den Insurrection," ii 181; deplorable condition of the people in 1848, ii 184; Prince Albert on, ii 184; visit of the queen to, ii 185; Mr. Sharman Craw- ford moves for leave to bring in a land bill, ii 290; political condition of, iv 247: seditious proceedings of professional agitators, iv 248; Fenian threats against England, iv 248; proceedings of Irish Americans, iv 248; views of British statesmen on, iv 249; the Fenian or- ganization, iv 250; Stephens and Ma- honey, iv 250; suspension of Habeas Corpus Act, iv 251; Fenian raid on Canada, iv 251; Irish-American attempt on Ireland, iv 251; capture of Colonel Burke and others, iv 252; attack on prison van at Manchester and murder of Sergeant Brett, iv 253; execution of Allen, Larkin, and O'Brien, iv 255; outrage on Clerkenwell Prison, iv 255: execution of Barrett, iv 256; outrages in Ireland, iv 257; great procession in memory of the Manchester murderers, iv 257; the land question, iv 260; the Ulster "Custom," iv 261; Mr. Maguire's proposed inquiry into condition of Ire- land, iv 262; Mr. Gladstone introduces the Irish Land Bill, iv 276; its provi- sions, iv 277; it becomes law, iv 279; a national education bill introduced, iv 289; continued outrages in, iv 324: Mr. Gladstone's later measures, iv 325. Irish Brigade raised, iv 76, 86; Mr. Pope Hennessey conspicuous in its forma- tion, iv 86.
Irving, Edward, i 110.
Isabella, Queen of Spain, ii 290. Italy, fate of Ruffini, ii r; sympathy with Mazzini, ii 1; condition in 1848, ii 151; spread of secret societies, ii 152; insurrectionary movements, ii 152; Charles Albert takes the lead, ii 152; Garibaldi declares war against Austria, ii 152; enters Rome and a republic pro- claimed, ii 152; Victor Emmanuel suc- ceeds his father, ii 153; the French, Austrian, and Neapolitan armies ad- vance upon Rome, ii 153; gallant de- fence of Garibaldi, ii 153: end of the Roman Republic, ii 154: Austrian rule unendurable, iii 306; policy of Cavour and of Mazzini, iii 307; Mazzini and Garibaldi, iii 307: the Emperor of the French contemplates hostilities with Austria, iii 308; Victor Emmanuel's declaration, iii 308; feeling in England, iii 308; the emperor's letter to the queen, iii 309; unpopularity of the war in France, iii 310; Prince Albert on the emperor's position, iii 310; negotiations with Lord Cowley, iii 310; the queen on Napoleon's position, iii 311; M. Thiers' opinion, iii 311; proposal for the disarmament of the great powers, iii 311; Austria preparing for war, iii 312; memorandum of the Sardinian govern- ment, iii 312; Austria demands the dis- armament of Sardinia, iii 313; Victor Emmanuel's proclamation to his troops, iii 313; the Austrian army ordered to enter Sardinia, iii 313; the emperor takes command of the French army, iii 313; positions of the armies, iii 313: battle of Montebello, iii 313; defeat of
iii 221; appointed professor of history, iv 202.
Kossuth, Louis, ii 142: learns the
English language, ii 142; becomes pro- visional governor of Hungary, ii 156. resigns the dictatorship and flees to Turkey, ii 156; reaches England, ü 157. his American tour, ii 275.
the Austrians at Palestro, iii 314; defeat of the Austrians at Magenta, ii 314; the Emperor of France and King of Sar-Knowledge, repeal of taxes on, ii 296. dinia enter Milan, iii 315; retreat of Koh-i-noor diamond sent to Eoglard, the Austrians, iii 315; battle of Sol- iii 244. ferino, iii 315; meeting of the emperors at Villafranca, iii 315; treaty signed, iii 316; dissatisfaction of Sardinia and resignation of Cavour, iii 322; com- plaints of Sardinia against the conduct of Austria, iv 66; tyrannous govern- ment in Naples, iv 66; Garibaldi's con- quest of Sicily and Naples (see Gari- baldi), iv 69: Victor Emmanuel oc- cupies the Papal territory, iv 78; chosen king of the Two Sicilies, iv 80; Lord John Russell's despatch on the action of the Sardinian government, iv 81: Ratazzi succeeds Cavour as minister, iv 83; tries to repeat Cavour's policy, iv 83; Garibaldi raises a force for an attack on Rome, iv 83; he is opposed by government troops at Aspromonte, iv 84; seat of government removed to Florence, iv 85; Venetia joined to Italy, iv 85; another unsuccessful attack on Rome, iv 86; discussion in the House of Commons on the government policy, iv 86.
Jamaica, proposal to suspend the con- stitution of, i 158; serious riots in, iv 190; condition of the negro in, iv 191; George Wm. Gordon and Paul Bogle, iv 191; course pursued by Governor Eyre, iv 192; execution of Gordon, iv 193; severities practised on the in- surgents, iv 193; public sympathy felt for Gordon, iv 194; Carlyle defends Eyre, iv 194; he is suspended, and a commission of inquiry appointed, iv 195: the prosecution against him fails, iv
Japan, opening up of trade with, iv 20. Jerrold, Douglas, death of, iv 38. Jews, admission of, to House of Com- mons, iv 36.
