Morelet (Chevalier Arthur), "Travels in Central America," 159 Morris (D., B. A.), Class Book of Inorganic Chemistry, 282 Morse (Prof. S. F. P.), Obituary Notice of, 509 Moseley (H. N.), Zoological Results of the Eclipse Expedition, Moseley (Rev. Canon, F.R.S.), Obituary Notice of, 249 Moss (Boyd), Meteorological Phenomena, 203 Mair (Thos.), Symbols of Acceleration, 102 Mulready's Vision, 449 Murchison (Sir Roderick J., Bart., F.R.S.), Obituary Notice Murphy (J. J., F.G.S.), Aurora Borealis of November 9 and Naples, Zoological Station at, 437 Natural Philosophy, Deschanel's, 339 Natural History, Study of, Lecture by the Rev. Canon Kingsley, Natural History of Eastern Thibet, 406 Navy, Science in the, 428 Nephrite Axe found on the Amoor River, 450 Newcastle, College of Physical Science, 13, 190, 272; Natural Newcomb (Prof. S.), Solar Parallax, 60; New Planet, 430 Newton's Principia, New Edition of, 59 New York: Anthropological Institute, 250; Medical Society, New Zealand, Forest Trees, 14, 27, 84, 123, 421; Eggs of the Nicholson (H. Alleyne, M.D.), Monograph of the British Grap- Niepce, Photographs by, 285 Nightingale (Florence), "Notes on Lying-in Institutions," 22 Nottingham High School, Minerals and Fossils presented by Numeric Relations of the Vertebrated System, Dr. T. C. Observatories: on the Puy-de-Dôme, 468; Chicago, 68, 88, 191, 317 Ocean Currents, 59, 71, 90, 112, 201, 243, 263, 284 399, "Odd Fish," 462 Osborn (Capt. Sherard, R.N.), Arctic Exploration, 77 Owen (Prof., F.R.S.), Anatomy of the American King Crab, Oxford, Science at, 89, 131, 151, 210, 270, 271, 291, 332, 348, 390, 422, 509, 510 Oxford, Natural Science at, Prof. Thiselton Dyer on, 301 Packard (Dr. A. S., jun.), Inhabitants of Mammoth Cave, Ken- Palæonto-zoology, of the Oxford Clay, 145; of America, Prof. Paleontology and Zoology, relations between, 34 Palgrave (W. Giffard), Geography of Asia Minor, 430; Glacial Palestine Exploration Fund, 510 Palestine Exploration Society in New York, 415 Paraselene seen at Penrith, 82 Paris Economical Alimentation during the Siege, 45; Academy Parthenogenesis among the Lepidoptera, 149 Patents, Report on, by the United States Commissioner, 132 Peabody Academy of Sciences, Salem, 370 Peabody Museum of Archæology and Ethnology, 32 Pearson (Rev. Jas.), Tide Gauges, 481 Pease (W. Harper), Obituary Notice of, 332 Peirce (Prof. J. M.), a Plane's Aspect, Stope, or Position, 102 Pelagic Floating Fish Nest, 462 Pendulum Autographs, Geo. S. Carr on, 6 Pengelly (W., F.R.S.), Proposed Zoological Station at Torquay, Penguin, King, at Zoological Gardens, 210 Perry (Rev. S. J.), Aurora Borealis of Nov. 9 and 10, 1871, 43; Perthshire Society of Natural Science, 450 Peters (Dr. C. F. W.), his Astronomical Tables, 240 Phillips (Prof. John, F.R.S., F.G.S.), "Geology of Oxford,” "Ophthalmoscope, Use of the," by T. C. Allbutt, M. A., Physiology for Women, by Prof. Bennett, 73 M D., 3 Optical Construction of the Eye, 155 Optics; Vision of Turner and Mulready, 404, 449, 500 Ord (W. M., M. B.), "Notes on Comparative Anatomy," 79 Origin of Insects, Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M. P., F.R.S., on the, 27, 101; Prof. L. S. Beale, F.R.S., on, 142; B. T. Lowne on, 183; A. R. Wallace, F. L.S., F.Z.S., on, 350) Origin of Genera," by Edw. D. Cope, A. M., 21 Origin of Species, 84. 