INDEX

OF PROPER NAMES WHICH OCCUR IN BACON'S

ESSAYS.

The numerals enclosed within square brackets indicate the Essay and Line where Bacon's mention of the Proper Name will be found.

Abel, killed by his brother Cain [9, 69].

Actium, a promontory in Epirus. Here Octavian, afterwards the emperor Augustus, defeated Mark Antony, B.C. 31, with the result that he became master of the Roman world [29, 283].

Adrian (Publius Ælius Hadrianus), the fourteenth Roman emperor, b. A.D. 76, reigned A.D. 117–138. He was a patron of literature and art, but showed jealousy of those who pursued these subjects successfully [9, 59]. In A. D. 120 he visited Britain and constructed a wall from the Solway Firth to the Tyne.

Eneas [35, 7], son of Venus and Anchises, the hero of Virgil's epic and the ancestor of the Roman people.

Esop, an emancipated slave, is said to have been born in Phrygia and to have acquired his Greek education at Athens. Flourished B.C. 570. The extant fables bearing his name are spurious. Babrius (fl. circ. B.C. 50) versified the fables of Æsop in Greek, and of this rendering a few examples are preserved. Phaedrus is the best known Latin writer of Esopean fables. Bacon refers to Æsop's fables of the cock and the gem [13, 36], of the damsel who had been a cat [38, 37], and of the fly on the wheel [54, 1]. He also cites Æsop as an instance of deformity [44, 40], but this alleged deformity is an invention of late writers.

Æthiopes, inhabitants of Æthiopia, an undefined district of Africa, north of the equator: hence, 'blackamoors' [37, 40].

Ætolians [54, 16]. Ætolia was a district in Central Greece, south of Thessaly and Epirus.

Africa, its rivers [58, 35].

Agamemnon, commander-in-chief of the Greek forces, made preparations for the sacrifice of his daughter Iphigenia to Diana [3, 128], who was detaining the Greeks by contrary winds at Aulis, in Boeotia, when they were on their way to Troy,

Agesilaus, king of Sparta, B.C. 398-361; a model of the Spartan virtues, though of low stature and lame of one leg [9, 49; 44, 39]. Bacon quotes Plutarch respecting his laborious warfare [40, 58].

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, b. B.C. 63, di. B.C. 12: general of the Roman armies and friend of Augustus, whose daughter Julia he married [27, 82].

Alcibiades, b. B.C. 450, di. B.C. 404; an Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War; distinguished for his beauty, wealth, and talents, as well as for his want of fixed principle [43, 11].

Alcoran (al, Arabic article, ‘the,' qoran, 'book,' 'reading'), the Koran, contains the religious and moral code of the Mahommedans, and consists of revelations uttered by Mahomet in the course of many years and written on loose leaves, the collection of which was completed after his death [16, 2].

Alexander, surnamed the Great, b. B. C. 356, di. B.C. 323, son of Philip, king of Macedon. He overthrew the immense host of Darius, B.C. 331, at Gaugamela, some miles distant from Arbela [29, 60]. Bacon alludes to the superstition and melancholy which beset him during his last years [19, 27].

Almaigne, Germany, the land of the Alemanni, French Allemagne [58, 136].

Alphonsus (Alfonso X., the Learned), became king of Leon and Castile, A.D. 1252, and was dethroned by his son, 1282. The code of laws, which is called from its seven divisions Las Siete Partidas, and forms the basis of Spanish jurisprudence, though completed in 1265, was not established as the law of the land until 1348 [55, 35].

America, its discovery foretold in Seneca's verses [35, 17].

Anabaptists, a term denoting those Christians who regard baptism during infancy as invalid, and require adults to be baptized before joining their communion. The name is applied historically to the followers of Münzer, leader of the Peasants' War in Germany, who was killed A.D. 1525, and to those of John Matthias and John of Leyden, who tried to establish the socialistic kingdom of New Zion at Münster in Westphalia, and were defeated in 1535. Their adherents were put down with great severity [3, 137].

Andes, a range of mountains in Peru [58, 36].

Anselm succeeded Lanfranc as Abp of Canterbury, A.D. 1093, after an interval of four years, during which William II. appropriated the revenues of the vacant see. The king's violence drove Anselm abroad in 1097, and it was not until after the accession of Henry I. that the primate returned to England. The dispute about investiture was then renewed, and in 1103 Anselm was obliged again to quit the country [19, 119]. Three years later a compromise was effected. Anselm died

A.D. 1109.