Jingoes, origin of the name, iv 317. Jones, Ernest, ii 145.
Lady Hewley's Charity, i 282. Lady novelists, ii 301. Lamoricière, General, commander of Papal troops, iv 67. Lancashire, distress in, iv 125: pro- visions for relief, iv 126; Mr. Cobden on the amount of distress, iv 126, poor- law relief, iv 127; aid from America, iv 127; Mrs. Gladstone's efforts, iv 129. improvement of health and decrease of mortality in distressed districts, iv 129. occupation provided, iv 129. Lansdowne, Lord, in cabinet without office, ii 317-
Lawrence, Sir Henry, stationed in the Punjaub, iii 247; his death, iii 251. Lawrence, Sir John, stationed in the Punjaub, iii 247; his able administra- tion and tact, iii 269; rewards for his services, iii 270.
Lawson, Sir Wilfrid, president of the United Kingdom Alliance, iv 151. Layard, Austin Henry, his career, iii 139; his excavations near Nineveh, ii 175; attacks the government on the Crimean war, iii 139: attacks Palmer- ston's government, iii 153. Laymen in the church, Gladstone on functions of, iv 12. Leech, John, death of, iv 197. Lehzen, Louise, governess to Princess Victoria, i 215.
Leicester the Glass-blower, iv 239. Leopold, chosen King of Belgium, i 91, guardian and adviser of Princess Vic- toria, i 217; promotes her marriage with Prince Albert, i 292.
Jones, William, conceals himself in Leopold, illness of Prince, iv 292. Buckingham Palace, i 315.
Jowett, Professor, iv 202, 204: opposi- tion to, iv 206.
Judicature Bill passed, iv 289.
Kaffirs, war with, ii 275, 309. Kars, defence of, iii 187. Kenealy, Dr., is returned for Stoke- upon-Trent, iv 294.
Kent, Duchess of, income granted to, i 220; illness of, iv 49; the queen's de- scription of her last hours, iv 49; her death, iv 50.
Kent, Duke of, i 182. Kimberley, Lord, lord privy-seal, iv 270. Kingsley, Charles, efforts to improve the condition of the labouring classes, ii 150; his opposition to the Manchester school, ii 306; his Christian socialism,
Letheby, Dr., his sanitary inquiries, iii 226; remedies suggested, iii 228. Lewis, Sir G. C., chancellor of the ex- chequer, iii 155; his antecedents, in 16 3: his budget, iii 163, 164.
Liberia, establishment of colony of, iv
Lincoln, Abraham, elected President of the United States, iv 101; character and career, iv 101; personal appear ance, iv 102; his reply to an address from Manchester, iv 126, assassination of, iv 143.
Lind, Jenny, her extraordinary success, ii 208.
Liquor traffic, bill for regulation of, iv 288. Livingstone, David, early life and educa- tion, iv 20; joins the London Missiɔn- ary Society and is sent to South Africa, iv 21; his marriage, iv at hus great journey to Lake Ngami, iv, 22.
receives the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society, iv 22; Sir Ro- derick Murchison on his discoveries, iv 22; recommends the growth of cotton in Africa, iv 22; explorations on the Zambesi, iv 22; leaves England for his last journey, iv 23; honours given to him, iv 23.
Local Government Acts, iv 286. Loch Katrine water supply for Glasgow, inauguration of, iv 5. Londonderry, Marquis of, his claim for place, i 133.
London University, receives power to grant degrees, i 135.
Lords, House of, rejection of bill for re- peal of the paper-duty, iv 28; report of committee of Commons on precedents for such a course, iv 28; Mr. Bright dissents from report, iv 28; Mr. Glad- stone's opinion, iv 29; resolutions car- ried in the Commons, iv 29. Lorne, Marquis of, marriage with Prin- cess Louise, iii 304.
Louis Philippe, King of France, i 90; attempt on his life, ii 6; news reaches the House of Commons of his flight and abdication, ii 133; intrigues con- cerning the Spanish marriage, ii 133. Lowe, Mr., his amendment urging pro- secution of the war, iii 169, 176, 178; supports the bill for limited liability in joint-stock companies, iii 303; his early career, i 303; advances in political offices, i 304; his character as an educationist, iv 169; is charged with mutilating school inspectors' reports, iv 170; he resigns office, iv 170; his speeches on reform bill of 1866, iv 215, 218; his attack on Mr. Disraeli, iv 234; chancellor of the exchequer, iv 270; his budget of 1869, iv 273; his budget of 1871, iv 287; proposed tax on lucifer matches, iv 287. Lucknow, outbreak at, and vigorous measures taken by Sir Henry Law- rence, iii 250; entry of General Have- lock into, iii 258.
