discovered that all the calamities of Spain were caused by their permitting the infidel Moors to linger so long in Granada. Meantime, England resounded with acclamation and rejoicing. Eleven standards taken from the enemy were hung in St. Paul's Cathedral, whither Elizabeth went in procession from her palace at Whitehall to a public thansgiving, on the 24th of November. She proceeded through the then quaint and gable-ended streets of Old London, in a triumphal chariot with four pillars; two supporting an imperial crown, the other two the lion of England and the dragon of Wales, with the royal arms between them. It is from the portrait of Elizabeth taken in the dress she wore on this great occasion, that we are so familiar with the extravagant style of costume she adopted. It was engraved by Crispin de Passe, from a drawing by Isaac Oliver. She prayed audibly on her knees at the west door of St. Paul's. Several medals were struck in England in honour of this victory. One, in honour of the queen, represented the fire-ships and fleet in hurry and con fusion, with the inscription, "Dux Fœmina Facti.” Another was struck in honour of the English navy. "It was, "says Sir William Monson, a brave and pious old English seaman, and one of Elizabeth's most able commanders, "the will of Him that directs all men and their actions, that the fleets should meet and the enemy be beaten as they were; that they should be put from their anchorage in Calais Roads while the Prince of Parma was beleaguered at sea, and their navy driven about Scotland and Ireland with great hazard and loss, which showeth how God did marvellously defend us against their dangerous designs. By this, too, we may learn how weak and feeble are the schemes of men in respect of the Creator of man; and how impartially He dealt between the two nations, sometimes giving to the one, sometimes to the other, the advantage, yet so that He alone super-eminently ordered the battle." CHAPTER XXI X. THE GROYNE, 1589. THE total defeat of the Armada had inspired the men. The following are the names of the ships nation with an enthusiastic passion for enterprises and the commanders, as given by Sir William against the Spaniards by land and sea, and nothing Monson:-Revenge, Sir Francis Drake; Dreadnow seemed impossible to the English sailor or nought, Captain Thomas Fenner; Aid, Captain soldier if essayed upon them. It happened, in William Fenner; Nonpareil, Captain William Sackthe year subsequent to the Armada, that Don ville; Foresight, Captain Sir William Winter; Antonio, Prior of Crato, and Knight of Malta, a Swiftsure, Captain Sir William Goring. natural son of one of the royal family of Portugal (the throne of which Philip I. of Spain had seized in right of his wife, Donna Maria, daughter of John III.), trusting to the aversion of his countrymen to the Castilians, who tyrannised over them and treated them with contempt, had advanced a claim to the crown; and visiting first France and then England, found both Henry and Elizabeth willing to favour his pretensions, the further to humble Philip II. A scheme was formed by the people, rather than the Government, of England, to conquer or wrest the kingdom of Portugal from Spain for Don Antonio; and the leaders of this romantic enterprise were Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norris. Twenty thousand men volunteered to serve on this expedition, and of these 4,000 were seamen. Resolving to act with prudence and economy, the queen gave them only six ships of war and 6,000 The leaders of the land forces under Norris were-his kinsmen, Sir Edward and Sir Henry Norris, Sir Roger Williams, and Captain Williams (or Wilson), sergeant-major. On the 18th of April, 1589, they sailed from Plymouth, having with them the Prior of Crato, whom they styled King of Portugal. The Dutch added some ships to the expedition, and these, with the queen's and others hired by the leaders, made up altogether eighty sail, according to one authority-146 according to another--but the circumstance of Robert d'Evereaux, the Earl of Essex, K.G., joining them at sea, with certain ships which he had also hired, makes some confusion as to the exact number. With the earl came his brother, Walter, Sir Roger Williams, Sir Philip Butler, and Sir Edward Wingfield. A few days later saw them all off the bay of the Groyne, and menancing the Galician town of Betanzos, which is situated on the declivity of a resisted were put to the sword. This expedition was full of the elements of weak. ness. A number of wild spirits were collected together without discipline, and crowded in small ships, without surgeons, or carriage for sick or wounded men in case of casualties, and without