old Via Campana is studded on both sides with the picturesque ruins of ancient tombs, consisting mainly of columbaria, and still exhibiting traces of painting.

While the country around Naples resembles a flourishing garden, the sea is also adorned with the most beautiful scenes. A sail in the bay of Naples, along the coast, or the islands, is one of the greatest pleasures in the whole tour of Italy. Vineyards, gardens, groves, and villages, alternate in charming va riety in Ischia; in their midst rises majestically to the height of 2356 feet, Mt. Epomeo, or St. Nicola, formerly a volcano; but, since 1302, it has not disturbed the tranquillity of the beautiful island. The sick derive much benefit from the cold mineral springs.

ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND.

THIS is the chief town in Newfoundland island, and is well known on account of the excellence of its harbour, which is one of the best in the whole island. The entrance to St. John's harbour forms a long and narrow strait, but not very difficult of access. There are about twelve fathoms water in the middle of the channel, with tolerable good anchorage ground. The most lofty perpendicular precipices rise to an amazing height upon the north side; and the southfrom a comparison with the opposite rocks. ern shore only appears less striking in its altitude,

There

entrance to this harbour, the town, and Fort TownsIn the engraving beneath a view is given of the

an arched way, which the ancients often mention, but which Alphonso I. enlarged, and the viceroy Peter of Toledo paved. In a garden above it is situated the pretended tomb of Virgil, a columbarium, or Roman tomb, with several niches, in which once stood urns. The laurel, which once flourished there, but which had to surrender its foliage to every traveller is gone. Following the road through the grotto is a light placed every night on the left side of the of Pausilippo, we come to the lake of Agnano. It entrance, where there is also a small battery and a is enclosed in a picturesque manner by mountains, signal-post. Other batteries of greater strength apof which the one on which is situated the monastery of the Camaldoli is the highest. The prospect from pear towering above the rocky eminences towards the north. At about two thirds of the distance bethis eminence extends over the whole of Campania tween the entrance and what may properly be term Felix, far out over the islands and sea, and is incon-ed the harbour itself lies a dangerous shelf, called testably one of the richest and most delightful in the the Chain Rock, so named from a chain which can world. The lake of Agnano has the property of be extended across the strait at that place, to prevent boiling up in some places, but is not, however, hot. the admission of any hostile fleet. In the summer, when all the hemp of the neighbourhood is rotted in the lake, the air is extremely unhealthy. On its banks are the sudatories, or vapour-hend. baths of St Germano, consisting of vaults, from the floor of which a sulphureous vapour issues, and the celebrated Grotta del Cane, the bottom of which is covered with a stratum of carbonick acid gas, in which the guides generally immerse a dog, and draw him out when on the point of suffocating, to recover in the open air. A grotto leads into another romantick valley surrounded by the Leucogean rocks. At the foot of these hills is the Acqua delle Piscianelle, a very warm sulphureous water, issuing from the earth with a loud noise. On the other side of the rocks lies the Solfaterra, a very remarkable volcanick valley, nine hundred feet long, and seven hundred and fifty feet broad. A volcanick mountain was, in all probability, once carried down here, without being entirely extinguished. The ground, which is covered with a whitish clay, and trembles under the feet, is hollow; from every hole and crack, sulphureous vapours issue. The deposites of the native sulphur, in various colours, on the wild rocks, increase the terrifick appearance of this region. On leaving it, and turning towards Pozzuoli, all the charms of southern flowers, and the prospect of the sea, greet the eye. We approach Pozzuoli over the remains of an ancient road, admiring, on the way, the relicks of former splendour, particularly the ruins of a Piscina, (commonly called a labyrinth,) of a great amphitheatre, and of the therma, or warm baths. The

In addition to the fortifications already noticed, there are several other strong fortresses upon the heights around the town, which render it perfectly secure against any sudden attack. Fort Townshend is situated immediately over the town, and is the usual residence of the governour. Forts Amherst and William are more towards the north; and there is also a small battery perched on the top of a single pyramidal mount, which is called the Crow's Nest

HAMBURGH.

HAMBURGH is one of the most considerable of the free cities of Germany; it is situated about eighty miles from the mouth of the Elbe, upon the northern

bank of the river, which is navigable for large ves-val of the old fortification was commenced in 1804, sels as far as this port. The circuit of the city is and the great French works have also been since about twenty-two thousand feet. In the northern demolished. part is a lake, formed by the small river Alster, which runs through the city into the Elbe, and turns several mills. An arm of the Elbe enters the city from the east, and is there divided into a number of canals, which take various directions, till they unite, and join the Alster in the southern part of the city, where they form a deep harbour for ships, which communicates with the main branch of the river; and there is a large space enclosed by strong piles, where ships may lie in safety; which is called Rummelhaven.