Lyndhurst, Lord, his ancestors, i 113; began his parliamentary career as a Radical, i 113; lord chancellor in various ministries, i 98, 113, 129, 318; a law reformer, i 113; attorney-general, i113; friendship between him and Can- ning, i 113; his generosity and good- humour, i 114; his bills to amend the law concerning parliamentary oaths, and to better the position of married women,
12; his speech on the unfaithfulness of Russia, iii 91; advocates additions to the national defences, iii 305. Lytton, Sir E. Bulwer, speech on the conduct of the Crimean war, iii 144; motion to censure the government, iii 181; supports Disraeli's reform bill of 1859, iii 291; Disraeli's description of his oration, iii 291; secretary for the colonies, iii 299; his success as a poli- tician and defects as a speaker, iii 300; his political creed and industry as a writer, iii 300; created a baronet,iii 301; his personal peculiarities, iii 301; his romantic novels and dramas, iii 301; his political progress and literary suc- cess, iii 302; his unhappy marriage,
iii 302; anecdote of, by Mr. Ballantine, iii 302; interested in criminal investiga- tions, iii 302; Lord Rector of Glasgow University, iii 303.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, enters parliament, i 104; his high place as a speaker, i 104; advocates reform, i 105; a great talker, i 186; war secre- tary, i 289; opposes Peel's sliding- scale, ii 23; his description of a stormy scene in the House of Commons, ii 40; on the sugar duties, ii 72; on the May- nooth College Bill, ii 79; loses his seat for Edinburgh, ii 80; paymaster of the forces, ii 116; publication of his His- tory of England, ii 163; is again re- turned for Edinburgh, iii 10; speech on the Militia Bill, iii 11; his death, iv 39; his position as an author and politician, iv 39: M Gladstone's re- view of, iv 39.
M'Clintock, Captain, his expdition in the Fox, iv 20.
labours on behalf of total abstinence, i 256; iv 149; anecdotes of, i 256. Maurice, Rev. Frederic Denison, on the Manchester school, ii 306; dis- missed for teaching certain views on the subject of eternal punishment, iii 43: appointed professor of moral philosophy, iv 202.
Maynooth College Bill, introduced by Sir Robert Peel, ii 78; speech by Mac- aulay on, ii 79; supported by Gladstone and opposed by Disraeli, ii 81; passing of, ii 82.
Maynooth Grant, Mr. Aytoun's motion on, iv 266; compensation for with- drawal of, iv 271.
Mayo, assassination of Lord, iv 319. Mazzini, Joseph, the father of Italian freedom, ii 143; his early life, ii 143: personal appearance, ii 144; joins the Carbonari, ii 145; joins the insurrection in Italy, ii 152; chosen president of the republic in Rome, ii 152; his reception in England, i 336; general sympathy with, ii 1; Carlyle's praise of, ii 1; his account of an hour of suffering, ii 1. Meagher of the Sword, iii 7. Mechi, Mr., experiments in agriculture, iii 2.
Medical science, advances in, ii 178.
Mackenzie, Bishop, in Africa, iv 22. Mackintosh, Sir James, his efforts to ameliorate the criminal code, i 17. Macnaghten, Sir William, murdered in Meerut, beginning of mutiny at, iii 248. Cabul, ii 8.
Magazines, beginning of popular, i 112. Magenta, battle of, iii 314. Mahoney, Fenian head-centre, iv 251. Mail-coaches, i 236.
Malmesbury, Lord, foreign secretary in Lord Derby's ministries, ii 296; iii 287.
Malt duty, motion to repeal, in 1835,
Malthus on population, i 52. Manchester, rapid growth of, i 275: turn-out of mill-workers, i 278; meet- ings prohibited and dispersed, i 279; meeting of trades delegates and resolu- tions adopted, including the People's Charter, i 280; employers resolve to keep the mills closed, i 280. Manchester school of politics, rise of, ii 139; opponents of the, ii 139, 305. Manin, Daniel, revolutionist at Venice,
Manners, Lord John, commissioner of Woods and Forests, ii 296. Manning, Henry Edward, birth and education, iv 17; joins the Roman Ca- tholic Church, iv 18; made a cardinal, iv 18.
Manteuffel, Prussian minister, iii 34. Maronites. See Druses.
Marriage laws, unsatisfactory nature of the old, i 177; interpretation of them by Sir Matthew Hale, i 178; attempts to amend, i 178, 179; a reform accom- plished, i 179.
Married women, laws relating to, i 273;
Martaban, capture of, iii 197. Martineau, Harriet, her influence in Liberal politics, i 81; declines a pen- sion, i 81; on the Chartists, i 280; on the potato disease, ii 86. Martini-Henry rifle, invention of, iii 326. Mathew, Father, his early career, i 255;
Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt, i 291; British government decline to assist him, i 292; his revolt against Turkey, ii 2; is opposed by England and sup- ported by France, ii 3; refuses the terms of the western powers, ii 5; at last signs a convention, ii 6.
