Brazil, Senhor Domicio da Gama; China, Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo; Cuba, Dr. Carlos de Cespedes; France, M. Jules Jusserand; Great Britain, Sir Cecil Spring-Rice; Greece, M. A. Vouros (chargé); Guatemala, Señor Don Joaquin Mendez; Italy, Count Macchi di Cellere; Japan, Mr. Aimaro Sato; Panama, Señor Don Belisario Porras; Portugal, Viscount d'Alte; Russia, Prof. Boris Bakhmeteff; Serbia, Mr. Lioubomir Michailovitch; Siam, Phya Prabha Karavongse.

Ambulance Companies. These will be used to supplement and assist organizations of the Regular Army engaged in the transportation of sick and wounded to base hospitals, and from base hospitals to other hospitals in the home country. The personnel may be used to man ambulance trains, hospital trains, hospital ships, and other agencies for sick transport by land and water, or for the establishment of emergency hospitals. Each company consists of 5 officers and 86 men, and such other personnel as may be approved by the Secretary of War. Persons who enroll in a Red Cross ambulance company agree to serve in the Medical Department of the Army. For further information see Red Cross Circular 146.

America, Creed of. "These, therefore, are the things we stand for, whether in war or in peace: (1) That all nations are equally interested in the peace of the world and in the political stability of free peoples and equally responsible for their maintenance; (2) that the essential principle of peace is the actual equality of nations in all matters of right or privilege; (3) that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, and that no other powers should be supported by the common thought, purpose, or power of the family of nations; (4) that the seas should be equally free and safe for the use of all peoples, under rules set up by common agreement and consent, and that, so far as practicable, they should be accessible to all upon equal terms; (5) that national armaments should be limited to the necessities of national order and domestic safety; (6) that the community of interest and of power upon which peace must henceforth depend imposes upon each nation the duty of seeing to it that all influences proceeding from its own citizens meant to encourage or assist revolution in other states should be sternly and effectually suppressed and prevented." (President Wilson, second inaugural, Mar. 5, 1917.) See Aim of United States; Permanent Peace; War Aims of the United States.

"America First." "I look forward to the necessity in every political agitation in the years . . . immediately at hand of calling upon every man to declare himself, where he stands. Is it America first, or is it not? . . . I would not be afraid upon the test of 'America first' to take a census of all the foreign-born citizens of the United States." (President Wilson, to the D. A. R., Washington, Nov. 11, 1915.)

America Threatened. "The Emperor was standing," says James W. Gerard, writing of an interview on October 22, 1915, so naturally I stood also; and according to his habit . . .

66

he stood very close to me and talked very earnestly. ... He showed, however, great bitterness against the United States and repeatedly said, 'America had better look out after this war'; and 'I shall stand no nonsense from America after the war.' . . . I was so fearful in reporting the dangerous part of this interview, on account of the many spies not only in my own embassy but also in the State Department, that 1 sent but a very few words in a roundabout way by courier direct to the President." (My Four Years in Germany, 1917, pp. 251253.) See "Der Tag "—When?

American Alliance of Labor and Democracy. A patriotic organization of labor leaders that held a meeting in Minneapolis, September, 1917. To Mr. Samuel Gompers, its president, Presi dent Wilson wrote: "The cause you and your fellow patriots uphold is one with the cause we are defending with arms. While our soldiers and sailors are doing their manful work to hold back reaction in its most brutal and aggressive form, we must oppose at home the organized and individual efforts of those dangerous elements who hide disloyalty behind a screen of specious and evasive phrases. I have read with real pride the names of the men and women who are to take part in the Minneapolis conference. Not one but has a record of devoted service to fundamental democracy; not one but has fought the long, hard fight for equal justice, braving every bitterness, that the humblest life might know a larger measure of happiness." The annual convention of the Federation of Labor, in November, 1917, indorsed the movement by a vote of 21,579 to 402. See Battle Line of Democracy; Labor and War; Labor Committee.