Antiochus, surnamed the Great, was King of Syria, B.C. 223-187. The Ætolians, who had received assurances of the support of Antiochus,

were induced to attack the Romans, and Antiochus, who had received assurances of the strength of the Ætolians, was induced to support them in their revolt [54, 15]. Antiochus was defeated by the Romans at Thermopylae, B.C. 191, and at Magnesia in a second campaign the following year. He was

Antonius, Marcus, b. B.C. 86, committed suicide, B.C. 30. distinguished as the friend and companion in arms of Julius Caesar. After Caesar's assassination, B.C. 44, the Second Triumvirate was formed, consisting of Octavian, Antony and Lepidus. The Republican party was overthrown by the defeat of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, B.C. 42. Lepidus was deprived of his share in the government, B.C. 36, and a rupture took place between Octavian and Antony, B.C. 33 [51, 27]. Antony surrendered himself to the blandishments of Cleopatra [10, 10] and was defeated at the battle of Actium, B.C. 31. Bacon quotes an expression of Antony's regarding Decimus Brutus [27, 79].

Apelles, the most celebrated painter of antiquity, fl. B.C. 340. He enjoyed the patronage of Alexander the Great, at whose court he spent many years of his life [43, 20]. Bacon mentions Apelles by mistake for Zeuxis, q.v.

Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, was the god of divination, archery, healing, and poetry [16, 48; 35, 19].

Apollonius Tyanaeus, a Pythagorean philosopher, b. at Tyana in Cappadocia, circ. B.C. 4. He lived an ascetic life [27, 13], travelled far, and acquired a reputation for supernatural powers. Apollonius was visited at Alexandria by Vespasian [19, 36], who was at that time preparing his revolt.

Appius Claudius [10, 11], see Claudius.

Arabians, their westward movement in war [58, 111].

Arbela, a town of Assyria which gave its name to the battle-field where the immense host of Darius was defeated by Alexander, B.C. 331 [29, 59]. Argus [21, 24], the hundred-eyed keeper of Io, after she had been changed by Jupiter into a heifer. At Jupiter's bidding Mercury slew Argus, whose hundred eyes were thereupon placed by Juno in the tail of the peacock.

Arians derive their name from Arius, a noted heretic of Alexandria, who flourished A.D. 280?-336. Arius taught that God created the Son, that the Son had not existed from all eternity, and that in essence He was not on an equality with the Father. These heterodox doctrines were condemned by the general council of Nicaea, A.D. 325 [58, 91].

Aristander, the most celebrated soothsayer at the court of Macedon in the time of Philip and Alexander the Great [35, 24].

Aristotle, b. at Stagira, in Thrace, B. C. 384: studied at Athens, in the school of Plato: was invited to Pella, by Philip of Macedon, to superintend the studies of the youthful Alexander: returned to Athens at the age of fifty, and lectured to large audiences in the Lyceum: was driven from the city on a charge of irreligion and fled to Chalcis, where he died, B. C. 322. Bacon gives a perverse misinterpretation of Aristotle's remarks upon the superiority of the solitary and contemplative life of the thinker [27, 3], and refers to him, with Socrates and Galen for companions, as a man 'full of ostentation' [54, 35].

Arminians, a sect of Christians deriving their name from Arminius (Jacobus Harmensen) a Protestant theological professor at Leyden, b. A.D. 1560, di. 1609. Arminius attacked the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination [58, 91].

Arras, a town in the north of France (Pas de Calais) where tapestry was made [27, 155].

Asia, rivers of [58, 35].

Assyrians, their westward movement in war [58, 111].

Athenians, their wars for the establishment of democracies [29, 253]; saying of Themistocles the Athenian [29, 1].

Athens, slaves at [29, 190].

Atlantic, the existence of land beyond the [35, 97].

Atlanticus, the name given in some of the early editions as an alternative title to Plato's Critias, wherein are described the huge island of Atlantis, lying submerged to the west of the Pillars of Hercules, and its inhabitants and laws [35, 99].

Atlantis, the island of [58, 31]: see preceding Article.

Atticus, Titus Pomponius, b. B.C. 109, di. B.C. 32; an intimate friend and correspondent of Cicero [29, 277].