sufficient provisions. Hence, we are told, in the Appendix to the "Spanish Invasion," there was much quarrelling and much drunkenness. In many of its features the enterprise somewhat resembled the British auxiliary Spanish Legion, under General Evans, in more recent times, which was partly countenanced and partly repudiated by the Whig Government, with trickery and policy. The first landing was effected in a bay more than an English mile distant from the Groyne, by boats and pinnaces; this was accomplished with out opposition, as no such invasion was expected. The force, whose strength is not stated, consisting of pikemen and musketeers, with some small pieces of artillery, advanced at once against Betanzos, within half a mile of which they encountered some Spanish troops sent forward by Don Juan de Luna, the governor. These they charged, routed, and drove within the gates. For that night they occupied the villages, mills, and other buildings around the town of Betanzos, while the Spanish fleet cannonaded them from the roadstead, filling the unfortunate Spaniards with alarm and perplexity, as many shot fell among them. Next morning, Sir John Norris having landed some more artillery, the first shot he fired had the effect of sending the shipping out of the roadstead; and even a great galleon that that lay amid them, a remnant of the last year's Armada, ceased to fire on them, though commanded by Don Juan Manez de Recaldez, Vice-Admiral of Spain. The assault of the lower town was now resolved on, and for that purpose 1,200 men were landed in boats and pinnaces, the guns of which played upon it as they approached; while on the land side 500 men were to enter at low water, if the way proved passable, and 300 were to storm the walls by escalade at another point. 167 Thus 500 were slain in the streets. Abandoning their goods, the . inhabitants fled to the upper town, to the rocks, or hid themselves in cellars and bodegas. A few surrendered; among others, the governor, Don Juan de Luna, and a commissary, from whom they learned that 500 of the soldiers in garrison had been in the Armada, and that there were vast stores for the new-projected expedition to England. These were all destroyed; and the soldiers, finding the cellars full of wine, indulged themselves in such excessive drinking-using even their helmets as goblets-that many of them fell sick and died. The Spaniards seem to have acted with much pusillanimity. They now set fire to the great galleon, and such was her size that she was two days and a night in burning. Before firing her, they so overloaded her cannon that thirty-four of them burst, with a succession of mighty crashes, sending showers of burning brands over all their other shipping, which they abandoned to the foe, who now attacked the other, or upper town, which was steeply situated, and very difficult of access. The walls were undermined, the mines sprung, and two breaches made, one of them partially in a large tower. The stormers went bravely in with sword and pike, but the shattered tower gave way in the very midst of them, and buried about thirty under masses of masonry. The dust, the noise, and the suddenness of the catastrophe, "so amazed the rest that they forsook their commanders," and, in retiring through a narrow lane, great numbers of them were shot down by the garrison. A breach made by the cannon, "though it was well assaulted by our men," says the old folio account, "who came to push of pike at the top, and were ready to enter, yet the loose earth slipping outwards, by reason of their weight, half the wall remained entire, and so nothing was done, because our culverin and demi-culverin-we had but three pieces-were not sufficient to batter a defensible rampart." A cloister, however, was stormed ere they fell back; and during these operations a colonel, named Huntley, with one detachment, and Captain Anthony Sampson with another, ravaged all the adjacent country, and brought into camp many cattle and sheep. On the day after the assault failed, Sir John Norris learned from a prisoner that the Conde de Andrada, at the head of 8,000 Spaniards, was advancing from Puente de Burgos to the relief of Betanzos, after forming a junction with a much larger force, under the Conde de A few men were wounded as the boats came in shore, but in a few minutes the lower town of Betanzos was entered at three points; all who Altamira. On the 6th of May he marched to meet Andrada with nine English regiments (for that military term was now fully determined and understood), leaving five with Sir Francis Drake to guard the artillery and cover the cloister. Norris moved in three columns, and a march of six miles brought him to Puente de Burgos, where