sceptre. Having received these, they were all admitted to sit in the court. If any person sat among the judges who had not received one of the aforesaid letters, he was fined. These judges, having heard the causes they were appointed to take cognizance of, went immediately and delivered back the sceptre to the Prytanes, from whom they received the reward due to them. This was termed the judicial fee. Sometimes it was an obol for every cause they decided, sometimes three obols, being sometimes raised higher than at others by the instance of men who endeavored by that means to become popular. No man was permitted to sit as judge in two courts upon the same day, that looking like the effect of covetousness; and if any of the judges were convicted of bribery, he was fined. The judges in all the courts were obliged to take a solemn oath by the paternal Apollo, Ceres and Jupiter the king that they would give sentence uprightly and according to law, if the law had determined the point debated, or where the law was silent according to the best of their judgments.

απο το

Of all the judicial courts that handled civil affairs, Heliæa was far the greatest and most frequented, being so called, año 78 åλišeoda, from the people's thronging together, or rather aло 78 218, because it was an open place and exposed to the sun. The judges that sat in this court were at least fifty, but the more usual number was two or five hundred. When causes of great consequence were to be tried, it was customary to call in the judges of other courts. Sometimes a thousand were called in, and these two courts are said to have been joined; sometimes fifteen hundred or two thousand, and then three or four courts met together; whence it appears that the

THE BATTLE OF LEIPZIG.
FROM THE GERMAN OF ERNEST MORITZ ARNDT.

WITH this noble hot-blooded Gessler I

celebrated the battle of Leipzig, then packed up my bundle and started in a huge carriage drawn by four horses, on which the trunks and baggage which the minister had left behind were loaded, along the road which leads to Schweidnitz and Goldberg, and thence going to the east through Lusatia to the Elbe. Journeying on toward Leipzig, I crossed thre Elbe at Meissen. It was not possible to go by Dresden, for the French Marshal St. Cyr with thirty-five thousand men lay there, and the Russians, under Bennigsen, were besieging it. Here, in a little village not far from Mühlberg, I heard that Körner and his family were staying in a little inn, having escaped out of Dresden before the siege. I saw the good people, and we rejoiced together; and their first question to me was about their Theodor, whether I had not any news for them of the Lützowers. I was obliged to say, "No." They were in great anxiety, having heard rumors of fighting in Mecklenburg, and of their son being wounded. They gave me letters to their friends in Leipzig, and begged me to let them know immediately if I heard anything about their son. Alas! I had to write to them only too soon the sad message: "Your son has fallen by a ball, and lies buried in Mecklenburg, under the shadow of a German oak."

Coming near Leipzig, I saw with my own

eyes, by the roads torn up and trampled down, by the villages lying in ashes, with their gardens fenceless and laid waste, and by a hundred other tokens of nameless horror and misery, what a battle means, particularly a battle in which half a million of fighting-men and more than a thousand heavy guns had been struggling three days for victory or death.

THE BATTLE OF LEIPZIG, 1813. "Whence comest thou in thy garments red, Soiling the hue of the green grass plain ?""I come from the field where brave men bled, Red from the gore of the knightly slain, Repelling the crash of the fierce assailing; Mothers and brides may be sorely wailing, For I am red."

"Speak, comrade, speak, and tell me true: How call ye the land of the fateful fight?"— "At Leipzig the murd'rous fierce review

Dimmed with full teardrops many a sight;
The balls, like winter snowflakes flying,
Stifled the breath of thousands dying,
By Leipzig town."

"Name me the hosts that in battle-array
Let fly their diverse banners wide."-
"All lands to join in the dread affray
Against the hated French took side;

The gallant Swede and the valiant Prussian,
The Austrian famed in fight and the Russian,—
All, all went forth."

"And who in the strife won the hard-fought day, And who took the prize with iron hand?”— "God scattered the foreigner like the sea-spray, God drove off the foreigner like the light sand; Many thousands cover the green sward lying, The rest like hares to the four winds flying, With Napoleon, too."

"God bless thee, comrade, thank thee well!
A tale is this the full heart to cheer,
Sounds like a cymbal of heavenly swell,
A story of strife and a story of fear.

Leave the widows and brides to their wail of sorrow:
We'll sing a glad song for full many a morrow
Of the Leipzig fight.

Leipzig, good town of the fair linden's shade,
A day of proud glory shall long be thine:
So long as the years roll their ceaseless grade,
So long as the sun shall go on to shine,
So long as the streams to the ocean are seeking,
So long shall thy sons be the fond praise speaking
Of the Leipzig fight."

Translation of JOHN ROBERT SEELEY, M. A.

THE NEW YEAR.

YET more and more he smiles upon

The happy revolution:

Why should we, then, suspect or fear
The influences of a year,

So smiles upon us the first morn,
And speaks us good as soon as born?
Plague on't! the last was ill enough:
This cannot but make better proof,
Or, at the worst, as we brushed through
The last, why so we may this too.
And then the next in reason should
Be super-excellently good;
For the worst ills, we daily see,
Have no more perpetuity

Than the best fortunes that do fall,
Which also brings us wherewithal
Longer their being to support
Than those do of the other sort.
And who has one good year in three,
And yet repines at destiny,
Appears ungrateful in the case,
And merits not the good he has.
Then let us welcome the new guest
With lusty brimmers of the best :
Mirth always should good fortune meet,
And renders e'en disasters sweet;
And, though the princess turn her back,
Let us but line ourselves with sack:
We better shall by far hold out
Till the next year she face about.

CHARLES COTTON.