American Ambulance Corps. Shortly after the outbreak of the war there was organized in connection with the American hospital at Neuilly, near Paris, a fleet of motor ambulances for the transport of wounded from the front. Depending entirely on voluntary contributions, the scheme appealed strongly to Americans, who contributed generously, and the first "section" soon expanded into a corps which was given a definite place in the French army. The ambulances are manned chiefly by American college men, who agree to serve not less than six months. The drivers have repeatedly distinguished themselves and have received the highest decorations of the French service. When the United States entered the war the members of the corps were available for the fighting services and have displayed the Stars and Stripes on the western front. See Lafayette Escadrille.

American Ambulance Hospital. A hospital organized at the outbreak of the war in Europe by the American colony in Paris and housed in a college building at Neuilly, near Paris. It was, in July, 1917, turned over to the Medical Corps of the United States Army as Military Hospital No. 1.

American Federation of Labor. The American Federation of Labor, formed in 1881, is a federation, or union, in the common interests of labor, composed of 109 national and international unions, each of which maintains its own individual ex

istence, while giving up certain powers to the common head. The Knights of Labor, who had sought to merge all the separate unions into one national organization, gave way before the federation movement in the years 1885-1890. Only a few important national unions, such as the four railroad brotherhoods, and the national window-glass workers, are not affiliated with the federation. The paid-up membership of the federation is now approximately 2,070,000. Its headquarters are in Washington, D. C., its president is Samuel Gompers, its secretary Frank Morrison, and its official organ the American Federationist. By a vote of 21,579 to 402 the Federation, in its annual convention in November, 1917, indorsed the course of its officers in placing the needs of the Nation before all other considerations in questions involving the workingman's part in a vigorous prosecution of the war against Germany. See American Alliance of Labor and Democracy; Labor and the War; Labor Committee.

Americanism. "Americanism consists in utterly believing in the principles of America and putting them first as above anything that may come into competition with them." (President Wilson, at West Point, June 13, 1916.)

American Peace Society. This society was founded in 1828 by William Ladd and incorporated various organizations going back to 1815; it was reorganized in 1911. The program of the society calls for the organization of the nations of the world with a court and an international legislature. The decrees of this tribunal are to supplant armed force in the settlement of international disputes. The headquarters of the society are in the Colorado Building, Washington, D. C. See League to Enforce Peace; Permanent Peace.

"Ancona," Austrian Pledge. An Italian steamship from Genoa with Americans on board, which was shelled and torpedoed by an Austro-Hungarian submarine in November, 1915, before the crew and passengers had been put in a place of safety or even given sufficient time to leave the vessel. After two protests by Secretary Lansing, the Austro-Hungarian Government acknowledged "that hostile private ships, in so far as they do not flee or offer resistance, may not be destroyed without the persons on board having been placed in safety," and agreed to indemnify the American sufferers. See "Sussex" Pledge.

Anglo-Japanese Alliance. Japan entered the war because of a treaty with Great Britain, concluded in 1902. The original alliance preceded the Russo-Japanese war and made possible the exclusion of other powers from that conflict. It was a defensive alliance protecting the existing situation in Korea and Manchuria and stipulating that in case either of the contracting powers should be involved in war with any single power the other should maintain benevolent neutrality, and if attacked by two powers, the other should come to its aid. In 1905 the alliance was further extended to provide for the defense of British interests in India and Afghanistan as well, while England agreed to give Japan a free hand in Korea. In 1911 it was again modified by the agreement that Great Britain should

not be bound to aid Japan against any power with whom she had a treaty of arbitration-thus excluding the United States as a possible enemy. The alliance has been extended to 1921. Anthrax. See Roumania, German Treachery in.

Anti-aircraft Guns. These are of various types, ranging from a light machine gun up to batteries of 3-inch, and in London, it is believed, of 6-inch guns, for defense against Zeppelins and other German aircraft. Shrapnel is the most effective ammunition. Bursting, it throws its bullets in all directions. When these reach the petrol tanks or other vital parts of the machine, it falls and is destroyed, often burning in its descent. German anti-aircraft guns on the western front have brought down Allied machines flying at a height of 10,000 or 12,000 feet. Allied artillery of this kind is equally effective. Often machines escape with the wings riddled with shrapnel but without the tank being punctured or the propelling or steering gear disabled. Balloons are more vulnerable in that they present a larger surface to be aimed at. Observation balloons are attacked by fire bombs dropped from aeroplanes overhead or by rockets and incendiary bullets. See Aviation; Zeppelins.

