&imost universally against their misjudging and ill-advised monarch.

James's dismay and perplexity were at this time very great. The Jesuits who were about him were unable to give him any assistance, and only advised him to abandon the country. The same advice was also strongly urged by the queen and thus, overruled by the fears and clamor of those around him, he forbore to make even a single effort to preserve his throne.

He sent the queen and her infant son secretly away and on December 12th, he himself left London in the middle of the night, attended only by sir Edward Hales. His intention was to get on board a ship at Sheerness, and to escape to France.

When it was known that the king was gone, and had left no one in charge of the administration, the mob of London rose, and seemed to consider themselves as masters, and set about executing summary justice in the usual manner of mobs. They destroyed all the mass-houses; and finding judge Jeffreys, disguised, and intending to fly the country, they vented their rage on him so unmercifully that he died in consequence.

To add to the general confusion, lord Feversham, commander of the king's forces, disbanded them, and without disarming or giving the pay due to them, turned the men loose on the country. In this extremity, those peers and bishops who happened to be in London assembled, and sent an invitation to the prince of Orange, who now assumed almost all the functions of royalty.

Meanwhile the fugitive king had been discovered at Fe. versham. He was brought back to London much to the dissatisfaction of the prince of Orange, who had promised his wife that no personal violence should be offered to her father. William, therefore, not only winked at, but even secretly assisted James to make his escape a second time. On the 25th December, this unfortunate monarch landed a

How did James meet the prince, &c.?
How did the king and his family escape?
What was the first effect of the abdication?

What happened in London upon the king's abdication?

Did the prince of Orange easily assume the function of royalty
Did William treat James II. generously?

Ambleteus in Picardy, from whence he proceeded to St. Germains, near Paris, where Louis XIV. received him with great generosity and commiseration. He had reigned about three years.

By his first wife, Anne Hyde, James II. had two daughters; Mary, married William of Nassau, prince of Orange; Anne, married George, son of Frederick III., king of Denmark. By his second wife, Maria Beatrice of Este, he had James Francis Edward, afterwards called the pretender; Mary Louisa, who was to have been a nun, but died before she took the veil.

One of the most virtuous men, and profound philosophers of the time of James II. was the celebrated Robert Boyle, an extraordinary able and good man, who withdrew himself from all the tumults of the unhappy times he lived in, and devoted his life to science and religion. Charles II., after his restoration, pressed Mr. Boyle to become a clergyman, and to accept of some church preferment; but he declined, saying that what he could do for the service of religion he thought would have more effect as coming from a layman.

Sir Christopher Wren was an architect. He was employed to furnish designs for rebuilding the churches that were destroyed by the fire of London. Fifty-eight churches were built by him. Of these St. Paul's is his greatest work. Indeed it is considered to be the finest church in Europe, with the exception only of St. Peter's at Rome.

St. Peter's was above a hundred years in building. The first stone of St. Paul's was laid in 1675, and the whole building was completed in thirty-five years, though some of the decorations were not finished till 1723. It seemed as if the life of the venerable architect was lengthened, that he might enjoy the pleasure of seeing the completion of his great work. He died the year it was finished, aged ninety-one.

Who was Mr. Boyle?

Who was sir Christopher Wren?

Which is the greatest work, St. Peter's or St Paul's churches, and where are both?

CHAPTER XXXIV.

WILLIAM III.

[Years after Christ, 1689-1702.]

William of Nassau was son of William prince of Orange, and Mary, the eldest daughter of Charles I. He was in the thirty-ninth year of his age, when the general voice of the people of England called upon him to ascend the throne Some years before he had been chosen stadtholder of Holland, and had long been accustomed to an active life, and had shown much firmness and military skill in the wars between Louis XIV. and the Dutch.

William married the princess Mary, daughter of James II. This princess had a fine person, with an engaging countenance, accompanied by an air of great dignity. She was a truly good woman, and little ambitious of governing

After a long debate in both houses of parliament, it was settled that the prince and princess of Orange should be made king and queen of England, and that the administration of government should be placed in the hands of the prince only. The two houses at the same time made a declaration, called the Bill of Rights, by which the prerogatives of the crown were limited and defined, and the liberty of the subject placed in greater security.

