City.

a. Helps boys to become useful, self-reliant, and manly citizens. Membership-300,000.

b. Open to any boy over 12 years of age; instruction is given in first aid, life saving, tracking, signalling, cycling, nature study, seamanship, campcraft, woodcraft, chivalry, and all the handicrafts.

8. Eugenics Record Office (1910). Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York.

a. Promotes researches in eugenics that shall be of utility to the human race.

b. Office was established by Mrs. E. H. Harriman and also received generous support from J. D. Rockefeller. Scientific directors (5) meet annually.

c. Publications Bulletins. Memoirs.

9. Federal Council of the Churches (1908). New York City. a. Secures a larger combined influence for the churches of Christ in all matters affecting the spiritual life and the moral and social condition of the people.

Membership-400 officially appointed representatives from 32 denominations, having 16,000,000 members.

b. Holds its general meeting every fourth year; executive committee meets annually. Active work is carried on by nine different commissions.

c. Publications - Quadrennial Proceedings. Reports of Commissions. Pamphlets.

10. Federated Boys' Clubs, (1906). Boston.

a. Associates individuals and clubs in order to promote the work of the boys' clubs and to further the formation of new clubs. b. Assists and coöperates with local superintendents and clubs; serves as a clearing house between clubs and superintendents; spreads usable information on different phases of club activity through a regular monthly letter.

11. General Federation of Women's Clubs (1889). lotte, N. C.

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a. Educates its members mentally and morally; creates public opinion; secures better conditions of life. Membership - 800,000.

b. Meets bi-annually; it is especially active in securing equal educational opportunity for all children.

c. Publications — Biennial Report. General Federation. Bulletins (Monthly).

12. Immigration Restriction League (1894). Boston.

a. Advocates and works for the further judicious restriction or stricter regulation of immigration; issues documents and circulars; solicits facts and information on that subject. Membership-800.

b. Meets annually.

c. Distributes over half a million circulars annually.

13. National Academy of Sciences (1863). Washington. a. Investigates, examines, experiments, and reports upon any subject of science or art, whenever called upon by any department of the national government; actual expense is paid by the government.

Membership - 139, and 49 foreign associates.

b. Meets annually in Washington.

c. Publications Annual Reports. Memoirs (11 volumes).

14. National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis (1904). New York City.

a. Studies tuberculosis in all of its forms and relations; disseminates knowledge concerning causes, treatments and prevention; encourages prevention and scientific treatment. Membership - 2300.

b. Meets annually.

c. Publications - Annual Proceedings. Journal of Outdoor Life.

15. National Board of Censorship (1909). New York City. a. Curtails the objectionable features of motion picture shows; encourages improved uses of films for schools, civic associations, etc.; promotes local regulative laws.

Membership - 70 volunteer members.

b. Censors the programs of 16,000 theaters; during three years it has prohibited objectionable films to the amount of $2,000,000.

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