It is very evident that this revival in Ireland did not come without much previous preparation. On this point the history of Prof. Gibson is very explicit. The scene of the revival was in Ulster, among the descendants of those who had listened to the Scotch ministers who were contemporaries of John Livingstone "of the kirk of Shotts," and had been converted in the great Irish and Scotch revivals of the seventeenth century. A long season of coldness and carelessness with regard to their spiritual welfare 'had intervened, it is true, but for centuries the gospel had been faithfully preached among them, and church going habits had ever characterized the people. But this is by no means all. There had been much special preparation. Prof. Gibson says, "For many years a purifying and preparatory process had been going forward." He describes at length how the ministry within a few years had been quickened. How Sabbath Schools, Bible Classes, Tract distributions, prayer meetings, had been multiplied. In all the various public religious meetings in the Presbyterian church the necessity of a revival of pure religion was deeply felt and occupied a prominent place in their deliberations. It was recommended to the ministers that in all their sermons they should explain the nature and insist on the necessity of conversion. And then after all this had been done, and when there were multitudes eagerly desiring and looking for a special outpouring of the influences of the Spirit, the tidings came of the religious awakening in America. The story was told and repeated in one meeting after another of what had been done, and what was doing among us; and almost at once they found that they too were receiving proofs of the presence of the Spirit among them. The history of this "work of preparation" in Ireland deserves to be thoroughly pondered.

In chapter XIX, which bears the title "The Revival and the Pathological Affections," there is a very comprehensive and able discussion of the subject of "bodily agitations," the cases of "striking," the visions and trances, which are known to have been at first generally associated with the revival. It is a fact of no little interest that when these phys ical accompaniments were discouraged by the ministers and more experienced Christians, they became less frequent and soon almost entirely disappeared. In many respects these singular manifestations were similar to those which attended some of the earlier revivals in this country among the less intelligent and cultivated people of the country. This chapter will hereafter be considered a standard authority on the whole subject.

In conclusion, we feel that we ought to state, to the credit of the American publishers of this history, Messrs, Gould & Lincoln, that it was owing to their application to Prof. Gibson and the representations they made to him of the value of such a work to American Christians, that it was undertaken.

PHILOSOPHY.

SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON'S LOGIC.-The interest awakened by the first volume of Hamilton's Lectures has but enkindled a more intense curiosity and impatient desire to see the promised Lectures on Logic. These have just come to our hands and our notice of them must be brief, as our examination of the work has been necessarily cursory and imperfect. We have examined it thoroughly enough to be assured that it will not disappoint the expectations of those who were best acquainted with Sir William's special interest for, and decided preeminence in the department of Logic. We are well assured that in his mastery of all that pertains to the history and criticism of Formal Logic, he was surpassed by no man living, and that when he died there passed from the world the greatest master of the Aristotelian doctrines as taught by Aristotle and expounded by his commentators. This was his speciality far more than any other, eminent though he was in the history and criticism of other branches of philosophical research.

This volume gives the fruit of his favorite studies, not in the elaborate and finished form which he would have preferred, but in the more popular aspect, which his earlier essays at instruction assumed. His editors inform us that these lectures, like those upon Psychology, appear as they were originally given to his earlier classes. It is to be remembered, however, that at that time he was the greatest Aristotelian of all his contemporaries, and was rich with the fruits of immense erudition and critical analysis. The appendix supplies us with a mass of papers, mostly of later date, which furnish us with the results of his later researches, not indeed in the most finished form, but abounding in valuable matter.

If we look more closely into the contents of this volume, we find the most exhaustive treatment of all the divisions of Logic-of Logic pure

*Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic. By Sir WILLIAM HAMILTON, Bart, &c., &c. Edited by the Rev. Henry L. Mansel, B. D., Oxford, and John Veitch, M. A., Edinburgh. In two Volumes. Vol. II, Logic. Boston: Gould & Lincoln. 1860. 8vo. pp. 730.

and applied-of pure Logic in its elements and methodology and of applied Logic under the same two-fold division. While all these topics are treated with a thoroughness which is unexampled in any treatise on Logic hitherto published in the English language, there is a clearness, a vivacity and force in the style and illustrations, which are the rarest of all attendants upon discussions so profound and of subjects so abstruse. The Introduction, the discussion of the nature and necessary relation of Concepts, will strike every reader as very happy, while the concluding chapters on Truth and Error, with the practical precepts for the conduct of the understanding, for the double end of mental discipline and usefulness, are unsurpassed for their soundness as well as the reach of their practical bearings.

The indiscriminate and uncritical admirer of Hamilton as a kind of intellectual demigod, will be surprised to see how largely he quotes from such authorities as Esser and Krug, while the thinker who desires to scrutinize and examine the Speculative principles on which rest the processes of Formal Logic, will feel some disappointment that Hamilton was so slow in forming or so chary in expressing his opinions on such subjects. But the candid critic will not hesitate to pronounce this vol. ume one of the most, if not the most, valuable contribution to English philosophical literature which the present and preceding generations have witnessed.