Anti-Annexationists in Germany. Although a large part of those who write and speak and control newspapers in Germany favor the annexation of alien territories, there are those in Germany who are strongly opposed to such annexations, probably most of the Social-Democrats, despised by the junkers, condemned again and again by the Kaiser, and allowed no part in the Government; they really represent nearly half the people of Germany. These persons do not wish a "Greater Germany at the expense of their neighbors, but they get little hearing. Outside of the Social-Democrats, few important people-and no important newspapers save the Berlin Tageblatt-have ventured to oppose annexations. While the petitions of the six great industrial and agricultural associations and the petitions of the intellectuals, which have urged enormous additions of territory, have been given wide circulation, the petitions to the contrary have been suppressed and the organizations behind them discouraged. See entries under, Peace Terms, German; Delbrück-Dernburg Petition; Liebknecht on German War Policy. Anti-submarine Devices. See Submarines.

Antwerp. Antwerp is a Belgian city on the Scheldt River, and is one of the strongest fortifications in Europe. After the fall of Brussels the entire Belgian defense centered about Antwerp. On September 28, 1914, the Germans opened fire upon the outer forts. On October 5 the Belgian Army began to withdraw from the city, and the Germans occupied it on October 9, 1914. The Pan-Germans have long coveted Antwerp. One of them says: Somebody coined the phrase 'BerlinBagdad.' Why shall we not say 'Antwerp-Bagdad'? I consider it utterly impossible that we should ever hand back Antwerp to the mad ministers of King Albert." See Berlin to Bagdad; "Drang nach Osten"; Pan-German.

66

Anzac. A composite word used to designate the colonial troops engaged in the Gallipoli campaign. It is made by taking

the initial letters of the words Australian-New Zealand Army Corps. See Gallipoli.

"Appam." The Appam, a British merchant vessel, was captured by the German cruiser Möwe on January 15, 1916, and was brought by a German crew into Newport News, Va. The German Government claimed that under certain provisions of the treaty of 1799 between Prussia and the United States, carried over into the treaty of 1828, the vessel might remain as long as it pleased in American waters. Secretary Lansing held that inasmuch as the provisions in question were contrary to general principles of international law, they must be strictly construed, and that they did not give a German prize the right to enter American ports unattended by the capturing vessel. The same view was adopted by Judge Waddell, of the United States District Court, and, on appeal, by the Supreme Court (Mar. 6, 1917). See Prussian Treaties with the United States.

Arabia. With French and British aid the Arabs in Mecca and the region thereabouts declared their independence of Turkey in 1916, and in November, 1916, asked the United States to recognize Arabia as a free nation. The Arabs are a freedomloving people, intensely opposed to the Turkish rule. Their importance is due to their strategic position with reference to Suez, Bagdad, and the Persian Gulf.

"Arabic." A White Star liner, torpedoed by a German submarine on August 19, 1915, while on a voyage to New York. The attack, which occurred near the scene of the Lusitania tragedy, was without warning, and the vessel sank within 10 minutes, with resultant loss of 54 lives, including 3 Americans. The German Government at first asserted that the Arabic had attempted to ram the submarine but later waived this contention. While the case was in discussion between the two Governments, Count von Bernstorff, on September 1, gave a pledge for his Government that "liners will not be sunk by our [German] submarines without warning and without safety of the lives of noncombatants, provided that the liners do not try to escape or offer resistance." This pledge was given in ostensible answer to the third Lusitania note and without reference to the Arabic sinking, which, however, was adjusted under it. In a second note, dated October 5, the German ambassador notified the State Department that his Government "regretted and disavowed "the sinking of the Arabic, which 66 was undertaken against the instructions issued to the commander," and was "prepared to pay an indemnity for the American lives" lost. See "Sussex" Ultimatum; "Ancona" Pledge; "Frye, William P.”

Arbitration. The first Hague Convention of 1907 says:

"ART. XXXVII. International arbitration has for its object the settlement of differences between States by judges of their own choice and on the basis of respect for law. Recourse to arbitration implies an engagement to submit in good faith to the award.

15963 --18-2