heat of the climate in summer, is injurious to the eyes, and induces sunstrokes, should arrest the attention of the legislator.

The almost total absence of smoke-consumers in the factories, distilleries, breweries, and furnaces used in cities is another source of injury and annoyance to the inhabitants, causing the escape of large volumes of foul gases, and enveloping the place with soot and foul odors. The manufacturers using coal should be required to provide the common inventions for burning the carbonaceous particles that now escape from their furnace fires, and as much of the smoke as may be practicable, whereby they will economize fuel and promote the health and cleanliness of the citizens.

CHAPTER VI.

PERSONAL CLEANLINESS.

The air cannot be kept pure and safe if impure bodies fill it constantly with foul exhalations. Impurity is as well the cause as the effect of disease and contagion. Hence personal uncleanliness is not merely an offence to the senses, but a bodily injury; and purity of body becomes an indispensable requisite in large cities, where the bodies of men constantly jostle against each other, and the exhalations therefrom are so extensive.

Nothing will tend so much to promote personal cleanliness as the provision of pure air. Purity of one kind will excite a desire for purity in all forms. Properly laid out cities and well-constructed houses may therefore be supposed, of themselves, to secure the necessary personal cleanlinesss. But the establishment of baths in every house, and on every floor of a house where they are built for the habitation of more than one family, as well as the baths to be constructed for public use in every fourth square of a city, will tend still further to secure this necessary requisite of physical and moral health, and make special legislation on the subject superfluous. I may mention, incidentally, that bathing in water also induces a desire to drink water, and is thus a valuable agent in extirpating thirst for alcoholic drinks.

On the other hand, pure air can be enjoyed only by those persons who preserve their own personal cleanliness, and secure the most thorough ventilation of their workshops, offices, and dwellings. Heat, light, and electricity can be enjoyed perfectly only by those who inhale pure air, which gives man heat and strength from the oxygen consumed through his lungs, renewing his animal heat and power every instant of his life. For air is truly the chief nourisher in life's feast, the elemental supply that enables man to move and execute the functions and faculties of mind and body. Hence the imperious duty of the State to provide for the preservation of the purity of the air at any cost, as the element of prime necessity, absolutely indispensable to the happiness, health, and life of its citizens every moment of their existence.

CHAPTER VII.

LAYING OUT OF COUNTIES AND TOWNSHIPS.

Even the agricultural districts, where men live so far apart that the injurious influence of one body upon the other through the air is difficult of ascertainment, demand, under the guidance of modern sanitary science, some general laws whereby to secure each citizen of those districts immunity from harm, and the inhabitants of cities protection against the miasmatic poisons in the currents of air swept along from such districts by the winds.

Each county should, above all, have a complete system of drainage to purify and fertilize the soil, which, in the extensive districts of the country, is of the same relative importance as the purification of air is in the cities, and so arranged as to make the drain-water also useful in the drier parts of the district for purposes of irrigation.

Each county should next arrange a sufficient system of forest parks, or wooded lands, whereby to purify the air and water, and extend to their soil that protection which causes the tree-covered oasis to bloom forth in perrennial beauty, furnishing water, vegetation, and shade to the weary traveller in the midst of the desolation of Sahara. For the influence of such parks, with their arboreal ventilation, extends not only to the health of the farmer, but also to

the productiveness of the soil. Its sure and immediate operation in this respect has been very effectively illustrated on our Western plains, where, by the judicious planting of trees, vast districts have been reclaimed for agriculture that were formerly considered irredeemably unproductive. And as the waters of the Alps have brought under cultivation the once arid plains of Northern Italy, directed thither by skilful engineering, so might the heavy snows and rains that fall in the Sierra Madre, instead of being allowed to swell the floods of the Missouri, and of the other great rivers south of its source, and bring destruction to their rich bottom-lands, be used to assist in irrigating the vast barren districts that extend from the mountains eastwardly. Combined with the influence of the trees now being planted on those plains, the waters from the Rocky Mountains, directed by science to effect irrigation, would cause them to bloom forth into a paradise of vegetation as if by magic.