Melbourne, Lord, characteristics of, i 99: Sydney Smith's opinion of, i 99; becomes prime minister, i 126; anec- dotes of, i 127; his ministry dismissed, i 128, but recalled, 145; resigns, but shortly after forms another ministry, i 158; weakness of ministry, i 212; ad- viser of the young queen, i 214; refuses the Garter, i 215; supposed undue in- fluence of, over the queen, i 215; inac- tivity of his ministry, i 305; Conserva- tive attacks on, i 305; defeat of, and dissolution of parliament, i 311; Earl Russell on the situation, i 311; vote of want of confidence in the ministry car- ried, i 313; they resign, i 314; carica- ture of, i 315; his character and domes- tic life, i 315; strange conduct of his wife, i 316; solitude and neglect of his later life, i 317; his account of a states- man's position, ii 44; his reception of a deputation of radical working-men, his death, ii 44. Metropolitan Underground Railway, iv 3, 199.
Mexico, Juarez president of the repub- lic, iv 155; disorder in the country, iv 155; action of Britain, France, and Spain, iv 155; the United States refuse to join the convention, iv 155; a Euro- pean expedition sent out, iv 155; pro- clamation by the allied powers, iv 156; Mexican opposition to General Al- monte, iv 156; Napoleon III.'s views with regard to the Archduke Maxi- milian, iv 156; M. Billault's statement in the Corps Législatif, iv 156; confer-
MIALL ence between the Mexican and allied commissioners, iv 156; withdrawal of the English and Spanish governments, iv 157: proclamation of the French commissioners and defeat of the French troops, iv 157; General Forey sent out with reinforcements, iv 157; Puebla surrendered and the French enter the capital, iv 157; General Forey's pro- clamation, iv 157; the crown accepted by Maximilian, iv 158; opposition to his reign, iv 158; he is captured and executed, with his generals Miramon and Mejia, iv 158; Juarez again presi- | dent, iv 159; fate of the ex-empress, iv 159.
Miall, Edward, his views on oaths, iii 7; is defeated, but afterwards elected for Bradford, iv 268.
Militia Bill, introduced by Lord John | Russell, ii 291; opposed by Hume and Cobden, ii 292: speech by Lord Pal- merston, ii 293; defeat of government, ii 296; bill of 1852, iii 9; speech by Macaulay, iii 11.
Mill, James, a philosophic Radical, i 53; his influence with the East India Com- pany, i 286.
Mill, John Stuart, his influence on In- dian affairs, i 286; is rejected by West- minster electors, iv 268; his political views, iv 268.
Milner-Gibson, Thomas, advocates free trade in food, ii 24; gains a seat for Manchester, ii 26; opposes the sugar duties, ii 71; is defeated at Ashton- under-Lyne, iv 268.
Mines, act regulating the working of women and children in, i 331. Mirror, first of the cheap magazines, i 112.
Mitchel, John, ii 145; his return from transportation, iv 293; is twice elected for Tipperary, iv 293; his death, iv 294. Model Lodging-houses, iii 217. Moldavia. See Principalities. Molesworth, Sir William, enters parlia- ment of 1832, i 107; opposition to, i 108; first commissioner of public works, ii 317; colonial secretary, iii 181. Moltke, General von, iv 237. Montebello, battle of, iii 313. Moore, Thomas, death of, ii 301. More, Hannah, influence of her writ- ings, i 184; advocates the better educa- tion of women, i 184.
Moxon, Mr., the publisher, trial of, i 285. Müller, Franz, the railway murderer, iv 188; his apprehension and execution, iv 189; need of communication in rail- way-carriages, iv 190.
Municipal Corporations, inquiry into working of, i 165; growth and corrup- tions of, i 165; report of commissioners, i 166; bill introduced by Lord John Russell to amend, i 167; supported by Sir Robert Peel, i 168; passes House of Commons but opposed in Lords, i 171; after compromises between the houses the bill finally passed, i 174; feeling in the country on the disagreement be- tween Lords and Commons, i 175; satisfactory result of the act, i 176; London exempt from the reform, i 176.
Murchison, Sir Roderick, on Living- stone's explorations, iv 22. Music-halls, increase of, iv 7.
Nana Sahib, the chief of Bithoor, iii 252; asked to aid in the defence of Cawnpore, iii 252; his treachery, iii 253.
at Windsor, iii 101; letter to the queen acknowledging the kindness of the re- ception, iii 102; the queen's return visit to Paris, iii 103; his difficult position, iii 277; attempt on his life by Pianeri, iii 277; his schemes regarding the Principalities and Austria, iii 278; his visit to the queen at Osborne, iii 279: attempt on his life by Felice Orsini, in 280; indignation in France against England, iii 281; despatch of Count Walewski concerning, iii 281; ill feeling of the French towards England, iii 282: the matter amicably settled, iii 283; policy of, iv 159; his proposal for a congress of nations, iv 159; its recep- tion by the powers, iv 159.
Napier, Sir Charles, bombards St. Jean d'Acre, ii 7: admiral of the Baltic fleet, iii 70, 77; quarrel with Sir James Graham, iii 78; refuses the Grand Cross of the Bath, iii 79; what he achieved in the Baltic, iii 79. Napier, Sir Charles James, conquers Napoleon, Prince, his marriage, iii 312; Scinde, ii 13. Cobden's opinion of, iii 322.
