these silent tombs display no record of the names and qualities of their occupiers, or of the regret or ostentation of those by whom they were erected. "It is not meant that these three classes of tombs were the exclusive forms of sepulture at each of these places, but that they were the most prevalent; and, if the colonists of those provinces adhered to the customs of the parent states, they may afford some assistance in tracing their origin." (P. 189-192). Near Deliktash, the ancient Olympus, our author met with a very remarkable natural phenomenon, which he thus describes : "We had seen from the ship the preceding night a small but steady light among the hills; on mentioning the circumstance to the inhabitants, we learned that it was a yanar, or volcanic flame, and they offered to supply us with horses and guides to examine it. "We rode about two miles, through a fertile plain, partly cultivated; and then winding up a rocky and thickly wooded glen, we arrived at the place. In the inner corner of a ruined building the wall is undermined, so as to leave an aperture of about three feet diameter, and shaped like the mouth of an oven :-from thence the flame issues, giving out an intense heat, yet producing no smoke on the wall; and though from the neck of the opening we detached some small lumps of caked soot, the walls were hardly discoloured. Trees, brushwood, and weeds, grow close round this little crater; a small stream trickles down the hill hard by, and the ground does not appear to feel the effect of its heat at more than a few feet distance. The hill is composed of the crumbly serpentine already mentioned, with occasional loose blocks of limestone, and we perceived no volcanic productions whatever in the neighbourhood. "At a short distance, lower down the side of the hill, there is another hole, which has apparently been at some time the vent of a similar flame; but our guide asserted, that, in the memory of man, there had been but the one, and that it had never changed its present size or appearance. It was never accompanied, he said, by earthquakes or noises; and it ejected no stones, smoke, nor any noxious vapours, nothing but a brilliant and perpetual flame, which no quantity of water could quench. The shepherds, he added, frequently cooked their victuals there; and he affirmed, with equal composure, that it was notorious that the yanar would not roast meat which had been stolen. "This phenomenon appears to have existed here for many ages, as unquestionably this is the place to which Pliny alludes in the following passage: Mount Chimæra, near Phaselis, emits an unceasing flame, that burns day and night' We did not, however, perceive that the adjacent mountains of Hephaestia were quite so inflammable as he describes them. The late Colonel Rooke, who lived for many years among the islands of the Archipelago, informed me that high up on the western mountain of Samos, he had seen a flame of the same kind, but that it was intermittent." (P. 44-47.) Dr. Clarke makes mention of this appearance on the cliffs of Samos; but the yanar of Deliktash seems to resemble still more closely the appearances described by Hanway,+ at Baku, on the western coast of the Caspian, except that Capt. Beaufort ascribes to the flame a greater degree of heat than is consistent with Hanway's account, who says, that a paper tunnel is sufficient to convey the flame, if its edges be guarded with clay. It is singular that Strabo, whose description of this coast is so very minute, makes no mention of this appearance. May we not conclude that its origin should be placed somewhere in the interval between Strabo and Pliny? It is evident from Capt. Beaufort's account, that the diminutive crater which is now in action must be of comparatively late date; certainly subsequent to the erection of the building, amidst the ruins of which it is found. The operations of the survey appear to have been carried on with diligence and success, as far as Cape Avova, when they were interrupted by an incident, of which we shall lay before our readers Capt. Beaufort's own account; it affords a striking example of one of those strange moral paradoxes, which are so frequently the effect of a brutalizing superstition, at the same time that it gives one more proof, if proofs were yet wanting, of the generous humanity of a British seaman. The city of Adalia had lately been surprised by a rival Bey; and while the frigate was on the coast, having been recaptured by its former Pasha, the unsuccessful party were of course compelled to fly in all directions. "A large body of them came down to the beach abreast of the ship, and begged of our watering party to protect them from the fury of their pursuers. This was of course refused: we had no right to interfere in their disputes; and I determined neither to involve