The passive is formed from the Atmanêpadam by the 3rd DEFINITE TENSE (used under the form -âm, -ês, &c., as Future Indicative; under the form -ám, âs, &c., as Present Subjunctive). tu-n-dâ-m tu-n-dâ-s (or -dê-s) &c. tu-n-da-r (for tu-n-da-mer) tu-n-da-ris (or -dê-ris) &c. CHAPTER IV. THE CONJUGATIONS. 425 Differences of conjugation due to variety in the forms of the present tense. 426 The Sanscrit conjugations, doubly classified. 427 Grimm's arrangement of the Teutonic conjugations. 428 Analogy between the German strong verbs and the principal Sanscrit conjugation. 429 Greek conjugations. Objections to the ordinary arrangement. 430 True classification of Greek verbs. 431 I. Primitive verbs. (1) Reduplication. 432 (2) Addition of ya. 433 (3) Insertion of - or v-. Case οι διοπτεύω. 434 (4) Forms in - and -ox. 435 (5) Guna. 436 II. Derivative verbs. Their terminations. 437 Verbs derived from compound adjectives. 438 Affections of the root-vowel. 439 (1) The vowel permanent. 440 (2) Alteration of quality. 441 (3) Alteration of quantity. 442 (4) Guna. 443 The simple aorist as a conjugational variety. 425 THE differences in the verbs of the Indo-Germanic family, which have induced grammarians to divide them into classes called conjugations, are produced entirely by the various methods that have been adopted to give greater strength to the root in the present tense and those dependent upon it. The necessity for this addition to the root has arisen in the wish to create an expression of duration, which, as we have before remarked, is often effected by reduplication only. Other methods of expressing it were brought forward under the head of vocalization (§ 223): as, however, the subject of the Greek conjugations has never been properly treated, we may venture in this place to resume the question at greater length. It will perhaps conduce to the better understanding of the nature of those changes on which differences of conjugation depend, if we begin by a brief survey of the Sanscrit and German systems. 426 The Indian grammarians divide their verbal roots into 10 classes or conjugations. They reckon the whole number of roots at 2352, to which they add 44 Sautra roots, or those which are taken into the Sûtrâni or grammatical rules for the purpose of deriving some few nouns which cannot be traced back to any of the regular verbal roots. The number of the distinct roots in actual use is much less than that which the grammarians give; indeed not above 500 are found in the existing Sanscrit writings. The distinctions of the 10 conjugation classes, which with the exception of the 9th class do not extend beyond the present (indicative, imperative, and optative) and imperfect (indicative), are of two kinds, first, vowel-changes, guna or anusvâra; secondly, pronominal additions, na, nu, or ya. We shall, therefore, give two classifications of the 10 conjugations; first, according as they have pronominal additions or not; secondly, as they have guna or anusvâra. A. I. No pronominal addition. a. Person-endings joined immediately to the root. (2nd class, 70 roots, as pâ-mi, "I rule." 3rd ...... 20 roots-reduplication, as da-dâ-mi, "I give.” B. Person-endings joined to the root by the vowel a 6th...... 130 roots-simple root, as tudâmi (from tud. 4th class, 130 roots-mostly neuter verbs, as naç-yâ-mi, "I perish." 10th...... guna; mostly causals and derivatives, as mânoya-mi, "I honour*." B. nu added to the root. ช. 5th class, 30 roots; guno of suffix, as âp-nô-mi, “I ob tain." 8th ...... 10 roots; all except kri, "to make," ending in n or n, probably adscititious in the other 9 roots, as ta-nô-mi. na added to the root. 9th class-guna of suffix, which becomes ni before the heavy endings, as mṛd; mṛd-nâ-mi, mṛd-ni-mas. 1st and 10th classes, budha, bôdhâmi; churi, chôrayâmi. B. First vowel guna'd. 2nd and 3rd classes, dvi, dvêshmi; da, dadâ-mi. *The value of the distinction of vowels in Greek is shown, as well in other formations, as in the fact that the Sanscrit -ayâmi includes the three classes of vowel-verbs in -άco, -έco, and -ów, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th classes', çuch-yâ-mi; âpnômi; tudâ mi; tanômi; mṛdnâmi. d. anusvára. 7th class, yuj, yunajmi (jungo). 427 Grimm divides the verb in all the German dialects into two great classes or conjugations distinguished by the form of the preterite. The first he calls the strong conjugation; it forms the preterite from the root without the addition of any foreign element. The second he terms the weak conjugation; it forms its preterite by the insertion of the lingual d (in old High German t) between the root and personending. Now it appears that the strong form is the original one in all the German dialects: for all derivative verbs are conjugated according to the weak form; the roots which form the basis of the language are confined to the strong verbs; and though a strong verb may in the course of time degenerate into a weak one, the converse never takes place. Therefore, for the purpose of comparison, we may safely leave alone the weak form of conjugation. The strong verbs are divided into two classes, each consisting of six conjugations; the first of these leading subdivisions contains the verbs with reduplicated preterites, the second, those in which the perfect is formed by vocalization only. Two of the reduplicated conjugations (the 5th and 6th) adopt both methods of forming the preterite; and as the vowel is the same in the singular and plural preterite of the 7th conjugation, and as verbs vacillate between this and the reduplicated conjugation, Grimm concludes (1. p. 838) that the 7th must be supposed to have been originally reduplicative with a change of vowel like the 5th and 6th. Grimm (1. p. 840) takes the following instances among others, from the Gothic language; he gives the first singular present indicative; preterite indicative singular; preterite indicative plural; and the participle. Reduplicated conjugation. I. Salta (salio); sải-salt, sải-saltum; saltans. II. III. IV. V. VI. Haita (voco); hái-háit, hái-háitum; háitans. Hlaupa (curro); hlái-hláup (?), hlái-hláupum; hláupans. Reduplicated with change of vowel. Láia (irrideo); lái-lô, lái-lôum; láians. Grêta (ploro); gái-grôt, gái-grôtum; grêtans. UU |