MANSEL'S PROLEGOMENA LOGICA.*-This work is by the author of "The Limits of Religious Thought," who is also one of the editors of the works of Sir William Hamilton. This alone would be sufficient to call the attention of the public to the work, aside from the interest and importance of the subjects of which it treats. These subjects, however, could scarcely be conjectured from the title. It is not a treatise upon. Formal Logic, and is not designed to take the place of the ordinary manuals of instruction. It is a discussion of those processes and truths which the ordinary logic assumes, as the foundation of its definitions and rules. It begins with a consideration of that psychological process technically denominated "Thought," as distinguished from the other operations of the intellect, and treats of its nature and its products. It

*Prolegomena Logica. An inquiry into the psychological character of Logical Processes. By HENRY LONGUEVILLE MANSEL, B. D., LL. D., &c., &c., &c. First American from the second English edition, corrected and enlarged. Boston: Gould & Lincoln. 1860. 12mo. pp. 291.

is with these products and the relations which they involve that Logic is chiefly concerned. We find the distinctions here taken to be the same which have been so long accepted in Germany, but which are by no means as yet naturalized in England and America. The elucidation of them by Mansel is very successful. Perhaps it would not be unjust to say it is more successful than that furnished by any other English writer, not excepting Hamilton himself. This discussion covers the first two chapters. Chapter third unfolds the subtle and often disregarded distinction between the Laws of thought technically understood, and the Laws of beings or things. This fairly opens the way for the treatment in chapter fourth of the nature of mathematical entities and of mathematical truths. By this time the author finds himself on the dividing line between metaphysics on the one hand and psychological Logic on the other. The line he boldly crosses, however, and bravely grapples with the impalpable beings that vaguely hover around him. But vague as the subjects are, he treats them clearly and brings out certain results upon points which have occasioned no little controversy. The relation of mathematical quantities to space and time are in the main, in our view, justly stated so far as they are given, and are an important addition to our English knowledge on this subject. They lack fullness and completeness, however, and are vitiated, here and there, by the author's subservience to the Kantian dogmas. In chapter fifth he treats of what he terms "the psychological character of metaphysical necessity," under which title he veils his decidedly Kantian proclivities, in respect to the law of causality, personal individuality and substance. We are pleased to find that he does not blindly follow his great leader, but expresses a decided dissent from some of his positions. These fundamental questions are, moreover, managed with great clearness of statement and much discrimination, so that within a brief compass there is compressed much important matter. After having thus disposed of this preliminary consideration of mathematical and metaphysical necessity, he proceeds to the consideration of Logical necessity and the laws of thought, then to the kindred topic of the distinction between the matter and form of thought, which in its turn prepares the way for the treatment of positive and negative thought. The discussion is finished by the consideration of the relation of Logic to the other mental sciences.

It will be seen from this brief outline of topics that the volume includes matter of the highest interest to the speculative mind. This matter is treated in a masterly way, so far as clearness of statement,

abundant reading and a general good sense and judgment are concerned. Though the author shows on almost every page that he is a Kantian, yet he does not thereby cease to be a philosopher, and one of great ability. Indeed we can scarcely recognize in the author of the Prolegomena Logica, the same Mr. Mansel who wrote the Limits of Religious Thought. The one is composed by a philosopher, and may be safely pronounced to be one of the most valuable gifts to the English public, of the present generation. The other is an essay to press philosophy into the service of theology, by attempting to prove philosophical theology to be impossible. Both these works are in their way likely to be of great interest and service to intelligent readers. The "Prolegomena Logica" is the best Propedeutik in the English language to the study of Kant and the modern German Philosophy.

FLEMING'S VOCABULARY OF PHILOSOPHY.-This Vocabulary of Philosophy has been well received in Great Britain and America, and has already passed to the second edition. It is now published for the first time in this country, under the editorial conduct of Dr. C. P. Krauth, who has furnished some important additions to the English edition. It is a vocabulary of the most important terms in the various departments of philosophy, with extended definitions and explanations of the same, usually in the words of distinguished authorities. When the authorities differ either in opinion or language, quotations are made from several writers of distinction. Different schools of Philosophy are, to some extent, represented. In the comprehensiveness of its plan, and the thoroughness of its execution, this work is far superior to Taylor's Elements of Thought-the only similar work in English with which it might deserve to be compared. We could have desired more comprehensiveness and exactness of reading, so that the author could have given us knowledge of other than the English schools since the days of Locke. This, however, did not enter into the plan of the work. It cannot, therefore, be compared at all with the Dictionnaire. des Sciences Philosophiques-nor with the more elaborate philosophical Lexicons of the German scholars. But it covers ground which these do not-in that it explains those terms which are preeminently Anglican,

*Vocabulary of Philosophy, mental, moral, and metaphysical, with quotations and references for the use of students. By WILLIAM FLEMING, D. D. Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Glasgow. With an Introduction, Chronology, &c., by Charles P. Krauth, D. D. Philadelphia: Smith, English & Co1860. 12mo. pp. 662.