Dangers inherent in such a copartnership.

Formation of dynastic kingdoms directly under Napoleon's control-e. g., Holland, Westphalia, Naples, subsequently Spain and Saxony.

England retaliates on the Berlin Decrees.

The orders in Council. The question of neutrals. Seeds of discord with the United States.

Leakage of the secret articles of Tilsit. The position of Denmark. Action of England towards Denmark. Bombardment of Copenhagen and seizure of the Danish Fleet.

Reprisals by Napoleon in Portugal.

LECTURE IV.

NATIONAL RISINGS AGAINST THE NAPOLEONIC SYSTEM.

I. The Peninsular War.

Position of Portugal towards England. Portugal refuses the Continental System. Napoleon determines to enforce it. Treaty of Fontainebleau with Spain. Proposed partition of Portugal Army under Junot despatched to Portugal. Helplessness of Portugal. Its occupation by Napoleon.

between France and Spain.

England assists Portugal. Campaign of Vimiero. Junot evacuates Portugal.

Napoleon's policy towards Spain. Position of Spain towards Napoleon. Project of forming Spain and Portugal into a dynastic kingdom.

Opportunities offered by discords at the Spanish Court. Napoleon foments these discords. Army of observation on the Spanish frontier, ostensibly to reinforce the army of Portugal. Advance of the army of observation towards Madrid. Panic of the Court. Abdication of Charles IV. Accession of Ferdinand. Charles appeals to Napoleon; also Ferdinand. occupies Madrid.

Murat

The Conference at Bayonne. The throne of Spain declared vacant. Accession of Joseph Bonaparte.

National uprising in Spain.

Significance of the Spanish rising. Napoleon's impotence in face of a new force. He is faced by England as a military

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power. The drain upon Napoleon's resources. As a result the French are driven from Spain and Portugal.

II. Revival of Austria.

The national revolt in the Tyrol. Andreas Hofer. He stimulates Austria to renewed efforts. Call of the Archduke Charles to the German people.

The campaign of 1809. Its analogies with that of 1805. Essential differences in its conduct and results. Defeat of Austria at Wagram. Treaty of Vienna. Idea of substituting a FrancoAustrian for a Franco-Russian alliance. Napoleon marries Marie-Louise.

Alienation of Russia.

LECTURE V.

NAPOLEON'S DOWNFALL.

Napoleon's downfall is contained in his policy, not in the decline of his military genius-e. g., in his Continental System and its results, viz.: The Peninsular War, and the war with Russia.

Breach between Napoleon and Russia.

Causes: (a) The Continental System and its pressure upon Russia.

Aggressions on Russia's dynastic interests consequent on the Continental System.

(b) Napoleon and Poland.

National aspirations of Poland. Napoleon their natural protector. His obligations to Russia. Hesitation and perplexity of Napoleon in face of the Polish question. (c) The Austro-French alliance.

Napoleon's marriage.

Preparations for the Russian campaign. Nature of the enterprise. Napoleon ignorant of Russian national feeling. [Russia almost equally ignorant of her own strength.]

Napoleon marshals his subject kingdoms for an attack on Russia. Half-hearted and unwilling support. Position of Prussia.

Reorganization of Prussia since 1806 by Stein. Growth of national feeling in Prussia. Prussian patriotism stimulated by Prussia's degradation. Prussia an unwilling accomplice in the Russian campaign.

The Austrian contingent.

Napoleon's difficulties in transport and supply. Hesitation and perplexity exhibited by Napoleon at various stages of the enterprise. The march on Moscow.

The march from Moscow. Ruin of the Grand Army.

The campaign of 1813. Napoleon's early successes. Inefficient support rendered by his Marshals. Prussia joins the coalition. Hesitation of Austria. Armistice and negotiations. Austria joins the coalition.

Napoleon retreats on Leipsic. The "battle of the nations." He retreats on to the French frontier.

Campaign of 1814. March of the allies on Paris, and abdication of Napoleon.

NOTE. The last lecture of the course will consist either of a general view of the circumstances of Napoleon's return and of his overthrow in the Waterloo campaign or of a special study of the campaign itself. Syllabus of both lectures is appended, but of these only one will be given.