Napier, General Sir Robert, leads the Napoleonic prestige, the, ii 273. Abyssinian expedition, iv. 247. Napiers, the family of, ii 12. Naples, Mr. Gladstone's strong charges against the government of, ii 259; hor- rible condition of the prisons, ii 261; examples of tyranny, ii 262; case of Baron Carlo Poerio, ii 262; treatment of the prisoners, ii 265; Poerio's charac- ter, ii 266; political catechism taught in the schools, ii 266; extracts from the constitution, ii 268; comparison with Charles I. of England and Ernest of Hanover, ii 269; the subject before the House of Commons, ii 270; Lord Pal- merston sends copies of Mr. Glad- stone's pamphlet to all the courts of Europe, ii 270; replies to Mr. Glad- stone's pamphlet, ii 271; Lord Palmer- ston's treatment of them, ii 271. Napoleon, removal of his body from St. Helena, ii 4.
Nasmyth, inventor of steam-hammer, iv 19.
National Complete Suffrage Union formed, i 281.
National Convention formed, i 281; enormous petition to the House of Commons, i 281; motion by Mr. Dun- combe that the petitioners be heard at the bar, i 281; rejected by house, i
Napoleon, Louis, early career of, i 196; attempts a rising at Strasburg, i 197; retires to London, i 198; his literary efforts, ii 4; prepares for an expedition, ii 4; lands at Boulogne, ii 5; unsuc- cessful attempt at revolt, ii 5; his im- prisonment, ii 5; escapes from Ham, ii 138; settles in England, ii 138; elected a representative to the Na- tional Assembly, ii 228; elected presi- dent, i 230; the coup d'état, ii 251; Kinglake's and Victor Hugo's sum- mary of him, ii 251; a communication addressed to the National Assembly, ii 252; his accomplices in the seizure of power, ii 253; selection of ministers and army officers, ii 253; arrangements to print the proclamations, ii 253; Granier de Cassagnac's account of the arrests, ii 253; arrest and imprisonment of the deputies, i 255; promotion and sup- pression of insurrection, ii 255; great loss of life, ii 256; proclamations to the country and the army, ii 256; vote for the extension of his term and his power, ii 257; distrust of him in this country, ii 274; his progress through France as president, ii 324; speech at Bordeaux, ii
325; his reception in Paris, ii 326; is proclaimed emperor, ii 327: speech to the senate and legislative body, 327; his marriage, iii 20; addresses a letter to Emperor Nicholas, iii 21; desires to go to the Crimea, iii 99: visits the queen
282. National Debt, reduction of interest on, ii 60; Mr. Gladstone's proposals on, iv 213. the
National Education, need of, iv 279: Elementary Education Act introduced, iv 280; establishment of school-boards, iv 284; the compulsory and conscience clauses, iv 284; statistics of progress, iv 284; objections to the Code, iv 285; Mr. Gladstone's education bill for Ire- land, iv 289.
Navigation laws, instituted, ii 186; suc- cessive modifications of, ii 186; passing of bill to abolish, ii 187.
Neild, Mr., leaves his fortune to the queen, ii 319.
Neill, General, death of, iii 258; Lord Canning's description of, iii 270.
Newcastle, Duke of, his early history,
334; secretary for the colonies, ii 317: defends himself from charges of indo- lence and indifference in the conduct of the war, iii 147.
Newman, Dr. J. H., his account of rise of Tractarian movement, i 110; trial for libelling Achilli, iii 8. Newspapers, abolition of stamp-duty, iii 231; starting of the penny news- paper, iii 231.
New Zealand, discovery of, ii 13: for- mally annexed to England, ii 13; diffi culties with the natives, ii 14: Sir George Grey's Polynesian Mythology, ii 14; plan adopted for its colonization, ii 190; incompetent governors, ii 191; affairs put on a better footing by Gov- ernor Grey, ii 191. Nicholas, Emperor of Russia, visit to this country in 1844, ii 130: iii 14: per- sonal appearance and manner, ii 130: attempts to get England to agree to his plans concerning Turkey, iii 14: his fondness for dramatic performances and familiarity with actors, iii 16; love of display, iii 16; industry in govern-
ing, iii 17; estimate of his character, iii | 17; anecdote related by Dr. Mandt, iii 18; domestic affection, iii 19; reply to the Emperor of France's letter, iii 22; effect of the news of the battle of the Alma on, iii 103; his death, iii 155. Nightingale, Florence, her birth and education, iii 121; her work in the Crimea, iii 122; testimonial fund sub- scribed for, iii 122.
Nile, discoveries of Captains Speke and Grant, and of Mr. Baker, iv 198; death of Captain Speke, iv 199.
Owen, Robert, his social experiments, i 25; presented to the queen, i 250. Oxford School, the, iv 203.
Oxford Union Society, Mr. Gladstone's connection with, i 44.
Oxford University, tendency of, towards high Toryism, i 43.
