belonging to a Roman family; Alexander Farnese, duke of Parma (di. 1592); Spinola, of Genoa (di. 1630). There were many others.

181. Pragmaticall Sanction. This term was first applied to certain decrees of the Byzantine emperors, affecting their subject provinces and towns; then to a system of limitations set to the spiritual power of the pope in European countries; and lastly to a family compact made by different potentates respecting succession to sovereignty, the most celebrated being that by which Charles VI. sought to secure the succession for his daughter Maria Theresa. The Pragmatic Sanction referred to in the text was published by Philip IV. A.D. 1622 (the year in which this Essay appeared in the De Augmentis) conferring certain privileges on persons who married, and further immunities on those who had six children.

P. 91, 1. 189. it was great advantage, i.e. so far as their military power was concerned.

206. sent a present: Plut. Lives, 'Romulus,' p. 26a; Livy, I. 16. P. 92, 1. 226. hath growen, sing. verb as the nouns 'profession and exercise' represent one complex idea.

242. prest, French prêt, Latin praesto, 'at hand,' 'ready.' Cf. Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, 1. i. 160.

P. 93, 11. 251-2. as when the Romans...of Grecia: 'In the second Macedonian War (B.C. 200-196) one chief ground of quarrel between the Romans and King Philip of Macedon was the refusal of the king to withdraw his garrisons and to leave Greece free' (Reynolds, Bacon's Essays, p. 223).

252-4. when the Lacedemonians...oligarchies. During the Peloponnesian War (B.C. 431-404), 'the establishment of an oligarchy or a democracy was the sign and attendant of a revolt to the Lacedaemonian or Athenian side, and was aided or resisted accordingly. "To set up or pull down democracies and oligarchies" became thus an essential part of the conduct of the war, and must not be judged as an uncalledfor piece of interference with the affairs of a neighbouring state' (Reynolds, p. 224).

278. Consilium &c.

Cicero, ad Atticum, X. 8, loosely quoted. P. 94, 1. 287. set up their rest, a metaphor from cards. Cf. Merchant of Venice, 11. ii. 110; Romeo and Juliet, IV. v. 6.

310. the stile of Emperor, i.e. the title 'Imperator' with which victorious Roman soldiers hailed their general.

311.

the Triumphes. A Triumph was a solemn procession in which a victorious general, preceded by the captives and followed by

his troops, passed in state along the Via Sacra and ascended the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the Temple of Jupiter. It was granted or refused by the Senate.

P. 95, 1. 315.

that of the Triumph: some noun such as 'custom or 'institution' must be supplied. Latin Version, mos ille triumphandi. 328. adde a cubite &c. Matthew vi. 27; Luke xii. 25.

this little modell of a man's body: cf. Richard II. 111. ii. 153. of is used appositionally, as in Ess. 15, 68, and 22, 10.

The

I.

ESSAY XXX.

OF REGIMENT OF HEALTH.

wisdome in this, i.e. either (1) in this matter viz. the manage

ment of one's health, or (2) in a man's own observation.

P. 96, 1. 28. wonder and admiration.

Bacon's use of synonyms, see p. 294.

For other examples of

P. 97, 1. 43. Celsus, De Medicina, i. 1. Mr Reynolds remarks (p. 230) that 'the rules, which Bacon ascribes here to Celsus, convey a wholly incorrect notion of what Celsus says.'

ESSAY XXXI.

OF SUSPICION.

P. 98, 1. 4. checke, a metaphor from falconry: cf. Ess. 10, 51. 10. Henry the Seventh. For the character of this king see Bacon's History, p. 476.

ESSAY XXXII.

OF DISCOURSE.

P. 99, 1. 1. desire rather commendation of wit. So Johnson 'owned he sometimes talked for victory.'

4.

what should be thought, i.e. if one's thought is to correspond with the facts.

5.

common places, 'topics,' loci communes, 'subjects of discourse. The Greek Toos, Latin locus, and English 'place' all have the same original and derived meanings.

8. to give the occasion: One is reminded of Burke's remark after Johnson had monopolized the conversation during a whole evening: 'It is enough for me to have rung the bell to him.' (Boswell, Life of Johnson, p. 536, Globe edit.)

9. moderate, cf. 'moderator,' Ess. 25, 32, note, p. 210. P. 100, l. 23. Parce &c. Ovid, Metam. ii. 127.

33. poser, cf. Ess. 22, 70, note, p. 205.

38. galliards. The galliard was a sprightly French dance, introduced into this country in Henry VIII.'s time.

48. as a field. The Latin Version is more explicit: 'Conversation should resemble an open field in which you may roam about, not a highway which takes you straight home.'

P. 101, l. 53. drie blow: dry here means 'severe,' 'hard.' Cf. Comedy of Errors, II. ii. 64, 'dry basting'; Romeo and Juliet, IV. v. 126, 'dry-beat'; Love's Labour's Lost, v. ii. 263, ‘dry-beaten.'

ESSAY XXXIII.

OF PLANTATIONS.

