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THE EVIDENCE OF THE DESCENT OF MAN FROM SOME LOWER FORM.
Nature of the evidence bearing on the origin of man-Homologous
structures in man and the lower animals-Miscellaneous points of
correspondence-Development--Rudimentary structures, muscles,
sense-organs, hair, bones, reproductive organs, &c.—The bearing
of these three great classes of facts on the origin of man.
CHAPTER II.
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ON THE MANNER OF DEVELOPMENT OF MAN FROM SOME LOWER
FORM.
Variability of body and mind in man-Inheritance-Causes of
variability-Laws of variation the same in man as in the lower
animals-Direct action of the conditions of life-Effects of the in-
creased use and disuse of parts-Arrested development-Rever-
sion-Correlated variation-Rate of Increase-Checks to increase-
Natural selection-Man the most dominant animal in the world-
Importance of his corporeal structure-The causes which have led
to his becoming erect-Consequent changes of structure-Decrease
in size of the canine teeth-Increased size and altered shape of the
skull-Nakedness-Absence of a tail-Defenceless condition of
man.
CHAPTER III.
COMPARISON OF THE MENTAL POWERS OF MAN AND THE LOWER
ANIMALS.
The difference in mental power between the highest ape and the
lowest savage, immense-Certain instincts in common-The emo-
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tions-Curiosity-Imitation-Attention-Memory—Imagination—
Reason-Progressive improvement-Tools and weapons used by
animals-Abstraction, Self-consciousness-Language-Sense of
beauty-Belief in God, spiritual agencies, superstitions
CHAPTER IV.
ANIMALS-Continued.
The moral sense-Fundamental proposition-The qualities of social
animals-Origin of sociability-Struggle between opposed instincts
-Man a social animal-The more enduring social instincts con-
quer other less persistent instincts-The social virtues alone re-
garded by savages-The self-regarding virtues acquired at a later
stage of development-The importance of the judgment of the
members of the same community on conduct-Transmission of
moral tendencies-Summary
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CHAPTER V.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL
FACULTIES DURING PRIMEVAL AND CIVILISED TIMES.
Advancement of the intellectual powers through natural selection
-Importance of imitation-Social and moral faculties-Their
development within the limits of the same tribe-Natural selec-
tion as affecting civilised nations-Evidence that civilised na-
tions were once barbarous
CHAPTER VI.
ON THE AFFINITIES AND GENEALOGY OF MAN.
Position of man in the animal series-The natural system genea-
logical-Adaptive characters of slight value-Various small
points of resemblance between man and the Quadrumana—Rank
of man in the natural system--Birthplace and antiquity of man-
Absence of fossil connecting-links-Lower stages in the geneal-
ogy of man, as inferred, firstly from his affinities and secondly
from his structure-Early androgynous condition of the Verte-
brata-Conclusion
CHAPTER VII.
ON THE RACES OF MAN.
The nature and value of specific characters-Application to the
races of man-Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking
the so-called races of man as distinct species-Sub-species-Monog-
enists and polygenists-Convergence of character-Numerous
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points of resemblance in body and mind between the most dis-
tinct races of man-The state of man when he first spread over
the earth-Each race not descended from a single pair-The ex-
tinction of races-The formation of races-The effects of crossing
-Slight influence of the direct action of the conditions of life-
Slight or no influence of natural selection-Sexual selection..
166
PART II.
SEXUAL SELECTION.
CHAPTER VIII.
PRINCIPLES OF SEXUAL SELECTION.
Secondary sexual characters-Sexual selection-Manner of action
-Excess of males-Polygamy-The male alone generally modified
through sexual selection-Eagerness of the male-Variability of
the male-Choice exerted by the female-Sexual compared with
natural selection-Inheritance at corresponding periods of life, at
corresponding seasons of the year, and as limited by sex-Rela-
tions between the several forms of inheritance-Causes why one
sex and the young are not modified through sexual selection-
Supplement on the proportional numbers of the two sexes through-
out the animal kingdom-The proportion of the sexes in relation
to natural selection
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CHAPTER IX.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN THE LOWER CLASSES OF
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
These characters absent in the lowest classes-Brilliant colours-
Mollusca-Annelids-Crustacea, secondary sexual characters
strongly developed; dimorphism; colour; characters not acquired
before maturity-Spiders, sexual colours of; stridulation by the
males Myriapoda
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CHAPTER X.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF INSECTS.
Diversified structures possessed by the males for seizing the females
-Differences between the sexes, of which the meaning is not
understood-Difference in size between the sexes-Thysanura-
Diptera-Hemiptera-Homoptera, musical powers possessed by