F71 W62 1879

PREFACE.

I have endeavored in the delivery of these lectures to put within the reach and comprehension of the first course student the foundation facts and principles upon which the stately edifice of physiology is built. And in the publication of them, which I have only presumed to venture in consequence of repeated requests on the part of the students of my class, I have adhered strictly to the spirit, and as far as I could, to the letter of the delivery. This explanation will suffice, I hope, to excuse the latitude of expression and selection which would be accorded to offhand, lecture-room, delivery, and which might be inexcusable in a text-book compiled for the more careful study of leisure hours.

100 West Eighth St.,

Dec., 1878.

J. T. W.

CONTENTS.

LECTURE I.

THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSIOLOGY UPON PRACTICE AND

UPON THE PRACTITIONER.

Dr. Jacob Primrose-The Exercitatio de Motu Cordis, etc.-Science

vs. Practice-The Fallacy of Experience-Some Old Receipts-Opin-

ions of Noted Men-Sterne, Shakespeare and Molière-The Royal

Touch and the Caul-Contributions of Physiology to Practice-The

University of Naples-The Modern Physician-Gladstone's Response

-Harvey and Haller-Characteristics of Physiologists.............

LECTURE II.

THE CONSERVATION OF FORCE.

The Alphabet of Science-Indestructibility of Matter-No Matter

without Force-Solar Origin of Heat of Coal-Correlation of Forces-

Machinery, a Means of Changing Force-Clocks, Water-Wheels,

Winds, Windmills and Steam Engines-The Equivalence of the

Forces The Conservatory of Arts and Trades-Motion from Heat-

Motion from Electricity-The Electric Light-The Sun as the Source

of Power-Source of Solar Force-The Nebular Hypothesis-The

Channel of Mt. Pilatus-The Perpetuity of Force-Physiological

Force-Excretions, the Products of Combustion-Animal Bodies as

Machines-The Force Value of Foods-Physiological, Correlative

with Physical Force..........

LECTURE III.

THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE.

1-23

.23-46

Definitions of Physiology-Ancient Definitions of Life-Modern

Definitions of Life-Difference between Organic and Inorganic Matter

-The Property of Assimilation-Period of Development of Life-

The Theory of Evolution-Palæontology-The Cataclysms of Cuvier

-The Operation of Existing Causes-The Age of the Earth-The

Evolution of Fossil Forms..........

.47-63

X

CONTENTS.

LECTURE IV.

THE EVOLUTION OF FORMS OF LIFE.

Comparative Anatomy-Of the Eye and the Ear-Order of Develop-

ment-Jean Lamarck-Wilhelm von Goethe-The Intermaxillary

Process-Erasmus Darwin-Anatomical Resemblances-The Hand

and its Homologues-Comparative Embryology-Ernst Haeckel—

The Rudimentary Organs-Bone Rudiments-Muscle Rudiments-

Rudiments from the Digestive System-Other Rudiments-Explana-

tions of Rudiments........

LECTURE V.

THE EVOLUTION OF FORMS OF LIFE.

The Law of Inheritability-Transmission of Acquired Defects-Ho-

mochronous Transmission-Atavism-The Physics of Reproduction—

Adaptation to External Conditions-Difficulty of Classification-Arti-

ficial Selection-The Struggle for Existence-Natural Selection-

Protective Colors-Warning Colors-Sexual Selection-Complications

in Natural Selection-Preservation of the Individual and of the Race

-General Summary..

......

LECTURE VI.

84-104

PROTOPLASM AND ITS PROPERTIES.

The History of Histology-The Invention and Use of the Microscope

-The Discovery and Doctrine of The Cell-Derivation and Im-

port of The Cell-The Cell Wall-The Nucleus and Nucleolus-The

Cell Contents or Protoplasm-The Amœba-The Properties of Proto-

plasm-Motion-The Color Changes of the Chameleon-Ciliary Mo-

tion-Motion of Other Cells-Molecular Motion-Molecular Changes

in the Ovum-Parthenogenesis-Motion as the Essence of Repro-

duction.......

LECTURE VII.

PROTOPLASM AND ITS PROPERTIES.

105-128

The Chemistry of Organic Matter-The Ultimate Elements-The

Proximate Principles-Albumen and its Products-The Chemistry

of the Cell-Absorption and Assimilation-Metabolism-Oxidation

Processes-Oxidation in the Ovum-Oxidation in Muscle-Oxidation

in the Blood-Oxidation in Nerve Tissue-The Quantity of Oxygen

in the Body-The Genesis of Protoplasm-Spontaneous Generation-

Omne Vivum ex Ovo-Reproduction and Nutrition-Modes of Cell

Genesis-Death of Cells-Recapitulation-Classifications of the

Tissues........................................................................................................................................... 128-149

BONE AND ITS PROPERTIES.

Anatomical Dignity of Bone-Relation of Bone to Nerve Tissue-

The Skeleton-The General Properties of Bones-The Histology of

Bone-The Haversian Canals-The Lamella-The Bone Corpuscles

and Lacunæ-The Canaliculi-The Chemistry of Bone-Difficulties

Attending the Study of Osteology-Bones as Fuel-Gelatine as an

Aliment-The Resistance and Resilience of Bone-Constancy of

Chemical Composition-Rachitis and Osteo-Malacia-The Phosphate

of Lime-The Preservation of Bone-Bone a Connective Tissue-

The Formation of Bone-The Periosteum-The Centre of Ossification

-The Determination of Age-The Femoral Epiphyseal Centre-The

Excavation of Bone-Air in Bone-The Marrow-Studies in Living

Bone-Bone as a Symbol of the Body.......

LECTURE IX.

xi

.............150-175

MUSCLE AND ITS PROPERTIES.

Etymology of Muscle-Muscular Motion-Striped and Smooth Mus-

cle-The Color of Muscle-The Anatomy of Voluntary Muscle-The

Sarcolemma-The Muscle Fibre-Muscle Protoplasm-General Prop-

erties of Muscles-Names of Muscles-Form and Shape of Muscles-

Smooth Muscle-Disposition of Smooth Muscle-The Chemistry of

Muscle The Reaction of Muscle-Specific Properties of Muscle-

The Elasticity of Muscle-The Tonicity of Voluntary Muscle-

Tonicity, a Reflex Phenomenon-Tonicity of Involuntary Muscle-

The Sensibility of Muscle-Sensibility and Sensation-The Sensation

of Fatigue-The Exercise of the Muscular Sense..

LECTURE X.

MUSCLE AND ITS PROPERTIES.

....175-195

Contractility of Muscle-Effects of Muscular Contraction-Degree of

Contraction-Change of Form-Agents which Induce Contraction-

Direct and Indirect Excitation-Thermal Excitation-Electric Excita-

tion-The History of Galvanism-The Action of Induced Electricity

-The Action of Nerve Force-The Sound of Muscle Contraction-

The Muscular Wave-Independence of Muscular Force-The Action

of the Sulphocyanide of Potassium and Curare-The Generation of

Heat-The Generation of Electricity-Du Bois-Reymond's Theory

of Muscular Action-Rigor Mortis-Post-Mortem Changes in Muscle

-The Fuel of Muscle-The Oxygen Supply-The Dependence of

Muscle upon Blood-The Muscles as Levers-The Absolute Power

of Muscle-The Power of Muscle in General-Differences of the

Sexes-Differences in Different Animals-The Velocity and Delicacy

of Muscular Action.....

195-222