his Majesty's flag, nor to expose our operations to interruption or failure, through the resentment of a Pasha, whose government extends along so large a portion of the coast. Exhausted, however, as the fugitives were by fatigue, hunger, and wounds, I could not resist their importunity for a little bread, and for surgical assistance. But the refreshments that we sent were accompanied with advice, to escape while there was yet time, into the woods, where cavalry could not pursue them; and in that case, with an offer of sufficient bread to carry them out of the province. They replied, that to escape would be impossible; there were no roads open to their retreat; a price was set upon their heads; the want of success had now rendered all the inferior aghas hostile; and that their religion taught them to rely upon God for their deliverance, or to submit without repining to their fate. "Some hours after, a large sailing launch was seen drifting out to sea, without any person on board: our boats towed her along-side, and as the horse-patroles of the victorious party were already descend Clarke's Travels, vol. ii. c. 7. ing into the plain, I proposed to these poor wretches to victual that vessel, to repair the oars and sails, and to embark them in her, ready for the land-breeze at night. "This also they declined-none of them were seamen; they knew not how or where to steer: and if their hour was come, they preferred dying like men, with arms in their hands on shore, to being murdered by the cannon of the Pasha's cruizers, by whom they must ultimately be overtaken. "Things remained in this state till the next morning, when one of the Pasha's armed ships was seen rounding the cape; and the party of cavalry, which had, till then, been checked by the appearance of our frigate, now crossed the river, and surrounding at some distance that part of the beach which was occupied by the fugitives, seemed only to wait the approach of the above vessel to close upon their victims. This was the crisis of their fate. That fate depended upon me. Cold and calculating prudence forbade me to interfere; but, I could not stand by, and see them butchered in cold blood! "My decision once made, there was not a moment to be lost. Our boats were dispatched, and in a few minutes I had the satisfaction of rescuing sixty fellow-creatures from immediate slaughter. "Since the rejection of their entreaties on the preceding day, they had betrayed no signs of despair or impatience: they had neither reproached our obduracy, nor murmured at their fate; and when our boats landed, they were found sitting under the shade of the neighbouring trees, with an air of resignation that bordered on indifference. They now displayed neither exultation nor joy; they came on the quarter deck with manly composure; they were perhaps grateful, but their gratitude did not seem to be addressed to us; in their eyes, we were still infidels; and though the immediate preservers of their lives, we were but tools in the hands of their protecting prophet." (P. 67-70.) Capt. Beaufort sailed immediately to Makry with his unwelcome protegés, and from thence to Rhodes; but finding, at both places, that the interest of the Pacha of Adalia was too predominant to allow him to leave them with any chance of security, he proceeded with them to the Island of Kos. They parted with general demonstrations of gratitude; and I believe (Capt. Beaufort adds), they felt as much as Mohammedans could feel towards Ghiaoors. These occurrences led Capt. Beaufort out of the appointed limits of his survey; they enabled him, however, to give a short account of Kos, and a very interesting sketch of the actual state of Boodroom, occupying, as it seems generally agreed, the place of the ancient Halicarnassus. Here, however, he was doomed to experience the same disappointment with all travellers since Thevenot, as he could not induce the Bey to allow him to examine the citadel, which is supposed, and upon very good grounds, to contain many valuable specimens of ancient sculpture. The ardour of Capt. Beaufort's curiosity was in some degree restrained, by an anecdote which the Bey repeated to him with much humour. "Some years ago, a French frigate, being at Boodroom, the commander expressed a great desire to see the marbles in the fortress; but the then governor absolutely refused to admit him without direct orders from the Porte. The commander had interest; the ambassador was set to work; and in a short time the frigate returned, bearing the necessary ferman. The governor put it to his forehead, in acknowledgement of its authority, and declared his readiness to proceed. Arrived at the outer gate, Effendy," said the governor, "the orders of my imperial master must be implicitly obeyed." "Let me in then," exclaimed the impatient captain. Undoubtedly," replied