123, 161, 263 "Physiology, Practical," by E. Lankester, M. D., F.R.S., 497 Pigs, Influence of Violet Light on their Development, 268 Plane's Aspect, Position, or Slope, 7, 25, 102, 63 "Origin of Species," by C. Darwin, M. A., F.R.S., (9th edi- Planting at St. Thomas's and King's College Hospitals, 333 “Origin of Man," by Pius Melia, D.D., 320 Organic Development, the Laws of, Prof. E. D. Cope, on, 252 Ornithology: "Hints on Shore-Shooting," by J. E. Harting, Ornithology of Shakespeare," by J. E. Harting, F.L.S., 160 Plateau (Felix), Centre of Gravity in Ins cts, 297 Plymouth Instituti n, 191 Pockling on (H.), Anacharis Canadensis, 204 Poey, André, Influence of Violet Light on Vines, Pigs, and Pogson (N. R.), his Observations of the Solar Eclipse, 259 Polytechnic School, Darmstadt, 368 "Pond-Life, Marvels of," by Henry J. Slack, F.G.S., 141 Potts (Thos. H.), on the Change of Habits in Animals and Pourtales (Count), Deep Sea Corals and the Hassler Expedition, Power (H., M. B.), on "The Use of the Ophthalmoscope," by Pratt (Ven. Archdeacon, F.R.S.), Lecture on Darwinism, 13; Preece (W. H.), Spheroidal State of Water under Great Heat, Prestwich (Jos., F.R.S.), Raised Beach on Portsdown Hill, Printing by Electricity, 470 Printing Machine, Times, 151 Printing Meteorograph, by Dr. Theorell, 327 Prince (C. Leeson, M. R.C.S.), Climate of Uckfield, 419 Pritchard (H. Baden, F. C.S.), Photographs by Niépce, 285 Protective Mimicry, 12, 463 Provincial Museums, G. Gulliver, F.R.S., on their Objects and Psychology: G Thomson's "New World of Being," 380 Quekett Microscopical Club, 19, 134, 234, 390, 510, 512 Radcliffe (Dr. C. B.), Electrophysiologica, 186, 206, 226 St. Andrew's University, 97, 322 Safety Lamp used by Watchmen in Paris, 382 Sanderson (Dr. Burdon, F.R.S.), Professor at the Brown Insti- Sanitary Improvement in Calcutta, 150 Sanitary Science and House Construction, 157 School of Military Engineering, 465 Schiaparelli (Prof.), his Scientific Researches, 433 Schmidt (Eduard Oscar), his Comparative Anatomy, 298 Schuster (A), Sun-spots and the Wine Crop, 501 Schweinfurth (Dr.), his African Travels and Collections, 332 Science at the London School Board, 410 Science in Plain English, 371 Science for Women (See Female Education) Science Stations, Proposed Foundation of, 337, 399 Scrope (G. Poulett, F.R S.), Volcanos, 440 : Scotland Chairs of Science in the Universities, 97; Lake Scott (R. H., F.R.S.), Colliery Explosions and Weather, 504 Scottish Meteorology from 1856 to 1871, 479 Scottish Naturalist, 273 Scottish School of Geology, Prof. Geikie, F.R.S., on the, 37, 52 Seabroke (G. M.), Aurora of Feb. 4, 1872, 283 "Seaside Studies in Natural History," by Elizabeth and Alexan- Rae (Dr. John, F. R.G.S.), Arctic Explorations, 110, 165; Zoo- Seal, Grey, at Zoological Gardens, 88 Rainfall of Scotland, 372 Rainfall of 1871, 481 Ramsay (Prof. A. C., F. R.S.), Glacial Phenomena, 64 Ranyard (A. C., F.R.A.S.), Great Comet of 1861, 304 Recluse (Elisée), Memorial for Commutation of his Sentence, 244; Sentence Commuted, 290, 468 Recurrent Vision, 512 Rede Lecture at Cambridge, 9 Reference Spectrum for Chief Aurora Line, 324 Reid (R.), Fight between a Cobra and a Mongoose, 204 Respighi (Prof. L.), Observations of the Solar Eclipse, 237; on Rhinoceroses (With Illustrations), 426 Seemann (Dr. Berthold, F. L.S.), Obituary Notices of, 150, 169, Seismology, or Earthquake Phenomena, 261 Sensitive Flame, New Form of, 29 Serpent-worship, 89 Shadow on the Sky, 25, 162 Shakespeare, Ornithology of," by J. E. Harting, F. L.S., 160 Sharp (D.), Zoological Nomenclature, 340 Shaw (J.), Crannogs in the South of Scotland, 203 Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, 333 Siemens' Dynamo-Electric Light, 172 Silver in Chili, 211; in Bolivia, 412 Simpson (W.), his Drawings of Jerusalem, 510 Slack (Henry J., F.G.S.), "Marvels of Pond Life," 141 Ripples and Waves, by Prof. Sir Wm. Thomson, F. R. S., 1; J. Sleep, Lecture