ization of use. The two essential features in such cases are an outer chamber or vestibule and an inner chamber or sanctuary. The vestibule is entered by a plain, single doorway in inferior structures, and by a wide doorway divided by columns or piers in those of the better class. Usually it extends entirely across the front of the building. The fully developed vestibule is a modified outer chamber, and is characterized by multiple exterior doorways separated by piers or by columns, giving the effect of a portico closed at the ends. The sanctuary is mostly entered by a central doorway, though lateral entrances are sometimes provided. Additional rooms are arranged about the sanctuary at the right or left or extend behind it, as in the case of El Castillo at Chichen. Most of the

Fig. 2. Specialization of the ground plan of Maya temples.

a. Single-chamber building with plain door.

b. Single-chamber temple with wide doorway and two square columns. c. Two-chamber temple, the vestibule with wide doorway and round columns, and the sanctuary with single plain doorway.

d. Two-chamber temple, the vestibule with simple doorway, and the sanctuary with three doorways and a low altar.

e. Four-chamber temple, Palenque type, the vestibule with three entrances and two squarish piers, the sanctuary with tablet chamber, and two small lateral chambers.

f. Three-chamber temple, Chichen Itza type, the vestibule entered by wide portal with two serpent columns, the sanctuary enlarged by introducing two square columns to support the triple vault, and a long gallery with three doorways extending behind.

Palenque temples have an outer apartment of the vestibule type, entered between piers; and a back apartment enclosing a small roofed sanctuary, entered by a single door. Small rooms are placed at the sides. When there is a single chamber only, which is not uncommon, it exhibits frequently the characters of the vestibule. Altars are rarely found, the only example met with being in a small temple on the Island of Mugeres. In Fig. 2 a series of temple plans is given, illustrating the remarks just made. I take it that, if these varied structures are properly called temples, any apartment or any suite of apartments in any building may have served the purposes of a temple, though the term may not with propriety be applied to any structure not showing peculiarity of placement or style, in which there is not some variation from the mere grouping of simple chamber units.

Ordinary doorways are single and give entrance to a single room, or, at most, to a suite rarely having more than two or three rooms. Back rooms are entered by doorways closely resembling the outer ones, getting all their light through them. The various forms of doorways are de scribed farther on.

more.

Apartments of all classes and all vaulted spaces are, with a few exceptions, limited in width by the capacity of the native arch to twelve feet or less. The length has no necessary limit, reaching in cases sixty feet or Such long rooms may be entered by a number of doorways and thus approximate the corridor type. It is reasonable to suppose that some of the buildings, now represented by piles of debris from which protrude multiple rows of columns, as at Chichen and Aké, were much more expansive in their apartment spaces which were rendered coalescent by the use of columns instead of partition walls. A notable feature of the plan in quadrangular groups of buildings is the gateway or wide, arched passage which opens through one of the outer buildings into the court. The greater Maya buildings, though at times appearing complex in plan, are really exceedingly simple. The unit is the single cell or chamber seen standing alone in a, Fig. 3. The building shown in b consists of several units combined in one; variety is given to the plan in unsymmetrical structures by adding other units in less uniform ways and of varying size. The building shown in d differs from the preceding in having a sloped instead of a vertical entablature, the interior arrangement being much the same as in b. A sketch, intended as a restoration of the Caracol or Round Tower at Chichen, is presented in c.2 This edifice contains two circular, concentric chambers identical in construction principle with the rectangular forms. In e we have the Palenque type of temple, and ƒ is the square tower of the Palace at Palenque, the plan and construction of which are peculiar in several respects. . . .

...

The illustration given in Fig. 4 will serve to indicate sufficiently the construction and relations of the various features of an ordinary Maya building. The upper part of the substructure or pyramid is included and shows the stairway at the left, approaching the front doorway, and plain slope at the right. Details of the masonry of this mass are somewhat hypothetical, as I have not been able to determine whether or not it is the rule that a special foundation wall with vertical outer face was built from the ground up, but it is certain that this was often the case, and that the stairway and abutting masonry were afterwards added, as here shown, transforming the vertical-faced substructure into a sloping one. The floor is cemented as a rule, but occasionally is flagged, and the inner

It seems reasonably certain that the walls of both stories of this building were vertical as indicated, but the number and position of the openings of the upper turret, and the character of the platforms, or roofs, remain problematical.

