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roll of drums that drowned the King's last utterances. The book will be published by M. E. Plon.

To-NIGHT, Saturday, the admirers of Mr. J. A. Froude meet at dinner at the Westminster Palace Hotel to welcome the historian on his return from the Cape of Good Hope.

Mr. J. S. CorrON writes to call our attention to

two inadvertences in his notice of the Encyclopaedia Britannica in our last. He spoke of the article on Dean Alford as of nine pages in length;

it should have been nine columns. Also the attribution of the article to Charles Kingsley was based rather unwarrantably on the signature "C. K." Mr. Cotton has since ascertained that the writer was not Mr. Kingsley.

THE Municipality of Paris has in the press a splendid volume, rich in miniatures, wood and steel engravings, and pictorial representations of every kind, which contains the systematic description of all the seals, emblems, devices, colours, and liveries of the city of Paris, from the earliest examples to the modern shield which figures on the civic edifices. The work will constitute an heraldic history of Paris. Some of the most curious chapters are those devoted to the "independent" seals of Etienne Marcel, which contained no fleurs-de-lys nor any emblem of another authority than that of the omnipotent Prévôt. There are also some interesting series representing the seals of the revolutionary epoch, which every district, and then every section, manufactured by hundreds, with all kinds of patriotic and revolutionary legends.

THE sale of M. Guizot's library was commenced on March 8, and will last ten days. It does not, however, comprehend the whole of Guizot's library, but only those portions of it which relate to the fine arts, belles lettres, and history. It is not by any means the collection of a bibliophilist. The Protestant statesman cared little for éditions de lure, or ancient and artistic bindings. Nor did seem to take much interest in the things of the present. His Vapereau's Contemporary Biography was of the year 1858, and his collection of the Moniteur does not extend beyond 1859. The

he

quality of the student's mind is indicated by the fact that he did not possess one work by Aeschylus, Ariosto, Villon, Marot, Amyot, Regnier, Molière, Regnard, Marivaux, Victor Hugo, Balzac, or Alfred de Musset. On the other hand, there are a few rare works, such as a Valerius Maximus of 1670, given as a school prize to Guillaume Pierre de Witt in 1695, and the collection of satires against Rome entitled Pasquillorum Tomi II., of 1484, which are underlined and annotated by the hand of Martin Luther.

THE "Heathen Chinee" is to have another historian and a more serious one than Mr. Bret Harte-in the person of Mr. Charles Leland, the author of Hans Breitmann and one or two works on the Romany dialects. His work relates to the legend of the Chinese discovery of America in the fifth century, and will be entitled Fu-Sang.

MESSRS. TRÜBNER & Co. are bringing out an English translation of Professor Albrecht Weber's Akademische Vorlesungen über Indische Literaturgeschichte, published in 1852. The book will not be re-written, but extensive notes will be added embodying the later results of Sanskrit philology By this plan students will obtain a clear view of the progress made in Indian research during the last twenty years.

In a lecture delivered at St. George's Hall last Sunday, Mr. Fox Bourne called attention to some unpublished treatises by Locke bearing upon questions connected with toleration and religious liberty. The passages selected by him possess considerable interest, but it is doubtless a misapprehension of the lecturer's words which makes the reporter of the Daily News attribute to Mr. Fox Bourne the discovery of these treatises, as

they are mentioned in the report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records for 1872, from which, or from some one or another of the courteous officials of the Record Office, Mr. Fox Bourne may safely be presumed to have derived his knowledge of them.

tion.

Ir has frequently been remarked that many of the sons of the ministers and courtiers of Charles I. worth while, therefore, to note any facts which were to be found among his adversaries. It is may have served to expedite the change of posiIn 1631 the younger Vane, at that time very "young in years" and not yet "in sage counsels old," was at Vienna in the train of Sir Robert Anstruther, who had gone upon the hopeless task of winning back the Palatinate by negotiation. To the son of the Comptroller of the Household, high in favour with Weston and the King, all sources of information were open, and there are among the Foreign State Papers in the Record Office a series of cyphered letters written by him to his father, in which the innermost secrets of the legation are revealed. Among these secrets is the statement by the Spanish ministers at Vienna that the King of Spain had offered to assist in obtaining the restoration of the Palatinate on the understanding that if Charles could not induce the Dutch to consent to a truce with Spain, he should actively take up the defence of Spanish interests against the Republic. He was not, however, to declare war openly against it, but on other pretences to prepare a fleet which was ultimately to act against it. In short, the whole future intrigue of the ship-money fleet was disclosed to the younger Vane in 1631, and when the ship-money writs were actually issued, he at least must have known that the exaction of illegal taxation was only part of the mischief against which the popular leaders had to contend.