Canals intersect the lower part of the city in all directions, and almost all the warehouses are built upon their banks. In this part of the city, and also in that which lies on the eas of the Alster, the streets are, for the most part, narrow and crooked. Many, however, of those in the western or New Town, are broader and straighter. The church of St. Michael, with its tower, four hundred and fiftysix feet in height, built by Sonnin, and intended for astronomical observations and for experiments in natural philosophy, was finished in 1786. This building, and some of the private houses, are remarkable for their architecture. The exteriours of the exchange and the council-house are also handsomely ornamented. Among the most remarkable buildings are the bank, the admiralty buildings, the orphan asylum, the new general hospital, the theatres, the exchange, the city and commercial libraries, Röding's museum, &c. The gymnasium and the Johanneum are excellent institutions for education. The building for the school of navigation, opened in 1826, is provided with an observatory, and a botanick garden is also annexed to it.

The established religion in this city is the Lutheran, but complete toleration prevails. The manners of the inhabitants resemble those of the other mercantile cities of Germany or Holland; publick worship is regularly attended, industry is generally diffused, and good morals prevail. Foreigners have long been freely admitted to reside in the town; and the troubles of the French revolution brought to it individuals of different nations and characters, all of whom were allowed to remain as long as the publick tranquillity was not disturbed hence the vari ous and sometimes contradictory accounts of the morality of the place. The favourite taste of the inhabitants, in point of amusement, is musick; and previous to 1807, the era of commercial misfortune to Hamburgh, the higher class of merchants lived not only with hospitality, but with a certain degree of luxury. Hamburgh has long been distinguished as a commercial city of the first importance. Its transactions consist partly in agency, but more in the purchase and sale of goods on account of its merchants. They buy the commodities of America, Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland, Belgium, the West Indies, &c., and supply with these all the countries lying along the Elbe, different districts on the Rhine and Lower Maine, and a part of the Prussian and Austrian dominions. They also buy up the products of these countries, of which linen and thread are the chief. These articles are brought in great quantities from Bohemia, Moravia, Lower Saxony, and Westphalia, and the inhabitants of these retired quarters have discovered, that to make sales through the medium of Hamburgh is less hazardous than direct intercourse with the In institutions for the relief of the destitute, for countries where their commodities finally arrive. the sick, and for the education of poor children, The trade in timber is also of great importance, esHamburgh is inferiour to no city in Germany. Most pecially during a maritime war, Hamburgh being the of these are under the direction of private individu-chief medium between the Baltick and the south of als, and they are principally supported by voluntary contributions. The constitution of Hamburgh is aristocratick. The government consists of four burgomasters and twenty-four councillors. To the senate are attached four syndics and four secretaries. Calvinists are excluded from the government of Hamburgh, as Lutherans are from that of Bremen. The ordinary publick business, both internal and external, is transacted by the senate alone; matters of more importance are regulated in connexion with The territory of Hamburgh, which contains one the citizens possessed of a certain property. These hundred and sixteen square miles, is bounded by are divided into five parishes, each of which sends that of Holstein on the north and west; the city of thirty-six members to the assembly or general col- Altona, in the territory of Holstein, is not two miles lege. From these are chosen the members of the distant from the gates of Hamburgh. Toward the council of sixty, and again from these fifteen elders. east the Hamburgh territory borders on Lauenburg, Each of these colleges has peculiar privileges. The and on the south it is separated by the Elbe from senate and the elders alone receive salaries. Justice the territories of Hanover. Some of the islands in is administered by several courts. But the court of the Elbe belong also, either wholly or in part, to appeal of the free cities of the Germanick confeder- Hamburgh, together with the village of Moorburg acy is the superiour tribunal The publick revenues on the left bank. Besides this, it has a jurisdiction were formerly considerable, without the taxes being over the bailiwick of Ritzebüttel, which contains the oppressive; but the heavy debts incurred by the important town of Cuxhaven, at the mouth of the city, of late years, have greatly increased the taxes. Elbe. Hamburgh, in common with Lubeck, also The citizens are provided with arms, and accustom- has jurisdiction over the bailiwick of Bergedorf, with ed to military exercises, so as to form a body of in- the small town of the same name, over the Vierlands, fantry, cavalry, and artillery, in regular uniform, and a few places in Lauenburgh. The city owes amounting to about ten thousand men. The remo-its foundation to the emperor Charlemagne, who, in

Europe. The other articles of trade are very various, comprising flax, hemp, potash, tar, tobacco, wax, honey, hides, wool, woollen yarn, smoked and salt meat, mineral products, iron wares, in short all the products of the northeast of Germany, and a great part of those of the centre and south. This trade, like that in foreign goods, is carried on, partly on commission, partly for account of the Hamburgh merchants.

the beginning of the ninth century, built a citadel on the ramparts, to the seizure of merchandise, and a church on the heights between the Elbe and and finally of the bank funds, by Davoust. At last the eastern bank of the Alster, as a bulwark against the city was evacuated in May, 1814, and part of the neighbouring pagans. The adaptation of the the bank funds were restored by the Bourbon govplace for commerce and fishing attracted many sett-ernment.

lers. Although its barbarous neighbours frequently The city of Hamburgh has a population of one destroyed this settlement, it was as often re-estab-hundred and thirty thousand persons, and the lands lished, and the city was enlarged by new buildings. over which it has a separate jurisdiction contain It became important as a commercial city in the about thirty-five thousand more.