The

To obtain this necessary arboreal ventilation and protection for every part of the country, a public park of one hundred and sixty acres should be laid out in each section of six hundred and forty acres of land, and each road in the county should be laid out with a double row of trees on each side, the supervision of which might be assigned to the agricultural schools of each county. parks could be stocked with all kinds of singing and other birds that protect the trees, gardens, and fields against insects and vermin. The soil of the parks could also be sown with grass, and various kinds of grazing animals be admitted to lend additional charms to the landscape.

If at all possible, and a judicious system of canals in every State would make such a contrivance quite practicable, each county should also be provided with a sufficient sheet of water, stocked with various productive and healthy fishes, to furnish food to the inhabitants and purify the water. These artificial or natural lakes would add materially to the health of the neighborhood, by moistening the air and absorbing on its part the impurities of the atmosphere.

Such a system of parks, trees, and lakes would clothe the whole landscape with rare beauty, and cause it to breathe forth sweetness, fragrance, and health. Nor should the system be confined to the counties. Besides these county parks, it would be recommendable to set aside in the several States, wherever it is practicable, a more extensive tract of forest grounds, such as is now proposed for the

State of New York in the Adirondacks, with their more than eight hundred thousand acres of a magnificent forest, that secures to the beautiful Hudson its perennial flow of waters, and sweetens every current of air that sweeps over it, and such as Congress has secured in the magnificent park of the Yosemite Valley, for the common recreation and enjoyment of the American people.

Congress should also grant lands for State parks, one or more in number, to the new States and to the Territories, for the use of the people of each State and Territory forever. Congress should also grant to the same States and Territories, for the use of the agricultural schools, three by three sections of land in one tract in each county for the establishment, use, and support of agricultural, mining, mechanical, and other schools, to be devoted to such purposes forever. There should also be reserved six sections of land in each township of thirty-six sections for the support of the other schools, colleges, and universities proposed to be established in this work, so that a permanent endowment may be created for public education for all time to come.

By such a system of parks, etc., more especially if it is accom•panied by the planting of the eucalyptus, the myrtle, and other odorous flowers in swampy localities, trees and flowers that destroy by their absorption of malarious and carbonic acid gases, and remove by their exhalations of oxygen, all the impurities of the air, - the malarious diseases, now familiar to agricultural districts, will be gradually subdued, a greater evenness of temperature gradually secured, and all nature placed under additional control and direction by the science and art of man.

Grand forest parks will break the violence of storms, inhale as it were the surcharge of electricity from the clouds and the impurities of the air, and while feeding on these exhalations and those of the water, restore to all forms of life the pure oxygen for vitality. By means of this arboreal and floral ventilation and purification of the air of rural districts, the inhabitants of all cities near them will be furnished with pure, invigorating air, while the aspect of all the fresh life of the trees, plants, and water will irradiate in every direction new sensations of pleasure, of enjoyment, and of health.

The comparatively new country composing our republic is still only sparsely populated, and amply large enough to furnish its present and future inhabitants, for many years to come, with room in all

villages, cities, townships, and counties for the introduction of all sanitary safeguards herein proposed for the preservation of the purity of the air, the food, and drinks consumed by the people, and to furnish them the means for recreation, amusement, and physical development.

CHAPTER VIII.

PURE FOOD AND DRINK.

To provide, furthermore, all other kinds of food and drink for the human body in their natural condition of healthful purity, the legislative power in each State must regulate

1. The sale of all food and drinks consumed by man, so as to secure them to the consumer in their unadulterated purity.

2. The preservation of the health of all animals, birds, and fishes, and the soundness of all vegetables consumed by man.

In the primitive condition of man, each individual furnished himself his own food and drink, and legislation to secure men from adulteration of the articles of diet was therefore unnecessary. But as men began to divide occupations and professions among each other, it became necessary that measures should be adopted to secure to the purchasers the purity of their food and drinks. The practice of adulterating the various articles used by men for consumption has indeed been carried to such a point, and is productive of such disastrous results in the spread of disease and crime, that the most stringent legislation has become necessary.

In every community, therefore, a board of inspectors, composed of men sufficiently educated in the necessary chemical and other studies to qualify them for the office, should be appointed, and intrusted with full power to supervise all markets and other places where those articles are exposed for sale; to supervise all slaughterhouses, and examine into the healthy condition of all animals intended for consumption, and also into the processes of fattening and feeding the animals, so that all vicious methods of using distillery-swill, malt-mash, still-slop, and other deleterious diet may be abolished. They should also report the manner in which the animals