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by the Saxons, the Danes, and the Normans*; saw between them and their triumph only the gaining of two battles, one at sea, the other on land; and, in the security of victory, denominated their armament the "Invincible Armada."

The queen of England beheld the preparations, and heard the vauntings of the enemy with a resolution worthy of the occasion and her cause. Greatly inferior in material, she was as much superior to the Spaniards in moral force. The sacred sentiment of affection even to a country in which they were oppressed, extinguished the resentments or bigotry of the catholics. They joined the rest of their countrymen, heart and hand, against foreign domination; and Elizabeth had what some of her advisers called the temerity, but what was really the enlightened and courageous, if not generous prudence, to confide in them. Every class of the people not only contributed liberally to the queen's exchequer by loans and free gifts, but sent out vessels hired, manned, and armed, at their private charge. The main hope of the nation was in the navy. Two fleets were equipped and ready for immediate service, the one at Plymouth, under the command of lord Howard of Effingham, high admiral of England, with Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher as his lieutenants, destined to receive the shock of the armada; the other under the command of lord Seymour, son of the protector Somerset, stationed off Dunkirk, to intercept the military part of the expedition under the duke of Parma. The military defence, in organised regular force, consisted in 80,000 men. The principal army of 35,000 foot and 2000 horse, under the command of lord Hunsdon, was destined to make head against the enemy wherever he should present himself. To this army was committed the safety and person of the queen. A force of 20,000 men was distributed along the southern coast, with orders to resist the enemy's landing, and, if unsuccessful, to fall back upon the neighbouring counties, laying waste

*Grot. Hist. lib. i.

the country as they retreated.

An army of 22,000

foot and 1000 horse was stationed at Tilbury for the defence of the capital. The queen, now advanced in years, but unworn by the agitations of a long reign, displayed the chivalrous resolution of youth and manhood, and by displaying inspired it. She visited the troops, rode on horseback between the lines, and addressed to the army at Tilbury one of the most stirring specimens in existence of the rhetoric of the camp.

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'My loving people, · -We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear; I have always so behaved myself, that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and good will of my subjects, and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live or die amongst you all, to lay down for my God, and for my kingdoms, and for my people, my honour, and my blood, even in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too; and think foul scorn that Parma, or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm; to which, rather than any dishonour shall grow by me, I myself will take up arms; I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already for your forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns, and we do assure you, on the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time my lieutenant-general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a

famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdoms, and of my people."

It is melancholy to reflect, that where there was so much strength, there should also have been so much weakness. The lieutenant-general thus trusted and eulogised was Leicester.

345

APPENDIX A.

(MSS. Bib. du Roi. Dupuy. No. 523.)

AUDIENCE DU SIEUR DE LA BOURDAZIERE.

[No date. It follows a letter of September, 1571.]

"LE Sieur de la Bourdaziere, gentilhomme ordinaire de la chambre du Roi ayant fait supplier sa Maté. de lui donner congé d'aller a Rome pourveoir a quelques affaires," the King gave him letters to the Pope, and he obtained an audience, which is narrated.

He commences his harangue to the Pope by saying that the King's letters, in addition to the personal recommendation they contained, were intended "par mesme moyen lui commetre creance pour faire entendre a S. S., qu'il ne doubte pas que l'arrivée de l'amyral par deca ne soit trouvée estrange et nouvelle, et que beaucoup de personnes qui n'ont parfaite lumiere sur la droite intention de sa Maté. en parleront en autant façons qu'ils se trouvent de diverses passions.

"Que pour en satisfaire sadicte Saincteté elle la supplie se remettre devant les yeux les moyens que sadicte Majesté a recherché et tenue pour guerir la playe et ulcere dont ce royaume a esté frappé, ny ayant espargné ny sa personne ny ceux que nature lui recommande pour les plus cheres, avec le reste, estimant par ce moyen gaigner le dessus de ce mal, mais en fin ayant cogneu que le temps, et non aultre, en seroit le moderateur, et que auculns qui estoient a la fenestre estoient bien aysés de veoir jouer le jeu aux depens de sa Majesté, elle avoit eu recours a la douce, ayant par bon advis fait et arreté son edict de Pacification sous le benefice duquel le repos s'estoit retabli parmi ses subjects.

"Depuis lequel edict, icelui admiral a par plusiers fois requis et supplié sadte. Majesté de lui permettre se venir jetter a ses pieds, et combien qu'elle eust eté longtemps a s'en resoudre toutes fois enfin elle n'a peu ny voulu lui desnier ceste requeste pour estre Prince qui a toujours aimé ses subjects et ouvert la porte a chacun de meriter sa bon grace, chasser la deffiance parmi eux et les nourrir entot l'obeissance qu'ils lui doivent pour fuir la (the original MS. illegible) des miseres passees, &c. Ne veut sa Maté. penser que sa Saincté. entre en

aucun soupçon qu'elle soit pour se refroidir de la vray pieté et ardent zele an sousteniment de la saincte foi et religion Catholique d'autant que tous ses voeux ne tendent a aucun fin qu'a la restauration des ruines qui sont par nos pechez advenue en l'Eglise de Dieu, et voudroit que son cœur et intention se peussent veoir et recongnoistre a l'œil naturel d'autant que l'on y remarqueroit tout la netteté et pureté que l'on y scauroit desirer," &c.

APPENDIX B.

Note p. 89. ALLEN'S "REPLY" TO LINGARD'S "VINDICATION.”

not an For the

THE correspondence of cardinal d'Ossat, though uncommon book, is not in the hands of every one. satisfaction of my readers, I have, therefore, extracted from it the passages referred to in the text.

Cardinal d'Ossat relates to Villeroy, secretary of state to Henry IV., in a letter of the 22d of September, 1599, that, having had an audience of the pope on the 13th of the month, he had stated to his holiness, in discussing with him the mode of procedure to be adopted in investigating the allegations for the divorce, "Et quant au fait, outre que toutes les choses par nous alléguées étoient vraisemblables, S. S. en avoit déjà une grande lumière, et nous avoit elle-même appris la cause que le roi Charles IX., et la reine sa mère, avoient eue de contraindre la reine Marguerite à ce mariage;" in explanation of which, he enters into the following details, for the information of Villeroy, in the concluding part of his letter:

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"Je vous ai mis ci-dessus, comme j'avois dit au pape, entre autres choses, qu'il nous avoit appris lui-même la cause, que ce roi Charles IX., et la reine sa mère, avoient eue de contraindre la reine Marguerite à ce mariage; et que je vous expliquerois cela en quelque autre endroit de cette lettre. Vous saurez donc, s'il vous plaît, qu'une de tant de fois, que le pape m'a envoyé appeler pour cet affaire, il me dit, que lorsque l'on étoit après à faire ce mariage, monsieur le cardinal Alexandrin, envoyé légat par le pape Pie V. son oncle, se rencontra en France, et fît tout ce qu'il put pour le détourner; et qu'après en avoir parlé plusieurs fois au dit roi Charles, S. M. le prit un jour par la main, et lui dit, Monsieur le cardinal, tout ce que vous me dites est bon. Je le reconnois, et en remercie le pape et vous; et si j'avois quelque autre moyen de me venger de mes ennemis, je ne ferois point ce mariage; mais je n'en ai point d'autre moyen que celui-ci.'

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