obligation,' is retained only in this form. Cf. the verbs regard, observe, which also combine the senses of 'keep' and 'look at.'

14.

an austere and wise man. 'There is not much foundation for calling Appius "wise," though he may be called "austere" in the sense of severe' (Abbott, Bacon's Essays, II. 140).

17. Satis &c. Seneca, Epist. 1. 7, quotes the remark from Epicurus, who made it however not as a general proposition (the sense in which Bacon takes it), but as applicable to himself and his philosophical friend to whom he was writing. In the Adv. of L., bk. 1. 3. 7, Bacon calls this 'a speech for a lover, and not for a wise man.' Cf. Pope, Essay on Man, 11. 2, 'The proper study of mankind is man.'

20. idoll, from Gk. eïdwλov, ‘a phantom,' 'an image,' and hence 'the image of a god,' so later 'a false god.' Bacon combines the two senses here: 'His fellow-creature's "image," formed in the eye of the beholder, is no fit object for his adoration.'

P. 27, 1. 26. meerely in the phrase. There is extravagance not only in the words of lovers, but also in their thoughts.

27. it hath beene well said. Plutarch, De Adulatione et Amico, II. Cf. Ess. 27, 178; 53, 22.

32. That it is impossible &c. Publius Syrus, Sent. 15, Amare et sapere vix Deo conceditur. Cf. Plutarch, Agesilaus, p. 415b, 'How little consistent are love and prudence!' Similarly Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, III. 2. 163—4.

49. quarter, strictly 'a fourth part,' then 'any particular part or district,' e.g. 'the Jews' quarter' of a town, 'military quarters;' cf. Ess. 22, 76, 'kept good quarter between them.'

52. no wayes, possessive form of the noun used adverbially: cf. needs, nowadays.

58. spread, cf. Ess. 8, 27—8.

59. humane, in the modern sense.

P. 28, 1. 11.

ESSAY XI.

OF GREAT PLACE.

Cum non &c. Cicero, Epist. ad Fam. VII. 3, 4. 14. reason for reasonable': cf. Acts vi. 2, 'It is not reason that

we should leave the

15. the shadow.

word of God and serve tables.'

Cf. Latin vita umbratilis.

P. 29, 1. 28. Illi &c. Seneca, Thyestes, II. 401.

32. to can, trans. 'to know,' cf. con, German kennen: intrans. 'to be able,' as here: cf. Scotch, 'I'll no can go.'

37. vantage qualifies ground.

38. is the singular verb may be explained as in agreement with the noun end, the subject being inverted.

40. theater: the Greek Oéaтpov, which means 'a place for seeing shows,' was used later to denote also 'the show' itself: e.g. 1 Corinthians iv. 9, θέατρον ἐγενήθημεν τῷ κόσμῳ, we are made a spectacle unto the world.' This secondary sense is given here to theatre.

4I. Et conversus &c. Genesis i. 31, loosely quoted from the Vulg. P. 30, 11. 85-6. no other...esteeme: absolute construction.

P. 31, 1. 93. Salomon saith: Proverbs xxviii. 21.

96-7. A place...man: 'Apxǹ ävdpa delкvvoiv. The authorship of the saying is variously assigned to Solon, Bias, and other sages of antiquity. Cf. Plutarch, Lives, ‘Demosthenes and Cicero compared,' р. боб 6.

98. Omnium &c. Tacitus, Histories, I. 49.

100. Solus &c. Tacitus, Histories, I. 50.

103. whom honour amends: the construction is faulty.

ESSAY XII.

OF BOLDNESSE.

P. 32, 1. 3. Demosthenes: cf. Cicero, De Oratore, III. 56; Brutus (De Claris Oratoribus, XXXVIII. 141); Orator, XVII. 55-6. Also Quintilian, Instit. Orat. XI. 3.

15. boldnesse. So Danton to the Assembly, 1792, ‘Il nous faut de l'audace, encore de l'audace, toujours de l'audace.' Cf. also Spenser, F. Q. III. xi. 54, ‘Be Bolde, Be Bolde, and everywhere, Be Bolde.' 26. mountebanque, Ital. montambanco, 'one who mounts a bench,' so 'a quack.'

P. 33, 1. 36. If the hill &c., a Spanish proverb.

51. a stale at chesse. A chess-player is 'stalemated' when his king, though not in check, cannot be moved without being placed in check, and the player has either no other piece or pawn on the board or none that he can move. Hence the term is applied metaphorically

to any position in which no action can be taken.

ESSAY XIII.

OF GOODNESSE AND GOODNESSE OF NATURE.

P. 34, 1. 2. Philanthropia meant 'kindliness of feeling.' With us philanthropy implies more than this, and Bacon means more than this by the word here.

3. Humanitie. The Lat. humanitas signifies 'culture,' ' refinement,' a sense still retained in the expression the Humanities,' used at the Scotch universities to designate Latin and Latin literature, i.. 'polite literature,' literae humaniores.

IO. admits no excesse but errour. We cannot have too much active kindness, but we may make mistakes in applying it.

10-12. The desire of power...man to fall. Cf. Pope, Essay on Man, I. 125-8,

19.