on, by Prof. Humphry, F.R.S., 328 Robinson (W., F.L.S.), " 'Hardy Flowers," 4 Rock Inscriptions in Ohio, 212 Rock Thermometers at the Edinburgh Observatory, 317 Rodwell (G. F., F.C.S.), Admiralty Manual of Scientific In- Description of an Electrical Rosse (Lord, F.R.S), Beautiful Meteor seen at Parsonstown, Rosser (W. H.), "The Deviation of the Compass in Iron Ships," Smithsonian Institution, 370 Smyth (Prof. C. P., F.R.S.), Aurora of Feb 4, 1872, 282; Smyth (W.), on Mr. Spencer and Dissipation of Energy, 322 Snow at the Mouth of a Fiery Furnace, 321, 341 Solar Atmosphere and Heat, Capt. J. 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Sutton (F.), Volumetric Analysis," 158 Swedish Academy of Sciences, 213, 372 Swedish Ichneumonidæ, 100 Switzerland, Lake Villages, 369 Switzerland, Science in, 411, 430 Sylvester (Prof., F. R.S.), his Candidature for the London School Symons (W., F.C.S.), on the Aurora Borealis, Feb. 4, 1872, 284 Tait (Lawson, F. R.C.S.), Cranial Measurements, 463 Tait (Prof. P. G., F. R.S), True and Spurious Metaphysics, 81; Tapir, Hairy, of South American Andes, 391 Tate (Ralph, A.L. S., F.G.S.), Rudimentary Treatise on Tattooing in Japan, 211 Taunton College School, 430 Taylor (R. N.), on the Solar Eclipse, 222 Taylor (Sedley), Composition of Vibrations, 321 Temperature produced by Solar Radiation, J. Ericsson on the, 46 Rigidity of the Earth, 223; Internal Fluidity of the Earth, Thomson (Prof. Wyville, F. R.S.), Testimonial to, 13; Relations Thring (E., M. A.), "Thoughts on Life Science," 160 Times Printing Machine, 151 Tobacco and Alcohol consumed in France, 89 Torquay, proposed Zoological Station at, 280, 320 Transit of Venus, Dec. 8, 1874, Preparations for Observing, Trilobites, Supposed Legs of, 393 Tupper (J L.), on Prof. Helmho tz and Prof. Jevons, 202 Tyndall (Prof. John, F.R.S.), Dr. J. R. Mayer, Copley Medallist Tylor (E. B., F.R.S.), Ethnology and Spiritualism, 343; Quete- Uckfield, Climate of, 419 Uhlgren (H.), on Science and Art Examinations, 27, 122 Vegetation of the Globe, by A. Grisebach, 458 Venus, Permanent Markings on, 76, 100 Vernon (G. V.), Greatest Rainfall in England, 225, 241 Vibrations, Composition of, 321 Victoria Institute, 275, 456, 475, 514 Vienna Academy of Sciences, 32; Imperial Geological Institu. Vines, Influence of Violet Light on their Growth, 268 Vine Crops and Sunspots, 501 Wake (C. Staniland), The Adamites, 195, 490, 500 Wallace (A. R., F.L.S., F.Z S.), Origin of Insects, 350; Eth. Ward (Thos.), Landslips at Northwich, 289 Warner (A. J.), Aurora of Feb. 4, 1872, 444; Law of Variation, Water Supply of London and Paris, J. Prestwich, F.R.S., on, Water, its Spheroidal State under Great Heat, 321, 341 Terebratulina, by Prof. E. S. Morse, Ph. D., 221, 444 327 Watts (W. M., D.Sc.), "Index of Spectra," 442 Thompson, G. C., Solar Halo seen at Cardiff, 103 Waves and Ripples, by Prof. Sir. Wm. Thomson, F.R.S., 1 Weather (See Meteorology) Webb (Rev. T. W., F.R.A.S.), Berthon Dynamometer, 6; Webb (Robert Rumsey), Senior Wrangler for 1872, 271, 370 Weights and Measures in British India, 450 Weijenbergh (M. H. Jun.), Parthenogenesis among the Lepidop- Wernicke (Von Ad.), Mechanics, 41 Whales, Ziphoid, Prof. W. H. Flower, F. R.S., 103 Whipple, (G. M., F.R.A.S.), Magnetic Disturbance during Whittlesey (C.), Rock Inscriptions in Ohio, 212 240 Williams (W. Mattieu, F.C.S.), Universal Atmosphere, 5; Wilson, (J. M., F.G.S.), on Teaching Geology and Botany, 263 Wings of Birds, Mechanism of Flexion and Extension in, 233, Wombwell's Menagerie, Sale of, 430, 469 Wood (Rev. J. G., F. L.S.), "Insects at Home," 65 Wood (Wm. W.), on a New Volcano in the Philippines, 84 Wright (R. P.), "Elements of Plane Geometry," 282 Young (Prof. C. A., Ph.D.), Spectroscopic Notes, 85; Bright You A WEEKLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF SCIENCE "To the solid ground Of Nature trusts the mind which builds for aye."