he found the conde's troops under arms to receive him. They were charged by the first column, under Captain Middleton, who was so well supported by Their royal standard, with the arms of Castile and Leon upon it, was taken, and for three miles bodies of the fugitives were pursued by the victorious English, who slew vast numbers of them among hedges and vineyards. "They put 200 to death in a cloister; and all this with the loss of only one captain and one man killed, and a few wounded" (Lediard, Vol. I.). The country was then ravaged, and for more than three miles in extent was all red flame and dusky the second, under Captain Wingfield, that they were "beaten from place to place," till they retired in confusion over a stone bridge that crossed a creek of the sea, and into their camp, which lay beyond it, and was strongly entrenched; and as they retired they left a guard at the bridge, which was heavily barricaded with barrels. But, on seeing Sir Edward Norris, at the head of his pikemen, with. Colonel Sidney, and Captains Hinder, Fulford, and Barton, coming resolutely on, the barricade was abandoned, and the bridge crossed. The entrenched camp was then entered, sword in hand, Sir Edward leading the way, till he was severely wounded by a rapier. After a very short conflict, the Spaniards were routed, driven out, and put to flight. smoke. smoke. On returning, they reshipped their artillery, with all that was found in the Groyne, set fire to the lower town and the monastery, embarked the troops on the 8th, and sailed, leaving the shore black with smoking ruins, and the bay strewed with the burned wrecks of those ships which were to have been another Armada. This landing at the Groyne was quite a deviation from the original plan; but now, after sailing along the coast, they arrived, on the 16th, at Peniche, a fortified town of Portugal, in the province of Estramadura. Its position is still a strong one; the fortress there had been recently erected by Philip II., and the harbour, though small, afforded the safest anchorage. The Groyne.] NORRIS MARCHES TO LISBON. Sir John Norris now landed with the infantry, and the castle was surrendered without a shot being fired, to the Prior of Crato, as Don Antonio, King of Portugal, at whose earnest persuasion an instant march to Lisbon was resolved on. Prior to the surrender of the castle, five companies of Spaniards made a sally from the town, but were charged and routed by two of English, under the Earl of Essex. After taking from the castle 100 pikes and muskets, and twenty barrels of powder, the daring march for 169 "General Drake's," when halted at a hill near Lores, was set upon by treachery. A body of Spanish troops advanced, and as they shouted "Viva el Rey Don Antonio!" were permitted to pass the guards, whom they instantly massacred; but were speedily driven off by the main body. The 25th of May brought them to St. Katherine, one of the suburbs of Lisbon, the streets of which were scoured by Captain Wingfield, at the head of a party of musketeers, who "met none but old Lisbon began, under Sir John Norris; while Sir | folks and beggars, crying up the new king." That Francis Drake was to take up the fleet by the river Tagus, but failed to do so. The first night's halt was at Lorinha; and a twelve miles' farther march brought them next day to the now famous ground of Torres Vedras, the strong castle of which they captured. This edifice was formerly the dower-house of the Queens of Portugal. The third day's march saw some encounters with cavalry, a few Englishmen having been mounted to serve as such, under Captain York. The latter, at the head of only forty of these new troopers, charged and broke through 200 Spanish horse in half-mail; and one of his corporals, with only eight, routed nearly forty more. That night, the regiment called night the guards were properly posted, and the main body remained under arms all night, in a field near Alcantara, surrounded by groves of orange and lemon trees. There, weary with their long march and the weight of their arms, and wasted by lack of food, the inevitable complaint of all Peninsular soldiering, many fell asleep, and while in this state a sortie was made upon them by the Spanish garrison in Lisbon. Colonel Bret and two captains, who endeavoured to make head against them, were slain, with many more; but ere day broke they were repulsed by the Earl of Essex, who pursued them with sword and pike to the gates of the city, and even into the houses, where many of them were once. General Norris now held a Council of War, as the position of his little force was very critical; and the question was whether he should await those Portuguese whom Don Antonio