Oxford University Commission, report of, iii 12.
Nitro-glycerine, explosion of, at New- Pacifico, Don, ii 212. castle, iv 256.
Norbury, Lord, assassination of, i 306. Northcote, Sir Stafford, opposes the budget of 1861, iv 119; private secre- tary to Mr. Gladstone, iv 119, 123; expectations of his success, iv 123; his ancestry and career, iv 123. North-west passage made by Captain Maclure, iv 20.
Nottingham, riot at, i 85.
Oath in courts of justice, iii 1. O'Connell, Daniel, supports the Catho- lic Association, i 26; his mode of ap- pealing to a jury, i 26; his declaration of loyalty to the crown, i 31; is elected and re-elected member for Clare, i 36; speech on Irish disturbances, i 120; his violent language on Earl Grey, i 124; described by Haydon the painter, i 135; the repeal year, ii 123; his great influence, ii 123; government interferes and prohibits a meeting, ii 125; the meeting prevented by O'Connell's ad- vice, ii 125; his influence at an end, ii 126; is prosecuted and found guilty, ii 126; acquitted on appeal, ii 127; his last speech in parliament, ii 128; his death and funeral, 129. O'Connor, Feargus, arrested, i 262; leader in the National Convention, i 281; char- acter of, ii 145; shows symptoms of in- sanity, ii 278; winding up of his land scheme, ii 278; scene in the House of Commons, ii 279; committed to prison for assault, ii 289; confined in a lunatic asylum, ii 279. Omar Pacha, iii 21. Open-air meetings, attempt to suppress, iii 6.
Orange conspiracy to prevent the acces- sion of the Princess Victoria to the throne, i 183.
Orangeism, attempt to assassinate the queen attributed to, i 306. Orator Hunt, a Radical reformer, i 3; imprisonment of, i 5.
Organization among the masses, growth of the tendency to, ii 30. Orsini, Felice, iii 280. Osborne, Bernal, his sallies of wit, iv 166; his attack on Mr. Disraeli, iv 232. Osborne House, ii 93.
Oudh, annexation of, iii 244. Outram, Sir James, iii 257.
Overend, Gurney, & Co., failure of,
Owen, Professor, on the gorilla, iv 24.
Pakington, Sir John, colonial secretary, ii 296; troubles about the transporta- tion of criminals, ii 308; first lord of the admiralty, iii 287. Palestro, battle of, iii 314.
Palmer, William, case of, iii 234. Palmerston, Viscount, his early career, i 189; is war secretary and foreign secretary, i 31, 69, 189: ii 116; his suc- cess in the foreign office, i 190; advo- cates free-trade in corn, ii 23; the Don Pacifico business, ii 138; his character and policy, ii 208; demands satisfac- tion from Greece of the Don Pacifico and other claims, ii 213; settlement of claims, ii 214; complaints of his action in the matter, ii 214; brilliant speech by Palmerston in defence, ii 215; speeches of Gladstone, Cockburn, and Sir Robert Peel, ii 217; majority for government, ii 221; he approves of the coup d'état, i 258; remonstrances of the
queen and government, ii 258; his removal from the foreign office, ii 258; his conduct in regard to Mr. Glad- stone's pamphlet on the Neapolitan government, ii 270; the subject of his dismissal before the house, ii 281; Lord John Russell's explanation, ii 281; Lord Palmerston's explanation, ii 284; Mr. Roebuck on, ii 285; speech by Mr. Disraeli on, ii 285: Palmerston's deal- ings with Sir Benjamin Hall, ii 286; his horror of cruelty, ii 287; his later account of the reason of his dismissal, ii 287; is home secretary under Lord Aberdeen, ii 317; eager to take decisive measures with Russia, iii 24; his views on the situation, iii 28; his success as home secretary, iii 42; his view on a national fast for the cholera epidemic, iii 42, and on burying dead bodies under buildings, iii 44; his resignation, iii
45; it is withdrawn, iii 49; his speech at a banquet to Sir Charles Napier, iii 70; attacked by Mr. Bright, iii 72; his reply, iii 72; forms a ministry, iii 150: precarious position of the ministry, iii 182; his government attacked and de- feated, iii 202; appeal to the country, iii 204; return of a large majority for government, iii 205; introduces a Con- spiracy to Murder Bill, iii 284; opposi- tion to the bill, iii 285, and defeat of the government, iii 287; resignation, iii 287; again prime minister, iii 292; he offers the presidentship of the Board of Trade to Mr. Cobden, iii 292, 293; on the national defences, iii 306; sup- port given to his ministry by the Con- servative party, iv 29; his letter to
King Leopold on the Dano-German war, iv 167; his personal habits, iv 167; his failing health and death, iv 181; anecdote of, iv 181.
Pandies, origin of name, iii 247. Panmure, Lord, war secretary, iii 151; his antecedents and personal appear- ance, iii 151.
