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92. Summary.-What has been said in this chapter may be summarized thus. A well-constructed sentence must, as a rule, have the following characteristics:(1) Its structure should be evident.

(2) In many cases its structure should be partly or wholly periodic.

(3) In many cases some of its parts should be parallel in form.

EXERCISE 43

I. Write three compositions of about ten sentences each, explaining, in your own words, the three points mentioned in the preceding section.

II. Correct and improve the following sentences:

1. Here weary travellers lay aside their burdens, here careworn toilers forget the duties of the workaday world, here students, weary of the endless search for knowledge, put aside the thought of bookish lore, and this is the place where all are young and happy. 2. He still went to the post-office every day from force of habit, and wishing to persuade himself that he had not quite lost hope. 3. Yet the decision had been rendered and he knew his failure and that his rival was triumphant. 4. He returns the slide to the camera with the air of a man who has completed a hard task, just as if he did not know the picture was not good and the baby must be brought again to sit for its picture. 5. The foregoing is the smallest part of the work for the photographer, as the picture has yet to be developed and printed, which is the most difficult and slowest part of the operation. 6. It is best to be dependent on no one at any time, and especially in time of danger; especially is this true for the man who cannot swim, as he has to leave himself to the mercy of others, and in case of shipwreck

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promptness is the only thing that will save, for as that old proverb says, the man who hesitates is lost. 7. The ambition of a great conqueror to widen his dominions never allows him to take his ease until there are no lands left to

conquer, yet he knows not why. 8. Silas Marner was a man with prominent, short-sighted brown eyes, and much bent. 9. You may be sure that however good you may be, you have faults; that however dull you may be, you can find out some of them; and that even if they are slight you had better try to cure them. 10. The writer became acquainted with his genial host, and smoking one of his good. Havanas, and while he sipped a glass of Tokay, heard all about the opening of the café. II. This and much more he told of the beginning, and of to what proportions his venture had grown, but we had not long to talk. 12. The bamboo is used in a variety of ways, building material, cooking utensils, eaten, the fibres twisted into rope, and many others. 13. He was popular enough, for he was one of those taking fellows, young, good-looking, and that had lots of money. 14. His writings covered many fields, — criticism, history, scientific, philosophical, biography. 15. Aside from learning to swim because of the healthy exercise and the enjoyment there is something more to be considered, and that is that only once in your life may the art be necessary, but that one time may save your life.

CHAPTER VIII

THE SENTENCE: ITS RHETORICAL STRUCTURE (continued)

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93. THE FIFTH ESSENTIAL: UNITY. -94. LACK OF UNITY IN SUBSTANCE TOO MUCH IN A SENTENCE. EXERCISE 44.-95. LACK OF UNITY IN FORM.-96. INTRICATE CONSTRUCTION. -97. CHANGE OF CONSTRUCTION.-98. THE UNITY OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCE. - EXERCISE 45.-99. THE SIXTH ESSENTIAL: EMPHASIS. ERCISE 46.100. THE SEVENTH ESSENTIAL: COHERENCE. 101. INCOHERENCE. - 102. INCOHERENCE DUE TO FALSE POSITION. EXERCISE 47. 103. INCOHERENCE DUE TO A FAULT IN THE USE OF REFERENCE WORDS OR CONJUNCTIONS. —104. FALSE REFERENCE: PRONOUNS. EXERCISE 48.-105. FALSE CONNECTION: PARTICIPLES. — 106. FALSE CONNECTION: CONJUNCTIONS. -EXERCISE 49.-107. SUMMARY.- EXERCISE 50.

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93. The Fifth Essential: Unity. - A sentence has unity when it expresses clearly a single idea, excluding all that does not have directly to do with that idea. In the following passage, for instance, it is evident that the first, second, and third sentences each make a distinct point as to the character of a certain morning, and the fourth and fifth sentences each a distinct point with regard to the actions of the author.

"When I awoke in the morning, a brilliant autumnal sun was shining in at my window. The merry song of birds mingled sweetly with the sound of rustling leaves and the gurgle of the brook. The vintagers were going forth to their toil; the winepress was busy in the shade, and the

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clatter of the mill kept time to the miller's song. about the village with a feeling of calm delight. I was unwilling to leave the seclusion of this sequestered hamlet; but at length, with reluctant step, I took the cross-road through the vineyard, and in a moment the little village had sunk again, as if by enchantment, into the bosom of the earth."

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94. Lack of Unity in Substance: too much in a Sentence. Sometimes the substance of a sentence lacks unity; it consists of two thoughts rather than one. Notice the following examples:

(a) [Bad.] The perpendicular height of the falls is fifty feet; the immensity and awfulness of the scene make us marvel at the handiwork of the Creator. [Here are two ideas: (1) that the falls are fifty feet high; (2) that the scene is extraordinarily impressive. These two ideas are not dependent on each other: the falls may be fifty feet high, and still not awful.]

(a) [Good.] The perpendicular height of the fall is fifty feet. The immensity and awfulness of the scene make us marvel at the handiwork of the Creator.

(a) [Good.] Although the perpendicular height of the falls is only fifty feet, the immensity and awfulness of the scene make us marvel at the handiwork of the Creator. [Here there is only one idea: that, in spite of the fact that the falls are not very high, the scene is impressive.]

(b) [Bad.] It is just a year since the foundations were laid, and the cost of the whole building and its furnishings is five hundred thousand dollars. [Here there are two ideas: (1) that the building was completed in a certain time; (2) that it cost a certain amount. These two ideas are not dependent on each other and do not belong in the same sentence.]

(b) [Good.] It is just a year since the foundations were laid. The cost of the whole building and its furnishings is five hundred thousand dollars.

(b) [Good.] Although only a year has passed since the foundations of the building were laid, five hundred thousand dollars have already been expended on it. [Here there is only one idea.]

(c) [Bad.] This discovery of Harvey's is perhaps the most important that has ever been made in the science of medicine, the next at which we shall look being that of respiration. [Two ideas.]

(c) [Good.] This discovery of Harvey's is perhaps the most important that has ever been made in the science of medicine. The next at which we shall look is that of respiration.

EXERCISE 44

Rewrite the following sentences, taking care that each of your sentences contains only one main idea, and that that stands out plainly:

1. It was the funeral of an old man, once great as his noble face showed, but in the latter years of his life his mind had gone back to the time when his mother cared for him. 2. Then every one began teasing them and telling others to hit them, and the people called Beelzebub, the head man of the fair, and he came quickly and commanded some of his best friends to have the travellers beaten, covered with mud, and put into a cage where every one could see and taunt them, and all the while Beëlzebub sat looking at them and laughed. 3. When Odysseus heard this, he was very angry and walked with very long strides toward the palace; when he got there he went in and put on his best clothes, and took a bag of salt, and went out and harnessed

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