THEORY AND PRACTICE,

1. What is meant by school organization, school government and school discipline?

2. What place does the teacher hold in each?

3. What use should the pupil make of the text book? What use should the teacher make?

4. Describe the conditions which would surround your school, if you could make them.

5. What, in substance, is the Ohio law regarding the suspension of a pupil.

6 to 10. Write about one hundred and fifty words on the subject, "Should Ohio Tax - Payers support Normal Schools?"

be passed parallel to the base so that the section may contain 100 square feet?

PSYCHOLOGY.

1. Give an outline of the mental faculties with principal and subordinate divisions.

2. Distinguish an image from a concept. 3. Do sensation and feeling accompany willing? Explain.

4. What is paidology? What is its relation to psychology?

5. What is attention? What are the conditions of attention? What is expectant attention?

6. What is the basis of habit? Illustrate.

7. How do coaching and cramming injure the mind?

8. Explain fully how perceptual power in the child is developed?

LATIN.

1. We pity them. I am ashamed of my folly. I did not conceal from you the conversation. Translate the foregoing into Latin.

2. Translate: Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omnium opinione venisset, Remi qui proximi Galliæ ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Andecumbogium, primos civitatis, miserunt, qui dicerent se suaque omnia in fldem atque in potestatem populi Romani permittere, neque se cum Belgis reliquis consensisse neque contra populum Romanum coniurasse, paratosque esse et obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento ceterisque rebus iuvare; reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse, Germanosque, qui cis Rhenum incolant, sese cum his coniunxisse, tantumque esse, eorum omnium furorem, ut ne Suessiones quidem, fratres consanguineosque suos, qui eodem iure et dem legisbus utantur, unum imperium

Though glory may not possess anything in itself, yet it follows virtue. d. I will set forth my plan before I speak of the republic.

1.

2.

GENERAL HISTORY. Contrast Athens and Sparta. What were the four great schools of philosophy in the fourth century, B. C. Give the leading thought of each. 3. Describe a day in Rome in the time of Augustus Cæsar.

4. What can you say about Charlemagne?

5. Relate some anecdote, or state some interestng fact concerning Cromwell, Napoleon, Louis IV, Peter the Great, Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots.

6 and 7. For what is the year 800 noted? 1000? 1066? 1215? 1328? 1346? 1415? 1492? 1495? 1517? 1525? 1572? 1588? 1598? 1648? 1707? 1756? 1775? 1789? 1815?

BOTANY.

1. Tell all you know about the dandelion.

2. Write the common name, genius, species and family name of five plants.

3. Name the kinds of plant cells. Give composition of a cell wall and cell contents. Is there any difference in the composition of cell contents in man and the oak?

4. Draw a flower and explain fertilization. How is a fern fertilized?

5. Name all the movements of plants, if they have any.

6. Outline the kinds of fruit, giving example of each.

7. Show that plants struggle for existence.

8. Define villose, truncate, torus, androecium, antheridium.

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.

1. Give the naturalization laws. How were the Porto Ricans naturalized?

fiery meteors and is described as follows: "Lightning is a fire kindled within a cloud, which flying from the contrary cold breaks out with a horrible noise and for the most part casts the flames as far as the earth. The world is the Alembick of nature; the air is the cap of this Alembick; the sun is the fire; the earth, the plants, the water, the minerals, etc., are the things which exhale vapor continually, and these vapors are wrapped up in the clouds and endure one another so long as till the sulphur takes fire and when that happens there follows the same effect as in gunpowder; a fight, a rapture, a noise, a violent casting forth of matter which inflames whatsoever it touches and smiting into the earth it turns to a stone and this stone being taken out after a time is called a thunderbolt."

There are some things about lightning which we do not know certainly yet, but we are confident enough in our knowledge of some phases of this subject to make the above explanation seem amusing. It is interesting at least in showing the origin of the word thunderbolt.

When Franklin lived the subject of static electricity was being investigated with a great deal of interest and Franklin was one of these investigators. His fertile mind could easily expand the tiny spark and snap of his hand machine to the vivid flash of lightning and roar of thunder. His famous

kite experiment showed that he was correct and the identity of lightning and electricity was established.

The only conditions needed to produce lightning are that there be two bodies with opposite electric charges and then that this difference of charge be increased or the resistance of the dielectric be decreased until electricity flows from the one to the other. In case of lightning these two bodies are usually a cloud and the earth or two clouds.

Just what are all the influences tending to electrify a cloud we cannot tell.

Experiment shows that the air is usually electrified whether there are any clouds or not, and clouds mostly contain a positive charge. The friction of the air upon the earth might explain the difference in the kind of electrification in the air and earth just as when a stick of sealing wax is rubbed with flannel, the wax will be found to be negatively, and the flannel to be positively electrified.

The relative condition of the cloud and the earth can be well represented by use of two pie pans, A and B.

R A

B

B is filled with rosin, which is melted, poured into the pan, and allowed to cool. A is an empty

pan with an insulating handle of wax or glass fastened to it with chewing gum or some tough wax. Now rub the rosin in B with flannel or strike it with the fringe of a woolen shawl till it is strongly electrified, then place A upon it so that the pans do not touch, then touch A with the finger. Now take hold of the handle R and lift A straight up. A will contain a positive charge and will represent a cloud, while B will represent the earth. The electricity may leap one-half inch from A to your knuckle.

There is in the air at all times about 54,000,000 tons of water in the form of vapor. This vapor will collect in little spherules of water about the particles of air dust and in passing through the electrified air receive on their surface the charge of the air and this charge may increase until the tension is very great; but since the spherules of the cloud now all have the same charge they will repel each other just as two pithballs will stand apart when they have the same charge. The cloud must then be discharged before the raindrops can be formed, and so just after the blinding stroke and the thunder it is a common experience that we have a copious shower, then all gets quiet again and the process is repeated.

Lightning is simply a flow of electricity between two electrified bodies of different potential and

the stroke is in both directions, i. e. electricity surges back and forth a great many times. We have the idea that lightning comes down only, but this arises from our usual experience with falling bodies. No one ever saw the end of a real stroke of lightning. While the time can be measured it is very short. Lightning can make a trip to the moon in about one second and a stroke from a cloud to the earth lasts .00001 of a second. The time seems longer because impressions on the retina last for one-sixth of a second.

The light which we see is not electricity, for electricity is invisible, but a streak of heated air marking the path along which the electricity traveled; the air then will very suddenly expand and clash back together again, causing what we call thunder. This is the part of a storm which some people fear most. When the stroke is near by there is a sudden crash and that is the end of it, but when the stroke is a little distant then there may be a prolonged roar. This is accounted for by the fact that one part of the path may be much nearer to us than another and as sound travels slowly it comes creeping in from all points along the path, and also the air is not acoustically homogeneous and so a bank of air which is opaque to sound may keep some of the sound from us on one side and reflect some back to us from the other side and so we may have al