'Pride still is aiming at the blest abodes,

Men would be angels, angels would be gods.
Aspiring to be gods if angels fell,

Aspiring to be angels men rebel.'

a Christian boy. It was a Venetian goldsmith. (Busbequius, Legationis Turcicae Epist., Ep. III.) In Bacon's account of the incident there are sundry small inaccuracies, most of which are corrected in the Latin Version of the Essays.

26. That the Christian Faith &c. 'If the reference is, as it probably is, to the Discourses, II. ii., Machiavelli is shamefully slandered here' (Abbott, Bacon's Essays, II. p. 150).

P. 35,

34. to their faces or fancies, i.e. to their fancies as expressed in their faces.

36. Esop's cocke, Phaedrus, Fables, III. 12.

38. He sendeth &c., Matthew v. 45.

43-6. beware how...portraiture, i.e. We are to love our neighbour as ourselves, not more than ourselves. Self-love is the model, love of our neighbour the copy. It is possible to bestow so much upon our neighbour that our duties towards ourselves are neglected.

46. Sell all &c., Mark x. 21.

60. on the loading part, i.e. throw their weight to that side on which the burden already presses most heavily.

63-5. Misanthropi... Timon had. For Timon, see INDEX. 'Once in an assembly of the people, he mounted the rostrum, and the novelty of the thing having occasioned a universal silence and expectation: at length he said, "People of Athens, there is a fig-tree in my yard, on which many worthy citizens have hanged themselves; and as I have determined to build upon the spot, I thought it necessary to give this public notice, that such as choose to have recourse to this tree for the aforesaid purpose may repair to it before it is cut down." Plutarch, Lives, Antony,' p. 643 b. Cf. Shakespeare, Timon of Athens, v. i. 208-215.

P. 36, 1. 66. errours: the Latin Version has vomicas et carcinomata, 'sores and ulcers.'

67. knee timber, i.e. timber growing in the shape of a bent leg. 75. the noble tree, viz. the balsam tree, from which myrrh is obtained by incision.

80. trash, 'the clippings of trees,' hence 'refuse,' 'rubbish.'

82. anathema, Romans ix. 3. 'Avá@nua denotes 'a votive offering,' something which is 'set up' (from ȧvarleŋμ): it occurs in Luke xxi. 5 with the meaning 'gift.' The form ȧváleμa is used ecclesiastically in later Greek to signify 'anything devoted to evil,' 'an accursed thing,' curse.'

ESSAY XIV.

OF NOBILITY.

P. 37, 1. 9. stirps, a Latin singular noun, here used as if plural. 9-12. For men's eyes...pedegree. This explains why democracies do not need a nobility.

12. pedegree, prob. fr. pied de grue, 'crane's foot,' from the branching lines of a genealogical tree. Other but less likely etymologies are par degrés, 'by degrees,' and père degrés, lit. 'father degrees.'

P. 38, 1. 46. passive envy is explained by the words 'from others towards them,' and is opposed to the 'motions of envy' mentioned in the preceding sentence. We may speak of envy as active in the man who feels it, passive in the man who is its object.

47. because they...honour: Latin Version quod nobiles in honorum possessione nati videntur, 'because nobles seem to have been born with the possession of honour.' Cf. Ess. 9, 85.

49. a better slide into their businesse. The edition of 1612 gives in, not into, and this is more closely correspondent with the Lat. Vers. negotia sua mollius fluere sentient, they will find their affairs flow more smoothly.' Pressing the meaning of into, we may interpret the passage in one or other of the following ways:

(1) Kings that have able nobles will find greater smoothness (entering) into their business, i.e. affairs of state will run with less friction:

(2) Kings that have able nobles will slide more easily into their business, i.e. will get a grip of it with less difficulty:

(3) Kings that have able nobles will find (other people) slide better into their business, i.e. adapt themselves more readily to their business, bend to them, submit to their authority.

ESSAY XV.

OF SEDITIONS AND TROUBLES.

1. Shepheards of People, πouéves λawv, Homer.

Kalenders. The word is derived from Latin calendae (or kalendae) the first day of the month.

2-4.

which are commonly...the æquinoctia, i.e. civil disturbances accompany equality between different classes in the state, just as storms are most severe when days and nights are of equal length. A quaint illustration, of no value as an argument, since the supposed analogy is purely fanciful.

7. Ille etiam &c. Virgil, Georgics, 1. 464—5.

P. 39, l. 15. Illam Terra &c. Virgil, Aeneid, IV. 178–80.

26. Conflata &c. Tacitus, Histories, 1. 7, inaccurately quoted. The original has Inviso semel principe, 'when an emperor is once unpopular,' not conflata magna invidia.

33. Erant in &c. Tacitus, Histories, II. 39, a loose adaptation. 41. Macciavel. The reference is perhaps to Discourses III. 27.

P. 40, 1. 46. entred League, viz. the League of the Holy Trinity, commonly called the Holy League, formed by the Guises for the suppression of French Protestantism, 1575. See INDEX, Henry III.

48-51. For when the authority...possession, i.e. when the authority of the sovereign is employed in the interests of a party, and loyalty has less binding force than other motives, kings are in a fair way of losing their position.