the Turk, "for so I am enjoined to do by the ferman; but as it contains no directions about your coming out again, you will perhaps forgive this momentary pause, before we pass the draw-bridge." French commandant, not choosing to put such dangerous irony to the test, departed." (P. 98, 99.) The On quitting Boodroom, the Frederikssteen sailed to Malta to refit; but Capt. Beaufort determined to employ a portion of the time which would have been passed under the restriction of quarantine, in exploring the Karabaghla rocks and islands. In the spring of 1812, the survey was resumed at Cape Avova, where its progress had been arrested the preceding year by the troublesome adventure with the fugitive Turks. "From this bay a chain of mountains extends along the shore to the northward. Their outline is extremely broken and picturesque, peak rising over peak in succession, as they recede from the shore. These mountains undoubtedly formed the ancient Mount Climax, and the analogy is striking between that name and the regular gradation in which they overtop each other. "The shore at their foot exhibits a remarkable coincidence with the account of Alexander's march from Phaselis. The open beach must have afforded a far more convenient road for his army, than the intricate paths of the adjacent mountains, by which a part of it had been detached. The road along the beach is, however, interrupted in some places by projecting cliffs, which would have been difficult to surmount, but round which the men could readily pass by wading through the water. Though there are no tides in this part of the Mediterranean, at least none that perceptibly depend on the influence of the moon, yet there is a considerable rise and fall of the sea produced by the alternate prevalence of the north and south winds; the former frequently lowers its surface two feet; and Alexander, in taking advantage of such a moment, may have dashed on without impediment." (P. 108-110.) Strabo's account tallies exactly with this. He says that in calms, the beach was commonly used as a road; but at the time Alexander arrived, the weather was very tempestuous: notwithstanding he did not wait for the waves to subside, but with his usual impetuously, ordered his troops to wade round the projecting points of land. Arrian affects to see something supernatural in this, and plainly intimates that it was oun àveu TOU OU; and Josephus, in that compromising spirit with which he always endeavoured to allure the attention, and conciliate the prejudices, of the gentile philosophers, does not hesitate to discover a resemblance between this instance of Alexander's successful temerity, and the passage of the Red Sea by the Israelites.* Modern infidelity has not neglected so favourable an occasion of showing its ingenuity, and this has become one of those passages in history which are considered as its strong holds. By lowering the statements of the inspired writer, and exaggerating the circumstances detailed by the profane historian, a degrading kind of analogy at last appears to be established, which may be wrested to their purpose. But we envy not the heart or understanding of that man, who, in the sublime and simple narrative of Holy Writ, can refuse to acknowledge a direct manifestation of Almighty power, narrated by him who was himself the instrument of that power, and addressed to the very multitudes for whose sakes the miracle had been wrought; while from the tumid declarations of the sophist, or the imperfect testimony of the historian who compiles his account five centuries after the transaction, he is ready to adopt, and to believe, any tale of improbability which seems likely to make for his cause. The town of Adalia, which had been the scene of conflict between the rival Beys, next engaged their attention. Its population is estimated at about 8,000, of whom one third are Greeks. Capt. Beaufort had reason to suppose that both the town and its environs were very rich in remains of ancient art; but the habitual jealousy of the Turks, heightened as it was by the peculiar feelings of distrust which their recent commotions had engendered, made it impossible to obtain permission to examine them. Capt. Beaufort concurs with D'Anville in his opinion that Adalia was the ancient Olbia, and not Attalia, as the similarity of the names might, in the first instance, suggest. The situation of the town, with relation to the river Cataractes, decides this question. In tracing the present course of this river, which now appears under the form of several small rivulets, rushing directly over a cliff into the sea, Capt. Beaufort is lead to notice a very remarkable change which appears to have been wrought by the agency of the stream. "It is remarkable that the water of these streams is so highly im *Josephus, Antiq. Jud. lib. ii, ad finem, |