AT the sale at Puttick and Simpson's, on the 10th inst., of the library of the late Miss Hackett, the Genevan black-letter Bible, generally called the "Breeches Bible" (Barker, 1578), sold for only 21., but it appears to have been a defective copy; the Zürich reprint, by Christopher Froschouer, of Coverdale's Bible of 1538, but of smaller form, Rycharde Jugge, 1552), Tyndale's version revised, 21. 28.; Newe Testamente, black letter (London, 21.; Beza's Translation of the New Testament, black letter (London, 1596), 21.; Mirouer de la

Redemption de Lumain Lignaige, black letter, 1483,

with woodcuts, 47. 68.

THE Hunterian Club hopes to issue soon three or four more of Samuel Rowlands's works; Hannay's works, to which Dr. David Laing is to write a preface; and probably Lodge's Phillis, the first of the complete series of Lodge's works. The print of the Bannatyne MS. has reached leaf 97, or page 280 of the club reprint. On the title of the Third Part of the MS. a later scribe has written a

spoiled version of George Withers' charming song "Shall I, wasting in despair?" It starts with "Sould I wrestle in dispair?

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Two things of some interest to Chaucer students have just occurred. The poet's first real editor, William Thynne, clerk of the kitchen to Henry VIII., was obliged by Cardinal Wolsey, notwithstanding the King's promised protection, to cancel the whole of his first edition of Chaucer's works because he had put into it a (spurious) Pilgrims Tale that showed up the bad lives of bishops of the time, and the oppression of their Courts, in contrast with the good lives and just dealing of the early bishops. This Tale was supposed to have perished. For though Tyrwhitt saw a printed fragment of it in 1775, bibliographers said it had never reached the Bodleian, it was not in the catalogue of Douce fragments. However, a search made for Mr. Furnivall's new edition of Francis Thynne's Animadversions now in progress, has brought the 751 (but still incomplete) lines of the Pilgrims Tale to light; they are to be printed forthwith for the Chaucer and Early English Text Societies, and we shall thus see the story that so raised Wolsey's

wrath. The second matter is, that the old editor William Thynne's memory has been cleared of the charge improperly brought against him by the late Mr. Botfield in Stemmata Botvilliana, of having viciously neglected his wife, divorced her, and let her drift into sin and poverty and disease. It is abundantly clear that the licentious Thynnus aulicus, whose evil deeds Erasmus tells, was not the excellent kitchen-clerk and Chaucer editor who, with his royal master's commission, rummaged all the Abbey libraries at the dissolution of the monasteries for Chaucer MSS., and found one coppye of some part of his woorkes . . . subscribed in diuers places withe examinatur, Chaucer."

66

THE New Shakspere Society has sent to press its first book in its Shakspere's England series, namely, Parson Harrison's "Description of England" in 1577 and 1587, edited from its two versions by Mr. F. J. Furnivall. The Society will probably not be able to make its first issue of books this year before May; but by that time it hopes to have ready Mr. P. A. Daniel's revised edition of Romeo and Juliet (with perhaps Arthur Brooke's and Painter's versions of the original story); Part II. of its Transactions, completing the volume for 1874 (with perhaps Part I. for 1875); Dr. Brinsley Nicholson's reprints of the first quarto and folio of Henry V., with his Parallel-Text edition of the A reprint of the first quarto of the Two Noble Kinsmen will be begun shortly, and a revised edition of the Play by Mr. Harold Littledale will soon follow.

same.

THE Shakspere Library founded in Edinburgh a few years back by Mr. Halliwell contains, in original or facsimile, every edition of Shakspere's plays issued before 1660, and is believed to be the only library in the world that has the series complete.

MR. WILLIAM CHAPPELL has sent to press for the Ballad Society the whole of the unprinted "copy" of the first volume of the Roxburghe Ballads in the British Museum, and the printing of the parts will go right on, till the one now in arrear for 1874, and the two for 1875 are printed. thick Part II. of the second volume of Ballads This week the members have received Mr. Morfill's from Manuscripts, "Ballads chiefly relating to the reign of Queen Elizabeth," and a thin collection of "Love-Poems and Humourous Ones,

written at the end of a volume of small printed books A.D. 1614-1619, in the British Museum, labelled Various Poems ... put forth by Frederick J. Furnivall."

THE Allgemeine Zeitung states that, in consequence of a difference with the Italian Minister, Signor Bonghi, the eminent philologer, Professor Ascoli, has resigned his chair at Florence, and returned to Germany, where he will accept a post in the Berlin University.

