taste for tea, coffee, and spirituous liquors; they will also, as I have myself seen, smoke tobacco with pleasure. Brehm asserts that the natives of northeastern Africa catch the wild baboons by exposing vessels with strong beer, by which they are made drunk. He has seen some of these animals, which he kept in confinement, in this state; and he gives a laughable account of their behavior and strange grimaces. On the following morning they were very cross and dismal; they held their aching heads with both hands, and wore a most pitiable expression; when beer or wine was offered them, they turned away with disgust, but relished the juice of lemons.' An American monkey, an Ateles, after getting drunk on brandy, would never touch it again, and thus was wiser than many men. These trifling facts prove how similar the nerves of taste must be in monkeys and man, and how similarly their whole nervous system is affected.

Man is infested with internal parasites, sometimes causing fatal effects; and is plagued by external parasites, all of which belong to the same genera or families as those infesting other mammals, and in the case of scabies to the same species. Man is subject, like other mammals, birds, and even insects, to that mysterious law which causes certain normal processes, such as gestation, as well as the maturation and duration of various diseases, to follow lunar periods. His wounds are repaired by the same process of healing; and the stumps left after the amputation of his limbs, especially during an early embryonic period, occasionally possess some power of regeneration, as in the lowest animals. 10

6 The same tastes are common to some animals much lower in the scale. Mr. A. Nicols informs me that he kept in Queensland, in Australia, three individuals of the Phaseolarctus cinereus; and that, without having been taught in any way, they acquired a strong taste for rum, and for smoking tobacco.

'Brehm, "Thierleben," B. i. 1864, s. 75, 86. On the Ateles, s. 105. For other analogous statements, see s. 25, 107.

8 Dr. W. Lauder Lindsay, "Edinburgh Vet. Review," July, 1858, p. 13. • With respect to insects see Dr. Laycock, "On a General Law of Vital Periodicity," "British Association," 1842. Dr. Macculloch, "Silliman's North American Journal of Science," vol. xvii. p. 305, has seen a dog suffering from tertian ague. Hereafter I shall return to this subject.

10 I have given the evidence on this head in my "Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. ii. p. 15, and more could be added.

The whole process of that most important function, the reproduction of the species, is strikingly the same in all mammals, from the first act of courtship by the male," to the birth and nurturing of the young. Monkeys are born in almost as helpless a condition as our own infants; and in certain genera the young differ fully as much in appearance from the adults as do our children from their full-grown parents." It has been urged by some writers, as an important distinction, that with man the young arrive at maturity at a much later age than with any other animal; but if we look to the races of mankind which inhabit tropical countries the difference is not great, for the orang is believed not to be adult till the age of from ten to fifteen years." Man differs from woman in size, bodily strength, hairiness, etc., as well as in mind, in the same manner as do the two sexes of many mammals. So that the correspondence in general structure, in the minute structure of the tissues, in chemical composition and in constitution, between man and the higher animals, especially the anthropomorphous apes, is extremely close.

Embryonic Development.-Man is developed from an ovule, about the 125th of an inch in diameter, which differs in no respect from the ovules of other animals. The em. bryo itself at a very early period can hardly be distin guished from that of other members of the vertebrate kingdom. At this period the arteries run in arch-like branches,

11 "Mares e diversis generibus Quadrumanorum sine dubio dignoscunt feminas humanas a maribus. Primum, credo, odoratu, postea aspectu. Mr. Youatt, qui diu in Hortis Zoologicis (Bestiaris) medicus animalium erat, vir in rebus observandis cautus et sagax, hoc mihi certissime probavit, et curatores ejusdem loci et alii e ministris confirmaverunt. Sir Andrew Smith et Brehm notabant idem in Cynocephalo. Illustrissimus Cuvier etiam narrat multa de hâc re, quâ ut opinor, nihil turpius potest indicari inter omnia hominibus et Quadrumanis communia. Narrat enim Cynocephalum quendam in furorem incidere aspectu feminarum aliquarum, sed nequaquam accendi tanto furore ab omnibus. Semper eligebat juniores, et dignoscebat in turba, et advocabat voce gestûque." 19 This remark is made with respect to Cynocephalus and the anthropomorphous apes by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, "Hist. Nat. des Mammifères," tom. i. 1824.