At first all was harmony and satisfaction: but William had not long been king of England before he and his new subjects became mutually discontented with each other. William, a thorough soldier, found the management of a free people extremely troublesome.

The English on their side, were little pleased with a monarch who, instead of living amongst his people in that sort of social way to which their former kings had accustoined them, spent most of his time either alone in his closet, or at a camp which he had formed at Hounslow. And

Who was William of Nassau ?
Whom did William III. marry?

What was the bill of rights?

Did William and his English subjects suit each other?
Did the English like a military monarch?

when he did show himself in his court, which was very seldom, he did not appear gracious and amiable.

After a time, finding that this secluded way of life :nade him very unpopular, William tried to rouse himself, and, on various public occasions, exerted himself so far as to conduct himself with affability to those about him, but still the whole bent of his mind was fixed on humbling the power of France, and this more for the sake of revenging the quarrels of his native country, than from any motive in which England was concerned.

Soon after the settlement of the crown of England, the Scots declared the crown of Scotland vacant, and offered it to William and Mary. Thus the title of the new sovereign became established in both kingdoms, Lord Dundee alone collected a body of Highlanders. With a few hundred men he defeated a large body of William's troops at the pass of Killicrankie. Dundee himself was, however, mortally wounded in the action, and died on the day following. His death so broke down the spirit of the Highland clans, that they, after a short time, accepted the pardon offered them by William, and acknowledged his authority.

A few months before the battle of KilliA. D. 1689. crankie, James himself, being assisted by Louis XIV. with arms and money, landed at Kinsale in Ireland. That island, in which the greater part of the people were Papists, still adhered to him. In March, he made a public entry into Dublin, where he was joyfully received. He afterwards laid siege to Londonderry; but the besieged, though reduced by famine to the last extremity, made a most vigorous and obstinate defence, and were at last relieved.

In the month of August in the same year, the duke of Schomberg, William's favorite general, landed in Ireland with ten thousand men, and immediately commenced ope rations against the Jacobites, the name which was given o James's party. The duke, however, met with unex

Did William accommodate his deportment to the English character' Did the Scots cordially receive WLiam for their king?

Did James II. attempt to recover the crown of England?

Did William himself take up arms against his father-in-law ?

pectel difficulties; and after James had been above a year in Ireland, William resolved to undertake the war against him in person.

June 14, William landed at Carrickfer

A. D. 1690. gus with a large body of troops, who, when joined to those already in Ireland under the command of the duke of Schomberg, composed an army of thirty-six thousand well-appointed and disciplined men. James was able to bring nearly as many men into the field; and the two armies came in sight of each other on the opposite sides of the river Boyne, not far from Slane Bridge.

The battle that ensued was decisive, and William remained master of the field. During the heat of the action, the duke of Schomberg was killed by some mistake of his own regiment, who being foreigners, and not knowing the English from the Irish, had levelled their pieces against their own party. The duke was in the 82d year of his age, and had passed the greatest part of his life in campaigning.

When James, from the neighboring hill of Dunmore saw his troops give way, it seems he relinquished the enterprize of recovering his kingdom. He immediately proceeded to Dublin, where he called the magistrates together, and signified to them his intention of leaving the kingdom. In a few days he sailed for France and there lived the rest of his days under the protection of the French king. In the latter part of his life he practised all the austerities of a monk, and died in 1701.

Some few places, after James had quitted Ireland, still held out against William: William, however, soon returned to England, and committed the management of the Irish war, first to the earl, afterwards duke, of Marlborough, and then to the earl of Athlone, who, before the conclusion of the year 1691, reduced the towns that had held out for James, and completely subdued his party.

Those who chose still to follow his fortunes had permis

What was the English force at the battle of the Boyne?
What was the result of the battle of the Boyne?
Whither did James retreat and when did he die?
Who completed the war in Ireland ?