P. 102, ll. 15-18. It is a shamefull...plant. Transportation, as a means of ridding the mother country of criminals and providing the colonies with cheap labour, began under James I., in whose reign a hundred dissolute persons were sent out to Virginia. The system was brought to an end in 1857.

32. artichokes of Hierusalem: the name is a corruption of Ital. girasole articiocco, i.e. 'sunflower artichoke.'

P. 103, 1. 50. manure, from Fr. manœuvre, lit. 'to work with the hand,' so 'to till.' Milton uses the word to denote the lopping of trees, Paradise Lost, iv. 628.

55. tobacco in Virginia. Tobacco was introduced into this country from Virginia in Elizabeth's reign. Complaints were soon made that the settlers had given up the cultivation of every other commodity.

59. bay salt, salt obtained by the evaporation of sea-water: bay is said to be from the 'Bay' of Biscay.

60. Growing silke, the produce of the silk-cotton tree: growing is here an adjective.

74. undertakers, i.e. those who undertake a business: cf. French entrepreneur. The word undertaker is used in this general sense by Shakespeare, Othello, IV. i. 224; Twelfth Night, III. iv. 349. Its meaning has in modern use been narrowed from that of 'contractor' or 'manager' to that of 'manager of funerals.'

P. 104, l. 88. marish, i.e. mere-ish, 'abounding in meres': French marais, Latin mare.

106. destitute, used as a transitive verb. The island of Roanoke, off the coast of North Carolina, was settled by Sir Richard Greville in 1588 and by Governor White the following year. In 1590 no trace of the colonists, nearly two hundred in number, could be found.

ESSAY XXXIV.

OF RICHES.

P. 105, 1. 2. impedimenta, the Latin word for 'baggage,' signifies literally 'hindrances.'

19. Riches are &c. Proverbs xviii. 11.

25. no abstract nor friarly contempt: Latin Version, instar monachi alicujus aut a seculo abstracti, 'like a monk or one who is withdrawn from ordinary life.'

27. In studio &c. Cicero, Pro Rabirio, ii. Cicero makes the remark however about the father of Rabirius Postumus.

P. 106, 1. 30. Qui festinat &c. Proverbs xxviii. 20.

31. The poets faigne &c. Apparently not 'the poets' but Lucian, Dialogues, "Timon,' § 20.

49. audits: properly the official examination of accounts, used here of the income which the accounts represent.

54. It was truly observed by one &c. 'Lampon, the rich merchant and shipmaster, being demanded how he got his goods: "Mary, (quoth he) my greatest wealth I gained soone and with ease, but my smaller estate with exceeding much paine and slowly." Quoted by Reynolds (p. 252) from Plutarch's Morals, Holland's Translation, p. 319..

55. himselfe, viz. the speaker, to avoid ambiguity. 'He' might be taken to refer to the nobleman.

P. 107, l. 65. broake, strictly, ‘do business through the agency of another': cf. 'stockbroker,' 'pawnbroker.'

67. chapmen, those who chap or exchange with a view to a profit, so 'buyers': cf. German Kaufmann. The word chap appears disguised in Cheapside. Cf. chopping, 1. 69.

68. naught, 'good for naught,' 'bad': cf. 2 Kings ii. 19, 'the water is naught'; Jeremiah xxiv. 2, 'very naughty figs.'

69. chopping of bargaines, the 'ingrossing' spoken of in Ess. 15, 161: see note p. 197.

70. grindeth double, i.e. presses hard on the man who sells to the speculator and on the man who afterwards buys from the speculator. 75. in sudore &c. Cf. Genesis iii. 19.

doth plough upon Sundaies. This 'witty invective against usury' (Ess. 41, 4) has Bacon's approbation here. As interest was paid every day of the week for money on loan, the usurer was a Sabbath-breaker.

77. scriveners. A scrivener (Late Latin scribanus, French écrivain) meant (1) 'a writer,' 'one who draws contracts,' (2) 'a broker of loans,' 'a financial agent.'

doe valew unsound men, i.e. exaggerate the wealth of unsubstantial men so as to secure the commission on the loans.

81. Canaries: 'Sugar was introduced into the Canaries in 1507 and soon formed an important part of Bristol trade' (Abbott, Bacon's Essays, II. 214).

82. as well judgement as invention. Elsewhere Bacon enumerates the Arts of Logic as four in number, defined according to their ends: viz. Invention or Discovery, Examination or Judgment, Preservation or Retention in the Memory, and Publication or Transmission.

88. Monopolies. The power of the crown to issue patents conferring exclusive rights of carrying on certain trades was first protested against in 1597. In 1601 Elizabeth consented to the revocation of most of the patents. Under James I. the number was increased and the abuse of their powers by the monopolists provoked a violent outburst of indignation in the parliament of 1621. Most of the monopolies were abolished in 1624.

P. 108, 1. 92. by service, the Latin Version adds regum aut magnatum, ' of kings or princes.'

92-5. Riches gotten...the worst. The sentence is ungrammatical, confused, and obscure. If it refers to 'riches,' which is singular in its origin (French richesse) and is used as a singular noun in the third sentence of this Essay (1. 3), it is curious that Bacon immediately afterwards