A.D.

1174.

1178.

1179.

1189.

Page

Henry purges himself from the Crime by Oath, and re-
ceives Papal Absolution after most humiliating Sub-
missions

Henry's own Sons made the Tools of a Conspiracy against
him, excited chiefly by the Jealousy of Eleanor, their
Mother

They are reconciled to their Father

166

A dreadful War ensues between the Brothers, on the
Refusal of the younger to take an Oath of Fealty to
the elder

(11th of June) Death of Prince Henry

The Feuds between the Father and his surviving Son are
renewed

(5th of July) Death of Henry at Chinon, during Hostilities
with his Son Richard

Tradition of Fair Rosamond

Advances of Jurisprudence during this Reign

RICHARD I.

1189-1199.

A Knight Errant rather than a King; Sketch of the
System of Society which gave Birth to the Crusades 174
The whole System of Manners, which distinguishes the
modern Civilisation from the classical and from the
Oriental, has received a Tinge from Chivalry
Furious antipathy of the Age against the Jews; cruel
Massacre of many on the Day of Richard's Coro-
nation

(June) Richard and Philip Augustus on the Borders of
Syria; Death of Barbarossa

- 180

1191.

(May) Richard marries the Princess Berengaria of Na-
varre at Cyprus

(12th of July) The Christians enter Acre; Dispute between
Richard's and Leopold's Officers on a Matter of Prece-
dence

(August and September) The Christian Army reduced to
great Extremities

185

1192.

(April) Marquis of Montferrat elected King of Jeru-
salem, but is assassinated on the same Day; an Act
ascribed to Richard by his Enemies

186

(September) Truce for three Years between the Chris-
tians and Mahometans; Rights of Pilgrimage con-
ceded; Saladin's Toleration and Urbanity
(9th of October) Richard sails from the Holy Land
(21st of December) He is detained and imprisoned by the
Duke of Austria in the Castle of Thierstein
Leopold is obliged to surrender him to Henry VI., who

A.D.

imprisons him at Trifels, where his Confinement is
discovered by an English Minstrel

Page

Henry VI. brings him to a Trial before an Assembly of German Princes for (amongst other Things) the Murder of Montferrat

191

192

1194

1199.

(May) Richard returns to England, having been ransomed
for 100,000 Marks of Silver
(24th of March) During Hostilities with his Brother John
and Philip Augustus, Richard dies of a Wound received
before the Castle of Chaluz, in Limousin

194

194

1199.

1202.

1203.

1211.

1213.

JOHN. 1199-1216.

Progress of Mind during the Thirteenth Century: Zeal
and rapid Growth of the Dominican and Franciscan
Orders; Scholastic Philosophy; Cultivation of the Ver-
nacular Tongues; Religious Chivalry; Festive Chi-
valry

Claims of Arthur, Son of John's elder Brother Geoffrey
(22d of May) John lands in England, and on the next Day
is crowned at Westminster
Philip, King of France, shelters and succours Arthur
(1st of August) John takes Arthur prisoner
Mysterious Disappearance of Arthur; horrid Murder of
that Prince, said to have been committed by John's own
Hand

Philip, as Lord Paramount of John's French Dominions,
cites him to answer for the Crime, and, on his non-
appearance, declares those Provinces forfeited

John ineffectually attempts to recover them

200

Power and severity of Pope Innocent III.; John disputes with him regarding the Mode of electing the Archbishop of Canterbury; and Innocent lays his Dominions under an Interdict

John continuing unmoved, Innocent sends two Legates
to England, but without Success
Innocent offers England to Philip, who assembles an Army
for its Subjugation; John, overawed, submits to hold
England as a Fief of Rome, under an annual Tribute
Fourth Council of Lateran

Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, the Guide of the discontented Barons

207

. 208

- 210

- 212

213

(20th of November) Solemn Confederacy of Barons at the Abbey of Edmundsbury

214

1215.

(April) John refuses their Demands; (22d of May) the
Barons in possession of London

(15th of June) Conference at Runnymede; Magna

A.D.

1216.

Page

-217-222

Charta; London held as a Security for its Perform ance, and Twenty-five Barons appointed as Guardians of the Realm; Provisions and lasting Influence of the Charter (22d of August) The Pope absolves John from his Oath, and War recommences; John calls in German mercenaries, and the Barons offer the English Crown to Louis, eldest son of the French King

(18th of October) Death of John

- 223 224

HENRY III.
1216-1272.

1216.

Henry, eldest Son of John, crowned in the Tenth Year of his Age; the Regency intrusted to the Earl of Pem broke, Earl Marshal

224, 225

1217.

Louis, with some of the Barons who invited him, keeps
the Field, notwithstanding John's Death
(May) His Party is defeated, and he renounces his Claim
to the English Crown

225

226

The Regent bestows the Great Charter on Ireland; he dies in 1220

226

1220.

Hubert de Burgh, Grand Justiciary, succeeds Pembroke as Regent

226

1225.

1227.