Paper-duty, reduction of, i 189; agita- tion for the repeal of, iv 26; the bill passes the Commons, but is thrown out by the Lords, iv 27; conflict be- tween the houses, iv 28; appointment of a select committee to inquire into precedents, iv 28; its report, iv 28; re- solutions passed in Commons concern- ing, iv 29; a proposition for remission of duty passed, iv 30. Papineau, Louis Joseph, i 223. Parliament houses burned, i 159. Parliament, opening of session 1830, i 65; dissolution of, in 1834, i 130; the new parliament of 1835 with a Liberal majority, i 132; the opposition choose the speaker, i 132; preparations for the elections to the queen's first, i 218; small Liberal majority returned, i 220; opened by the queen, i 220; dissolution of, in 1841, i 311; election in 1841, large Conservative majority, i 313; meeting of, i 329; opened by the queen, i 330; opening of, in 1852, ii 277; discussion on the kitchen arrangements, ii 277: meeting of, in December, 1854, iii 138; the government attacked for its con- duct of the war, iii 139; Lord John Russell replies, iii 140; dissolved in 1859, iii 291; Liberal majority in the new parliament, iii 291; session of 1866 opened by the queen, iv 209. See
General Election. Parliamentary Oaths, bill introduced by Lord Lyndhurst, iii 12. Parliamentary Reform, early attempts at, i 1; effect of French Revolution on, i 2; proposed march of Manchester workmen to petition for, i 2; organizing societies to promote, i 3; efforts of Lord John Russell, i 17, 70; of Mar- quis of Blandford and Lord Althorp, i 38; of Lord Brougham, i 66; Earl Grey's ministry successful, i 90; county fran- chise bill lost, iv 173; Mr. Gladstone on, iv 174; referred to in royal speech
of 1866, iv 210; a bill introduced, iv 210, 213; Mr. Gladstone's speech, iv 214; Mr. Lowe's opposition to the bill, iv 215; speeches by Mr. Bright and Sir E. Bulwer Lytton, iv 216; demonstra- tions throughout the country, iv 217; speech of Mr. Gladstone at Liverpool, iv 217; Mr. Bright's letter, iv 217; Mr. Lowe's speech against the bill, iv 218; Mr. Gladstone's reply, iv 219; narrow majority for government, iv 221; bill for redistribution of seats, iv 221; de- feat and resignation of the ministry, iv 222; angry demonstrations over the country, iv 223; bill of 1867 introduced by Mr. Disraeli, iv 226; its provisions, iv 228; opposition of the Liberal party to the bill, iv 229; Mr. Hodgkinson's proposal, iv 231; redistribution of seats, iv 231; Bernal Osborne, Lowe, and Lord Cranborne on Mr. Disraeli and
the bill, iv 232; the bill in the House of Lords, iv 233; Lord John Russell's view of the position, iv 233; the bill finally passed, iv 234.
Passports, abolition of, iv 200. Patagonian missionaries, story of, i 298.
Patronage (Scotland) Bill introduced, iv 300; Mr. Gladstone's objections to it, iv 300.
Paul (Sir John Dean), Strahan, and Bates, trial of, for fraudulent appro- priation of trust money, iii 232. Paxton, Sir Joseph, ii 234; his design for the Crystal Palace, ii 234; it is adopted, ii 237.
Peabody, George, his generous gift, iv 127; letter from the queen, iv 128; his additional gifts, iv 128; his death, iv 128; object to which his gifts were applied, iv 128.
Peard, Colonel, Garibaldi's English- man, iv 74.
Peel, Sir Robert, his early career, i 18; is home secretary, i 30; character of, i 68; opposes the disfranchisement of close boroughs, i 78; is chancellor of exchequer, i 98; issues Tamworth Manifesto, i 130; his ministry defeated, i 133: the Duke of Wellington on his truthfulness, i 136; his speech on Irish Church, i 143; he resigns office, i 145; Conservative banquet to, i 200; his speech on accession of Queen Victoria, i 211; his election address for the queen's first parliament, i 218; his policy of opposition to government, i 231; forms a ministry, i 231; requires the dismissal of some of the ladies of the royal household, i 232; opposes the reduction of sugar duties, i 309; his speech on the corn-laws, i 310; carries a vote against the ministry, i 311; his speech on want of confidence vote, i 313; his proposals for modifying the tax on grain, ii 19; his remarks on high duties being unproductive, ii 35: on the income-tax, ii 36; murder of his secretary, ii 38; angry encounter be- tween him and Cobden, ii 39; on free- trade, ii 52; his opposition to his govern- ment, ii 63; the personal attacks of Mr. Disraeli on, ii 74; declines the Garter offered by the queen, ii 92; resigns, but again assumes office, ii 93, 94: announces his change of views on the corn-laws, ii 95; his budget, ii 96; arguments against protection and defence against the charge of incon- sistency, ii 97; is enthusiastically praised by Mr. Bright, ii 102; he pro- poses to challenge Mr. Disraeli, ii 106; his defeat on the Irish protection of life and property bill, ii 108; announces his intention to resign, ii 108; Disraeli's estimate of, ii 109; anecdotes of, ii 113; acts of patronage by, ii 114; his last speech in the house, ii 138; his last words on public business, ii 221; is thrown from his horse, ii 221; his death, ii 222; mourning for him over the country, i 223; his funeral, ii 224: Thomas Carlyle on, ii 224. Peel, Sir Robert, made a lord of the admiralty, iii 155.