18 Huxley, "Man's Place in Nature,” 1863, p. 34. Descent-VOL. I.-2

as if to carry the blood to branchia which are not present in the higher vertebrata, though the slits on the sides of the neck still remain (f, g, Fig. 1), marking their former position. At a somewhat later period, when the extremities are developed, "the feet of lizards and mammals," as the illus. trious Von Baer remarks, "the wings and feet of birds, no less than the hands and feet of man, all arise from the same fundamental form." It is, says Prof. Huxley,' "quite in the later stages of development that the young human being presents marked differences from the young ape, while the latter departs as much from the dog in its developments as the man does. Startling as this last assertion may appear to be, it is demonstrably true."

14

As some of my readers may never have seen a drawing of an embryo, I have given one of man and another of a dog, at about the same early stage of development, carefully copied from two works of undoubted accuracy."

After the foregoing statements made by such high authorities, it would be superfluous on my part to give a num. ber of borrowed details, showing that the embryo of man closely resembles that of other mammals. It may, however, be added, that the human embryo likewise resembles certain low forms when adult in various points of structure. For instance, the heart at first exists as a simple pulsating ves sel; the excreta are voided through a cloacal passage; and the os coccyx projects like a true tail, "extending considerably beyond the rudimentary legs." " In the embryos of all air-breathing vertebrates, certain glands, called the corpora

14 "Man's Place in Nature," 1863, p. 67.

16

15 The human embryo (upper fig.) is from Ecker, "Icones Phys.," 18511859, tab. xxx. fig. 2. This embryo was ten lines in length, so that the drawing is much magnified. The embryo of the dog is from Bischoff, "Entwicklungsgeschichte des Hunde-Eies," 1845, tab. xi. fig. 42 B. This drawing is five times magnified, the embryo being twenty-five days old. The internal viscera have been omitted, and the uterine appendages in both drawings removed. I was directed to these figures by Prof. Huxley, from whose work, "Man's Place in Nature," the idea of giving them was taken. Häckel has also given analogous drawings in his "Schöpfungsgeschichte."

16 Prof. Wyman in "Proc. of American Acad. of Sciences,” vol. iv., 1860,

Wolffiana, correspond with and act like the kidneys of mature fishes." Even at a later embryonic period, some striking resemblances between man and the lower animals may

FIG. 1.-Upper figure human embryo, from Ecker. Lower figure that of a dog, from Bischoff. a. Fore-brain, cerebral hemispheres, etc. b. Mid-brain, corpora quadrigemina. c. Hind-brain, cerebellum, medulla oblongata. d. Eye. e. Ear. S. First visceral arch. g. Second visceral arch. H. Vertebral columns and muscles in process of development. i. Anterior extremities. K. Posterior extremities. L. Tail or os coccyx.

be observed. Bischoff says that the convolutions of the brain in a human foetus at the end of the seventh month reach about the same stage of development as in a baboon when adult." The great toe, as Prof. Owen remarks," "which forms the fulcrum when standing or walking, is perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity in the human structure"; but in an embryo, about an inch in length, Prof. Wyman" found "that the great toe was shorter than the others; and, instead of being parallel to them, projected at an angle from the side of the foot, thus corresponding with the permanent condition of this part in the quadru mana." I will conclude with a quotation from Huxley," who, after asking, does man originate in a different way from a dog, bird, frog or fish? says, "the reply is not doubtful for a moment; without question, the mode of origin, and the early stages of the development of man, are identical with those of the animals immediately below him in the scale; without a doubt in these respects, he is far nearer to apes than the apes are to the dog.'

Rudiments. This subject, though not intrinsically more important than the two last, will for several reasons be treated here more fully." Not one of the higher animals can be named which does not bear some part in a rudimentary condition; and man forms no exception to the rule. Rudimentary organs must be distinguished from those that are nascent; though in some cases the distinction is not easy. The former are either absolutely useless, such as the mammæ of male quadrupeds, or the incisor teeth of ruminants which never cut through the gums; or they are

18 "Die Grosshirnwindungen des Menschen," 1868, s. 95. 19 "Anatomy of Vertebrates," vol. i. p. 553.

20 "Proc. Soc. Nat. Hist." Boston, 1863, vol. ix. p. 185. 21 Man's Place in Nature," p. 65.

22 I had written a rough copy of this chapter before reading a valuable paper, "Caratteri rudimentali in ordine all origine del uomo" ("Annuario della Soc. d. Nat.," Modena, 1867, p. 81), by G. Canestrini, to which paper I am considerably indebted. Häckel has given admirable discussions on this whole subject, under the title of Dysteleology, in his "Generelle Morphologie," and "Schöpfungsgeschichte."