floor is in cases a step higher than the esplanade without. The superstructure here utilized, has two chambers, or two tiers of chambers, vaulted with the ordinary arch, and the walls are vertical without as is usual in Yucatan. The nature of the facing and hearting is shown in section in the back wall at the right, and the illy jointed and bonded masonry is correctly represented. The use of larger stones in the jambs of the doorways is indicated at the left. At a is the plain lower wall with doorway at b, and above is a sectional view of the wooden lintels, c. The front and back chambers are connected by a second doorway, d, identical with the outer one. The sloping sides of the corbellate or offset arch, dressed with the bevel, are seen at e and the capstone is at f. Special features seen within the rooms are the small, square wall perforation at the right, the poles or braces within the arch above, and two forms of cord fasteners-not large enough to be clearly made out at the side of the inner door. One pair of these is made by drilling holes from adjoining faces of the stone until they meet, and the other by building a deep depression in the surface of the wall into which is fixed a vertical piece of round stone. The medial moldings, separating the two mural zones, typically developed, are shown at g. The upper zone with its sculpturemosaic surface is seen at h, and the upper or frieze molding and coping course appears at the top, i. Continuous with the façade plane is the false or flying front, repeating the decorations of the façade proper more or less faithfully, and solid or perforated as the builder pleased or the nature of the ornament suggested. In some cases this feature is repeated in the same form over the medial wall of the building, but more frequently we have a more ambitious roof-comb, as indicated at k, and typically illustrated in the House of the Pigeons, Uxmal. It appears that the two forms are not likely to occur on the same structure. Details are given in other connections. In the drawing the combs are disconnected from the building so that the ordinary roof may be seen in its level simplicity.

Doorways and Other Wall Openings. The wall perforations of Maya buildings may be arranged under six heads. They consist of (1) simple rectangular doorways with jambs, lintels and sometimes sills, (2) multiple or compound doorways in which the wide void is divided by one, two, three or more columns or pillars, (3) arched doorways which are of rare occurrence, (4) certain window-like openings or air holes of small size and varied shape, (5) the diversified openings in flying façades and roofcrests, some representing the interspaces of geometric ornaments, and others resembling doorways in their construction, but serving no function save that of embellishment, and (6) the so-called arched portals or gateways which are not wall perforations in the same sense as the others, but vaulted passageways opening entirely through the building from side to

Fig. 3. Examples of Maya buildings.

a. Single-chamber building-a unit of construction.

b. Multiple-chambered building-an assemblage of 12 or 14 units. c. Restoration of circular building, Chichen Itza.

d. Building with sloping entablature, Chichen Itza.

e. Temple with sloping entablature and roof-comb, Palenque.

f. Square tower of four stories, Palenque-roof restored.

side, and not communicating with the apartments. The latter are described under the heading of the arch.

Columns and Pillars. Developing pari passu with the doorways and arches we have a great variety of pillars and columns. The American column, in the nature of things, exhibits certain parallelisms with the columns of the eastern continent, but in all departures from the most elementary treatment and use it may be said to be characteristically American. Square columns, most numerous in Chichen, and pillars or piers, typically developed in Palenque, were usually simple in form though often embellished with elaborate sculptures or plastic designs in low relief, whilst the round column had advanced beyond the more elemental form with its shaft and simple cap, and was given, in whole or in part, varied and remarkable life forms, the feathered serpent being the favorite motive embodied. Among the most striking features of the great buildings of Chichen Itza are the massive serpent columns, and on the Island of Cozumel, in a diminutive temple, the life-sized figure of a human being or man-like ape is sculptured in high relief against the face of the column. Columns were usually assembled in pairs, where introduced into doorways to support the entablature, but appeared in groups and rows numbering scores or hundreds where extended façades or large roof areas were supported. Few specimens are monolithic, save in the east, as at Cozumel, where the size was reduced to a minimum and the available stone was perhaps more than usually massive. The proportions are considerably varied, but all are short and heavy. The diameter is to the height, approximately, as 1 to 32. The square column is always built up of a number of heavy blocks.

The round column had become such a familiar feature of the building art that it was employed outside of its normal range of functions, appearing very frequently in the field of pure embellishment. In many of the Yucatec buildings it was used, on a reduced scale, to decorate the façades, where it was effectively introduced in moldings and friezes, forming long rows set in contact side by side. Generally the form was rounded only in front, while the back was flat or uneven and set in mortar. The form was varied in cases by formal moldings encircling the shaft, giving the effect, in a simple way, of our turned balusters.

The genesis of the stone column would seem to be easily made out, as prototypes are found in the wooden and stone roof supports employed in most primitive structures. The association with it of animal forms may perhaps be satisfactorily explained on the assumption that the figures or monsters embodied represent the divinities associated with the temple of which the column formed a conspicuous part. This association is in marked contrast with the more rational use of vegetal forms by the Egyptians and Greeks, though animal forms and figures of men and women