1229, 1230.

1232.

1236.

A Parliament of this Year begins the Movement of one of
the Main-springs of the English Constitution, by grant-
ing a Subsidy upon condition of a Confirmation of the
Charter

Henry recognised as having attained Years of Discretion
Unsuccessful Attempt of Henry at French Conquest
Hubert de Burgh degraded from his Office, and succeeded
by Peter, Bishop of Winchester

Henry marries Eleanor of Provence; Discontent at the
introduction of her foreign Relations to Court Prefer-
ment; Parliamentary Power over Supplies made avail-
able even thus early for obtaining the Dismissal of the
obnoxious Ministers

227

228

229

230

231

Another unsuccessful French War

231

1242.

1244.

The Supplies granted this Year placed by Parliament in
the Hands of four Barons of its own Nomination
The Parliament require that four of the Nobility shall be
declared Conservators of the Liberties of the Nation,
and to have the Appointment of several Judicial Of
ficers

232

1253.

1258.

1264,

232

In the Parliament of this Year, the King takes part in a
solemn Anathema against Transgressors of the Charter 233
Henry having, notwithstanding, broken the Charter, under
colour of a Papal Absolution, the Parliament appoint
twenty-four Guardians of the Realm
After several Attempts by Henry to escape from their

234

A.D.

1265.

Authority, both Parties agree to refer their Disputes to
Louis; he awards general Restitution and Amnesty, with
Observance of the Charter, but without providing
Security
The Barons renew the War

. 235

237

(14th of May) Battle of Lewes; The King and Prince Ed-
ward made Prisoners; Leicester (Simon de Montfort)
and Gloucester Regents
(6th of August) Battle of Evesham, between Prince Ed- 236
ward (who had escaped) and Leicester; the latter de-
feated
Parliament held during the Administration of De Mont-
fort;
the first composed, as it has ever since been
formed, of Knights of the Shire and Members for Cities
and Boroughs

Progress of the Constitution of Parliament

237

- 238 239-243

The Battle of Evesham and Death of Montfort are the
Destruction of the Baronial Party; two Years after-
wards Prince Edward takes up the Cross

- 244

1274.

1277.

1282

1283.

1292.

The Renown of Edward secures his peaceable Succession;
his Return from the Holy Land
He lays aside his French Disputes in order to Attempt
the Subjugation of the whole Island of Great Britain
Early History of Wales

Edward summons Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, to do him
homage as a Vassal
Llewellyn demands Hostages for his Security; Forfeiture
pronounced against him by the English Parliament
After previous petty Inroads, Edward now summons all
his Vassals to the Field against Wales; Llewellyn accepts
conditions of Peace equivalent to Subjugation
The Welsh are indignant at the Submission, and con-
tinue the War under David, Llewellyn's Brother, whom
Llewellyn also joins

253

253

254

254

Death of Llewellyn; deserted by his Followers
Prince David made Prisoner, and consigned to the horrid
Punishment afterwards appointed for Treason ; Pro-
bably the earliest Instance of its Infliction
State of Scotland previous to the Invasion of Edward;
rival Claims of Bruce and Baliol to the Succession,
which gave Edward a Pretext for Interference 256,257
(May) Edward summons the Nobility of Scotland to meet
him at Norham

A.D.

Page

(2d of June) Overawed by Threats, they recognise Edward as Lord Paramount of Scotland, and place the Fortresses into his Hands

259

(20th of November) Baliol, to whom Edward awards the Crown, swears Fealty to him

1295.

1297.

On Edward's demanding Military Service against France
from the Scotch, Baliol is induced by his Subjects to
resist; but he is at length obliged to submit
Exploits of Sir William Wallace

260

260, 261

261

1303.

Scotland subdued, and Wallace condemned and executed at Westminster

262

1306.

Bruce, Earl of Carrick, takes up Arms, and is crowned at
Scone

(July) Edward assembles a vast Army, but dies on his
March, at Burgh on Sand, in Cumberland

State of Parliamentary Power during his Reign
When did the Division of the two Houses occur?
Origin, Nature, and partial Changes of Ranks and Dig-

nities in England

266

266-270

From the Norman Invasion to the Edwards, the House of
Lords sat in Right only of territorial Possession

Introduction of Barons by Writ

In opposition to his Father's dying Injunctions, he igno-
miniously withdraws his Army from Scotland, and
surrenders himself to the Influence of his favourite
Gaveston

277

1311.

The Barons extort a Reformation of Abuses, and banish
Gaveston on pain of Death

277

- 278

1314.

1321.

Confirmation of Magna Charta; additional Clause requir
ing the annual holding of a Parliament
Gaveston ventures to return to Court, and is put to Death
by Order of the Barons
Unsuccessful Invasion of Scotland; Battle of Bannock-
burn; Bruce acknowledged King; and (1328) the Claim
of Seignoralty relinquished

- 279 Hugh de Despenser, a new Favourite; renewed Disputes between the King and the Barons in consequence; the