-WORDSWORTH THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1871 RIPPLES AND WAVES* YOU have always considered cohesion of water (capillary attraction) as a force which would seriously disturb such experiments as you were making, if on too small a scale. Part of its effect would be to modify the waves generated by towing your models through the water. I have often had in my mind the question of waves as affected by gravity and cohesion jointly, but have only been led to bring it to an issue by a curious phenomenon which we noticed at the surface of the water round a fishing-line one day slipping out of Oban (becalmed) at about half a mile an hour through the water. The speed was so small that the lead kept the line almost vertically downwards; so that the experimental arrangement was merely a thin straight rod held nearly vertical, and moved through smooth water at speeds from about a quarter to three-quarters of a mile per hour. I tried boat-hooks, oars, and other forms of moving solids, but they seemed to give, none of them, so good a result as the fishing-line. The small diameter of the fishing-line seemed to favour the result, and I do not think its roughness interfered much with it. Ishall, however, take another opportunity of trying a smooth round rol like a pencil, kept vertical by a lead weight hanging down under water from one end, while it is held up by the other end. The fishing-line, however, without any other appliance proved amply sufficient to give very good results. What we first noticed was an extremely fine and numerous set of short waves preceding the solid much longer waves following it right in the rear, and oblique waves streaming off in the usual manner at a definite angle on each side, into which the waves in front and the waves in the rear merged so as to form a beautiful and symmetrical pattern, the tactics of which I have not been able thoroughly to follow hitherto. The diameter of the "solid" (that is to say the fishing-line) being only two or three millimetres and the longest of the observed waves five or six centimetres, it is clear that the waves at distances in any directions from the solid * Extract from a letter to Mr. W. Froude, by Sir W. Thomson. VOL. V. exceeding fifteen or twenty centimetres, were sensibly unforced (that is to say moving each as if it were part of an endless series of uniform parallel waves undisturbed by any solid). Hence the waves seen right in front and right in rear showed (what became immediately an obvious result of theory) two different wave-lengths with the same velocity of propagation. The speed of the vessel falling off, the waves in rear of the fishing-line became shorter and those in advance longer, showing another obvious result Taking 074 of a gramme weight per centimetre of breadth for the cohesive tension of a water surface (calculated from experiments by Gay Lussac, contained in Poisson's theory of capillary attraction, for pure water at a temperature, so far as I recollect, of about 9° Cent.), and one gramme as the mass of a cubic centimetre, I find, for the minimum velocity of propagation of surface waves, 23 centimetres per second.* The mini * One nautical mile per hour, the only other measurement of velocity, except the French metrical reckoning, which ought to be used in any practical measurement, is 51'6 centimetres per second. |