Augustus, the first Roman emperor, b. B.C. 63, di. A.D. 14, was the son of Caius Octavius by Atia, niece of Julius Caesar. In consequence of his adoption by the will of his great-uncle the Dictator [27, 72], he assumed the name of Caesar, and in B.C. 27 received from the senate the title of Augustus. He was remarkable for his talents and beauty [43, 10], and gave evidence from his early years of that prudence [42, 15] and shrewd judgment [6, 10] which characterized him later in life. In B.C. 44 the young Octavian accepted the dangerous inheritance of Julius Caesar's name and property, and the following year, as a result of the reconciliation between Antony, Lepidus and himself, the Second Triumvirate was formed. After the defeat of Brutus and Cassius by Antony and Octavian at Philippi, B.C. 42, Octavian spent nine years in preparations for the inevitable contest with Antony [51, 27]. The final struggle took place at Actium, B.C. 31, when Antony was overthrown, and the exhausted Roman empire, eager for deliverance from the long miseries of civil wars,' readily acquiesced in the sole rule of Octavian [55, 40]. His principal advisers were Agrippa and Maecenas, and he compelled his widowed daughter Julia to take the aged Agrippa for her husband [27, 82]. Augustus enacted several laws to improve the moral condition of the people and to secure the public peace and safety. He sought to revive the religious sentiment of the nation, for the times were inclined to atheism' [17, 18]. He died peacefully in the arms of his wife Livia [2, 38], who kept the fact of his death secret until the arrival of her son Tiberius [Fame, 43]. See Genealogical Table under Tiberius.

Aurelian, b. circ. A.D. 212, of humble origin, acquired great fame as a soldier, and was hailed by the troops as emperor, A.D. 270. During his reign, which lasted less than five years, the glory of the Roman arms was restored and the Roman empire, which had been dismembered for thirteen years, was re-established in its former integrity [55, 40]. Victories were gained over the Goths and Vandals, and Zenobia, queen of

Palmyra was taken captive. Gaul, Britain and Spain were reduced to submission. Aurelian was assassinated by one of his officers, A.D. 275.

Aurelius (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), commonly called 'the Philosopher,' b. at Rome, A.D. 121, di. A.D. 180. When a young man he was adopted by Antoninus Pius, whose daughter Faustina he married. In A.D. 161 he succeeded Antoninus Pius as emperor, and deservedly enjoyed throughout his reign the greatest popularity [27, 100]. The single blot on his career as a ruler is the severity shown to the Christians.

Bajazet II. (or Bayezid) became Sultan A.D. 1481, and was dethroned by his youngest son Selim I. in 1512 [19, 115]. It was rumoured that Bajazet was carried off by poison, but the statement is not supported by evidence. Selim I. caused however the death of his two elder brothers, Korkoud and Ahmed, shortly after his usurpation. (See Solyman.)

Baugh, the Bass Rock, in the Firth of Forth [35, 62].

Becket, Thomas, was made Abp of Canterbury, A.D. 1162, and shortly afterwards resigned the Chancellorship. He opposed Henry II. in his endeavour to bring criminous clerks under the jurisdiction of the lay courts, but at length yielded and signed the Constitutions of Clarendon, A.D. 1164. Then he withdrew his assent, asked the Pope to pardon his weakness, and fled to the Continent, where he remained for six years [19, 119]. In 1170 Henry caused his eldest son to be crowned by the Abp of York, and Becket, in retaliation for this attack upon the rights of Canterbury, threatened to lay the kingdom under an interdict. During the summer a half-hearted reconciliation was effected between the king and the primate, and on Dec. 1, Becket returned to England. On Dec. 29 he was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral.

Bernard, St, A.D. 1091-1153, one of the most influential ecclesiastics of the middle ages; founder and abbot of Clairvaux [16, 65].

Bion, fl. B.C. 260, was a native of Scythia, but studied philosophy at Athens and became an adherent of many philosophical schools in succession. He was a notorious unbeliever in the existence of God [16, 54], and a man of profligate life. (He must not be confused with his contemporary, Bion of Smyrna, the bucolic poet, celebrated by Moschus.)

Briareus [15, 174; 21, 25], a hundred-handed giant, son of Heaven and Earth. (The gods call him Briareus, but men Ægaeon,' Iliad, 1. 403.) When the Olympian gods were about to put Jupiter in chains, Thetis called in the aid of Briareus, who compelled them to desist.

Britain, the name substituted for that of England in describing the sovereignty of James I. [35, 58].

Brutus, Decimus, had been the recipient of many marks of favour during the lifetime of Julius Caesar, and by Caesar's will he was made one of his heirs in the second degree [27, 70]. So entirely did he possess Caesar's confidence that the other conspirators sent him to conduct their victim to the senate-house [27, 76]. Antony speaks of him in a letter as venefica [27, 81]. After Caesar's death, D. Brutus went to his province of Cisalpine Gaul, from which he was ultimately dislodged by Antony and Octavian. Being deserted by his soldiers on the march, and betrayed by a Gaulish chief, he was executed by Antony's orders, B.C. 43.