France to learn French, said, "I understa: d French, and therefore ought to be entrusted with his education."

Henry then committed James and his attendants close prisoners to the Tower. When the poor old father heard the news, it threw him into such agonies of grief that he died in three days. James remained a prisoner till he was twenty-eight years old, the duke of Albany being in the meantime regent in Scotland; but Henry made some amends for his unjust conduct towards the young prince, by giving him the best education the times afforded, so that he proved, when restored to his kingdom, the most accomplished monarch that ever sat upon the Scottish throne.

This prince's history is very affecting. He remained in England eighteen years, but he was not kept in close confinement all that time. He had an excellent tutor appointed to superintend his education; he learnt titling, wrestling, archery, and all the exercises then usually practised by young men of rank; and excelled in these exercises, as well as in the more refined studies of oratory, jurisprudence, and the philosophy of those times.

James had an extraordinary talent for music and poetry. Indeed some say that he was the inventor of that sweet and plaintive style of music which is peculiar to Scotland; but others assert with more probability, that he merely reduced the wildness of Scottish melody to the rules of composition. His poetry is extraordinary, considering the time and circumstance, in which it was written.

When the duke of Albany died, the people of Scotland paid their king's ransom, and he returned home. After reigning fifteen years he was assassinated. His whole life was not, however, unfortunate, for he lived to do much good to his native country. He made excellent laws, and reformed many abuses; and conducted himself with so much firmness, justice, and good policy, that the name of James the First of Scotland is still held in reverence. While at

What effect had the capture of the prince upon his father, and how was the former treated in England?

How was prince James educated?

Was prince James possessed of extraordinary genius?
What is the sequel of prince James's history?

Windsor, he became attached to Jane Beaufort, granddaughter of John of Gaunt, whom he married as soon as he was restored to his own country.

At last Henry had some respite from his enemies, but he suffered greatly from bad health; and soon after the death of archbishop Scroop he became afflicted with a loathsome eruption in his face, which the common people considered as a punishment for the death of that prelate, who was much beloved by them.

The king's happiness was also much embittered by the wildness of his eldest son, who, when not engaged in miliary exploits, in which he displayed great courage and ability, passed his time in a very licentious way. One of the prince's companions was once committed for a robbery, and brought before the chief justice, Gascoigne. Gascoigne refusing to release the offender, the prince drew bis sword, and behaved in a very violent manner, on which the chief justice ordered him to be taken to the King's Bench prison. The prince, conscious of the impropriety of his own conduct, submitted to the punishment; and when this incident was related to the king, he exclaimed, "Happy the monarch who possesses a judge so resolute in the discharge of his duty, and a son so willing to sub mit to the laws!"

In the last year of Henry's reign he sent a body of troops to France, under the command of his second son, the duke of Clarence, to join the duke of Burgundy in a civil war which he was carrying on against the duke of Orleans. He, no doubt, hoped that, by fomenting the distractions of that unhappy country, he might be able to regain some of those possessions in France which were now lost to the English. But both parties dreading the admittar ce of a large body of English troops into the country, prevailed on Clarence, by the promise of a sum of money, to retire into Guienne.

Was Henry IV. happy in his private condition?
What anecdote is related of prince Henry?
Did Henry IV. renew hostilities in France?

The king's health now rapidly declined, and he becanie subject to epileptic fits. It is said, that one day, when he was in one of these fits, the prince, who believed him to be actually dead, carried the crown, which was placed by the king's bedside, out of the room. When the king came to himself, he instantly missed it, and sternly asked, who had taken it away?

The prince made a dutiful apology, which pacified the king, who said with a sigh, "Alas! fair son, what right have you to the crown, when you know your father had none?" "My liege," answered the prince, "with your sword you won it, and with the sword I will keep it." "Well," replied the king, "do as you please; I leave the issue to God, and hope he will have mercy on my soul." Not very long afterwards, while he was A. D. 1415 performing his devotions in Edward the Confessor's chapel at Westminster, Henry was again seized with a fit. He was conveyed to the abbot's lodging, and there expired, on the 20th of March, 1413, in the 46th year of his age, and the 14th of his reign. His first wife was Mary de Bohun, by whom he had four sons and two daughters: his second wife was Isabella of Navarre, widow of the duke of Bretagne, by whom he had no children.

Several Lollards were in this reign condemned to death for their opinions. The Lollards put no faith in the pardons and indulgences granted by the pope, not thinking that the souls of men were in the keeping of any sinful and mortal man like themselves: and this opinion was very displeasing to the Roman Catholic clergy, who made a great profit by the sale of those indulgences. The Lollards disbelieved also in transubstantiation.

Transubstantiation is the belief that the bread and

Did Henry IV. suspect the prince of undutifulness to himself?
Did the king bestow his crown on prince Henry?

What was the state of religion in England during the reign of Henry
IV., and what were the opinions of the Lollards?
What was meant by transubstantiation?

wine taken at the sacrament actually becomes, by the priest's blessing, the real body and blood of our Saviour, The very substance, instead of considering them, as Protestants do, to be solely a memorial of Christ's last supper, and to be taken in remembrance of him.

There were other points in which the Lollards differed from the then established church, such as the praying to images and relics, doing penance, saying masses for the souls of the dead, and many more: but that of denying transubstantiation was considered the most material difference, or rather was made a sort of test of faith, by which heretics were to be distinguished.

Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, was the chief per · secutor of the Lollards, and caused many of them to be condemned and executed. One of them, of the name of Badby, was sentenced to be burnt at Smithfield. He was tied to a stake, and faggots were piled around him, which were just going to be set on fire, when the prince of Wales rode up to him, and besought him to renounce his opinions and save his life, promising to give him enough to live comfortably upon, if he would do so.

The poor man thanked the prince with many expressions of gratitude; but said that, as he firmly believed his opinions to be true, he would not sacrifice his conscience to save his life. When the faggots were set on fire, the prince came again, and entreated him to recant; but he continued steadfast as before, and was accordingly burnt.

These are the first instances of the burning for heresy mentioned in English history. This cruel practice was followed from that of the Catholics of Italy, France, and Spain.

How did the Lollards differ from the Catholics?

How were the Lollards persecuted?

Were the Lollards firm in suffering for their doctrine, and who com enced birning for heresy?

What is heresy?

CHAPTER XIX

HENRY V.

[Years after Christ, 1413-1422.]

A gentleman and ladies of rank of the fifteenth century.

Henry, as soon as his father had breathed his last, etired to his own room, and spent the remainder of the day in prayer and privacy. On the following morning he is said to have sent for the low companions of his youthful follies, and to have told them that he was now going to lead an altered life, and to enter on new and important duties; at the same time forbidding them to appear in his presence, till they, like himself, should have reformed their conduct.

The young king possessed, in an eminent degree, the qualities most calculated to make him a favorite with the people. Even in the midst of his wildest excesses, he had ulways given proofs of a good and feeling heart. He had already distinguished himself for military courage, and his deportment was at once commanding and ingratiating. His

Did Henry V. abandon his youthful follies when he came to the ibrone?

By what qualities did Henry V. commend himself to the English nation?