Peel, Sir William, death of, iii 270; Lord Canning's opinion of, iii 270. Pegu, annexation of, iii 197. Pelissier, General, commands the French army in the Crimea, iii 135; his ante- cedents, iii 136, 164.
Penny Magazine begun, 1832, i 112. Periodical Literature, increase of, i 187. Persia, war with, iii 197; suicide of Major-general Stalker and Commo- dore Ethersey, iii 205. Peterloo Massacre, the, i 5. Philosophical Radicalism, i 107, 311; ii 13.
Phoenix Park assassinations, iv 326. Photography, introduction of, i 271. Pillory abolished, the, i 97.
Pitt, William, opposes parliamentary reform, i 1.
Plimsoll, Mr., his efforts on behalf of seamen, iv 312; scene in the house, iv 313; a government measure introduced,
Poet-laureate, appointment of, ii 206. Poland, insurrection in, i 92; Russian tyranny in, iv 153; debate on, in House of Commons, iv 154; conduct of Prus- sia, iv 154; great meeting at the Guild- hall, iv 154; insurrection in, headed by Langiewicz, iv 154; remonstrances of England, France, and Austria, iv 154; Gortschakoff's reply, iv 155; attitude of Austria, iv 155.
Police force, organization of, i 53. Political parties, change in views of, i 198, 252; ii 64.
Political Register, Cobbett's, i 100. Polytechnic in London, iv 9. Poor-law, the new, i 160; evils of the old system, i 160, 164; passing of the bill, i 161, 163; hardships under the new, i 162, 163; decrease of poor-rate under, i 163; proposal by Mr. Disraeli | to modify, ii 188; supported by Glad- stone and opposed by Peel, ii 189; working of the poor-law, iv 241. Poor-law Association, Carlyle on, ii 288. Pope Pius IX., Mr. Gladstone on, ii 147; began his career as a reformer, ii is driven from Rome, ii 147, 152. 147; Population, statistics of, iv 331. Postal system, great need for a cheap, i 234; Charles Knight's description of the old, i 235; Mr. Palmer's improve- ments, i 236; Rowland Hill advocates a penny postage, i 239; proposal for an inquiry into the plan opposed by gov- ernment, i 240; the plan adopted, i 240; its enormous development, i 241. Post-office, diminution of revenue from, after the introduction of penny postage, ii 36 complaints concerning opening | of letters in the, ii 73. Potato crop, failure of, ii 85. Power-loom, inventor of the, i 275. Press prosecutions for political offences,
REFORM progress, i 335; of literature and art, i 335.
Property qualification, abolition of, iv
37. Prosperity of the country, ii 60; before the Crimean war, iii 1; improvement in the condition of the working-classes, iii 2; signs of, in 1860, iv 1. Protectionists, form an opposition to Peel's government, ii 63; their dismay at Sir Robert Peel's free-trade budget, ii 98; led by Lord George Bentinck, ii 99.
Prussia, death of King of, iv 41; war with Austria, iv 236; acquires pre- dominance in Germany, iv 238; war with France, iv 285.
Public Schools, commission of inquiry on, iv 169.
Public Worship Regulation Bill passed, iv 301; its small effects, iv 302. Punch, beginning of, ii 15: influence of Hood's "Song of the Shirt," ii 15. Punjaub annexed to British India, iii
Pusey, Dr., joins Tractarian movement, i 11; his opposition to Professor Jow- ett, iv 206. Puseyism, i 284.
Quakers, advocate freedom for the negro, i 148.
Radnor, Lord, friend of Cobbett, i 102; recommends Cobbett to the electors, i r 103.
Ragged School movement, iii 212. Raglan, Lord, master-general of the ordnance, ii 320; at the battle of the Alma, iii 95; death of, iii 136, 167. Railway accidents, iv 187; on the Shrewsbury and Chester line in 1865, iv 187; at Abergele in 1868, iv 188; Col. Rich's report, iv 188. Railway companies, embarrassments of, iv 238.
Railways, development of, i 233, 272; beginning of excursion trains, i 272; the mania of 1845-50, ii 179; dispute concerning the broad and narrow gauges, i 181; great increase of, in the years preceding the Crimean war, iii ; increase of railways and public works, iv 3; statistics of railways, iv
Rangoon, taking of, iii 197. Ratazzi succeeds Cavour as minister, iv 83; attempts to repeat Cavour's policy, iv 83, 86. Rebeccaites, the, ii 121; joined by the Chartists, ii 122; grievances removed, ii 122.
Recreation for the people, iii 217. Redistribution of seats, bills for, iv 221, 229, 231.
Redpath frauds, the, iii 236. Reform, agitation for parliamentary, ii 302: iii 289: Mr. Bright's outlines of a bill, iii 289; Mr. Disraeli introduces
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