had asserted would flock to his standard, or begin a retreat at The opinions of his officers were so various that Norris had to act for himself; and after staying two nights in Lisbon, on finding that, of all his promised cavalry, Antonio could not muster a troop of horse, and, of all his infantry, barely two companies, though he had assured him "that upon his first landing there should be a revolt of all his subjects," the English leader proposed to retire. In the castle of Lisbon, then a strong edifice on the highest of the seven hills on which Lisbon stands, there was a garrison too numerous for him to attack with success, especially as he had very light artillery, so the retreat began in the night. "Had we marched through his country as enemies," says the old narrator before quoted, " our army had been well supplied with all sorts of provisions; or had we plundered the suburbs of Lisbon, we had made ourselves the richest army that ever came out of England: for, besides the wealth of private dwellings, there were many great warehouses by the waterside full of all sorts of rich merchandise, but we were restrained from both of these." Don Antonio insisted on his subjects, as he called them, being spared, so the English gained little by their landing, and lost much. As they marched along the banks of the Tagus, in sight of the bare, sharp granite summits of Cintra, they were followed by the adelantado with the Spanish galleys, whose gunners fired on every opportunity, while their rear was galled by Spanish cavalry, who cut off those sick and wounded who fell in hundreds by the wayside, and for whom there were no means of conveyance. to provoke an issue, the Earl of Essex sent a cartel to the Spanish general, offering to fight him singly, with ten men a side, or any equal number he chose; and thereupon he marched next day to where the Spaniards had encamped, but found that they had made a precipitate retreat to Lisbon, and had, moreover, threatened to hang the English trumpeter who had brought the gallant earl's message. After six cannon-shots had been discharged at Cascaes, the governor capitulated, and was permitted to march off with baggage and arms, but his cannon were taken. In fact, since the terrible issue of the Armada, the spirit of the Spaniards seemed to have fled; but Admiral Drake now rather lawlessly seized sixty large ships that belonged to the free Hans Cities, and were laden with goods for Lisbon, on the allegation that their cargoes were to have equipped the new Armada against England. On board of these he put troops, and the horses Norris had seized; and now the whole expedition put to sea, repulsing an attack made upon it by twenty great galleys of the enemy. Still loth to leave Spain, they landed at Vigo, in Galicia, and burned the city, and ravaged all the adjacent country for eight miles inland. In the capture of Vigo, the timidity of the Spaniards was painfully apparent. Though every street in the city was strongly and peculiarly barricaded, on the appearance of 2,000 English, under Drake and Captain Wingfield, the whole garrison, save one man, fled to Bayonne! After this Admiral Drake put to sea with twenty of the best ships, in hopes to overhaul the Spanish Indian fleet, while Sir John Norris and the Earl of Essex returned to England with the rest of this expedition, which proved a great source of mortification to the Spaniards, and raised still higher the warlike glory of the English; but it cost the lives of half of those who sailed, by sickness, famine, fatigue, and the sword. Of 1,100 gentlemen who embarked to serve as volunteers, only 350 survived when the fleet returned in the beginning of July; but Camden says they brought home 150 pieces of cannon and a great booty. After enumerating the many causes which led to the failure of the expedition, Sir William Morison adds, in his "Reflections" upon it, that the want of field-pieces" was the loss of Lisbon; for its strength consisting in the castle, and we having only an At last they reached the castle of Cascaes, where army to countenance us, but no means for battery, a friar informed them that a Spanish force was at we were the loss of the victory to ourselves; for it hand, and had come as far as San Julian, a strong is apparent, by intelligence we received, that if we fort seven miles from Lisbon. This news was wel- had presented them with battery they were recomed by the leaders, who were highly exasperated solved to parley, and so, by consequence, to yield, by the turn their affairs had taken, and promised the and this was the main and chief reason of the friar 100 crowns if his news proved true. The further | Portuguese not joining with us. There is one |