REMARK. The subject of Pronouns is resumed after the exercises on the verb. Such as are used in the conjugation of the verb have been already explained. $63. VERBS. Here review § 10. A verb is a part of speech by means of which something is asserted or expressed. CLASSES. 1. Verbs are of two kinds; transitive and intransitive. 2. Transitive verbs are such as admit of an object. This definition is applicable only to the active form, see § 73. 3. Intransitive verbs are such as do not admit of an object. NOTE.-Transitive (Lat., transitivus, "having the power of passing,") implies that the action originating in that which the subject represents, ter minates on the person or thing denoted by the object. EXPLANATION. I strike; can I strike any thing? the name of the thing I strike is the object of the verb. What kind of a verb then is strike? I see; can I see any thing? What kind of a verb is see? I walk; can I walk any thing? can walk have any object? What kind of a verb is walk ? What kind of a verb is stand? Why? What kind of a verb is loves? Why? 4. Verbs are varied on account of their subjects in two respects; viz: in number and person. 5. There are two NUMBERS; singular and plural; and three PERSONS ;* first, second and third. *Person and number, applied to the verb, refer only to a form of the verb which usage has adopted to correspond to the person or number of the subject. Each person or number of the nominative is said to require a particular form, or to govern the verb in this respect. § 64. MODE. 1. Mode (from the Lat., MODUS, manner) means man ner. 2. We speak or say things in different ways or man ners. (a) We say the flower blooms, the flower bloomed, the flower will bloom, the flower has bloomed; that is, we state a fact; or, the flower does not bloom; we deny a fact. 3. This stating, or declaring, or denying any thing, is called the INDICATIVE MODE, or manner of speaking. NOTE.-Indicative means " showing," or "declaring." (b) We say, the child may learn, can learn, must learn, could learn, should learn, &c. 4. This manner of speaking is called the POTENTIAL mode. NOTE-Potential (from the Lat., potens, "able," "having power,") signifies having power or ability. (c) We say, learn thou, obey ye, do, go. 5. This manner of speaking is called the IMPERATIVE mode or manner. NOTE.-Imperative signifies "commanding." (d) We say, to read, to have read. 6. This manner of speaking is called the INFINITIVE mode. NOTE.-Infinitive (from the Lat., infinitus, “unlimited,") signifies "in an unlimited manner." (e) We say, if it rains, suppose it rains, lest it should rain, unless it rains. 7. This manner of speaking is called the SUBJUNCTIVE mode. NOTE. Subjunctive (Lat., subjungo, "to subjoin,") signifies subjoined to. This mode is called subjunctive, because the clause in which it occurs must be "subjoined to," or connected with some other clause to make complete sense; as, "If it rains," is an imperfect expression; but when subjoined to "I cannot work," the sense is complete. ORAL EXERCISE. 1. How many modes of speaking have been described ? 2. In what mode are the following expressions: "I love," "I have loved," "I will low," "I loved?" Why? 3. In what mode are the following expressions: "I may love," "I might love," "I can love," "I must love ?" Why? Ans. They imply power, ability, necessity, or obligation. 4. In what mode are the following expressions: "See thou," "see," ye," "believe him," " obey your rulers ?" Why? 60 see 5. In what mode are the following expressions: "To do," " to learn," "to speak," "to have seen?" Why? 6. In what mode are the following expressions: "If I love," "unless you hear ?" 7. How many modes have been explained? What are they? EXERCISE. Put each of the following verbs in all the different modes. Model. Verb.-Make. INDICATIVE.-I make; I made, I have made, I shall make. IMPERATIVE.-Make, make thou, make ye, do make. 1. Mode is a form of the verb to denote a particular manner of speaking or asserting any thing. 2. Verbs have FIVE MODES, the Indicative, the Poten tial, the Subjunctive, the Imperative, and the Infinitive. 3. The Indicative is used simply to indicate or declare any thing. 4. The Potential is used to express power, ability, necessity, or obligation. NOTE. Both the indicative and potential forms are used in asking questions. 5. The Subjunctive is used to express doubt or condition. 6. The Imperative is used to command, entreat and exhort. 7. The Infinitive is used to express an action or a state in an unlimited manner. § 66. SIGNS OF THE MODES. 1. The simple form of the verb is generally used in the In-" dicative mode; as, I love; but sometimes do is prefixed for the sake of emphasis; as, I do love. 2. The same is true of the imperative mode; as Come thou, do come. 3. May, can, must, might, could, would, should, when used before another verb, are signs of the Potential mode; as, He may sing; he should sing. as, 4. The word to before the verb is the sign of the Infinitive; I learn to study; I love to read. 5. If, though, except, unless, whether, lest, suppose, admit, grant, or any word denoting doubt or condition is the sign of the Subjunctive; as, If I sleep; suppose we go. EXERCISE. Sentences to be Analyzed and Parsed.* Mention the mode and the kind of the verbs, or answer the questions, what kind of verb, transitive or intransitive? In what mode? Why? The sun warms2 the earth.3 I will walk in the field. See § 31. If sinners entice thee, consent thou not. § 67. TENSE. 1. Tense signifies "time." (French, temps, or Latin, tempus, "time.") 2. We speak of persons or things as acting, and of occurrences as taking place, in different times. (a) We say "the flowers bloom," in the present time; (b) "the flower bloomed," in past time; (c) "the flower will bloom," in future time. ORAL EXERCISE. How many kinds of time have been mentioned ? Put the verb love in the present, past and future time. Put the verb to study in the present, past and future time or tense. I walk; is the verb walk in the present or past time or tense? I walked, in what time? What is the future time or tense of the verb walk? 1 Sun is the subject. 2 Warms is the predicate. 3 Earth is the object. 4 His is in the possessive case. The adverb not, separates inust, the sign, from the verb kill. 6 Thou is in the nominative case, the subject of the imperative consent. *The nouns, verbs and personal pronouns are to be parsed; the other words may be omitted for the present. The subject of a verb in the Imperative mode, is seldom expressed; when it is expressed it follows the verb. |