M. PAULIN PARIS and M. N. de Wailly have been appointed President and Vice-President of the Société des Anciens Textes Français, which M. Paul Meyer and M. Gaston Paris, with a few friends, founded three months ago. This Society is, as already stated, to do for France what the Early English Text Society is doing for England

print and edit all its good manuscripts. The promoters hope to publish four octavo texts a year if they find sufficient support. The texts will fifteenth, and will include works in the Provençal range from the ninth century to the end of the and all other dialects. The subscription is 17. a year, or 101. for life; large-paper copies, 27. a year, or 201. for life. Subscriptions are to be sent to the Hon. Sec., M. Paul Meyer, 99 Rue de la Tour, Passy, Paris. We hope the Society will find the support that it deserves among English scholars. The importance of old French for our early vocabulary and phraseology cannot be overrated.

DR. FRANZ REBER'S History of Modern Germany is being brought out in parts in Germany.

THE Svensk Tidskrift för Politik, Ekonomi och Literatur begins a new series with another change of management. Harald Hjärne assists Hans Forssell in the editorship, and the magazine is to appear eight times a year, a very awkward arrangement, we should think, but not worse than that adopted hitherto, of a number issued nominally every two months but practically at divers and eccentric seasons. The new series begins with a particularly good number. Viktor Rydberg's opening article on the Marble Statues of the Emperors at Rome is really brilliant, especially happy is the passage in which he proves Ampère to have streamed around the figure of Augustus gaslight borrowed from the Tuileries, and outpoured vials of exaggerated invective on an imaginary saviour of Roman society. Dr. Hans Hildebrand gives a minute and critical summary of Schliemann's discoveries at Troy. Forssell, in a paper on Swedish philosophy, analyses the views of Boström, Professor at Upsala in the last generation, the only Swede who has formed an independent philosophical system, or founded a philosophical school. He hardly wrote anything, and his disciples are still busy in collecting his scattered dicta: he Idied in 1866. The rest of the articles are historical and economical, and of more purely local interest.

Ar the meeting of the Finnish Literary Society at Helsingfors, on February 3, Dr. O. Donner exhibited a manuscript containing upwards of twenty, partly epical, partly lyrical, runes and folk-songs in the Lappish language. This extremely important addition to Lappish literature had been for the most part collected by him orally from the mouth of a Pastor Fjellner in Lappmark, who is more than eighty years of age. This old man is a Lapp by birth, and probably one of the last persons living who remember these remnants of the extinct national poetry of Lapland. will be published in the next number of the Finnish magazine, Suomi.

The songs

TO-DAY is Henrik Ibsen's forty-seventh birthday, and the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first appearance before the public, namely, by the publication of Catalina. A propos of the occasion, he has brought out a new edition of this first poem, with a very interesting autobiographical preface, explaining the genesis and history of his early poetry. He has re-written Catalina so minutely that hardly one line is in its original form, but the corrections are mostly matters of detail. The poet is about to exchange his exile in Dresden for a still more distant home in Munich.

SIGNOR GIAMBATTISTA GIULIANI has brought

out an edition of the Convito of Dante (Firenze: Succ. Le Monnier), with an amended text and a new commentary. Admirably fitted for the work by his acquaintance with all the Dantesque literature, he has executed it with great diligence, accurate judgment and extensive learning, and has produced a book which will be gladly welcomed by all Dante students.

It is announced that the next, the twelfth, meeting of the Italian Scientific Congress will be held at Palermo on August 29.

IN the Archives at Rome some interesting documents have been discovered relating to the history of Benvenuto Cellini. These are the "carta di pace" given him by the brother of Pompeo de Capitaneis, a man he had killed, and the "Moto proprio" of Pope Paul III. absolving him for the same crime.

THE following Parliamentary papers have lately been published:-Laws, Ordinances, and Regulations relating to Monastic and Conventual Institutions in various Foreign Countries (price 28. 5d.); Reports by H.M.'s Secretaries of Em bassy and Legation on Manufactures, Commerce, &c., Part I. (price 7d.); Reports respecting the Production and Consumption of Timber in Foreign Countries (price 11d.); Papers and Correspondence relating to the Equipment and Fitting out

of the Arctic Expedition of 1875, including Report of the Admiralty Arctic Committee (price 5d.), and Chart to Accompany these Papers, &c. (price 18.); Reports of Inspecting Officers on Railway Accidents in May, June, July, and August, 1874, with Plates (price 38.); Thirteenth Report of the Royal Commissioners of the Patriotic Fund (price 5d.); Thirty-fifth Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths, and Marriages-Abstracts of 1872 (price 28. 2d.); Report of Special Commissioners on Tweed Fisheries Acts, Vol. II., Evidence (price 28. 3d.); Third Report of the Royal Commissioners on Endowed Schools and Hospitals, Scotland (price 18. 4d.); Report of Committee on condition of the Maclise Frescoes in the Houses of Parliament, &c.

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WE have received Case's Map of the United States, the British Provinces, Mexico, and part of the West Indies, Compiled from the Latest Government Maps and other Official Sources (Hart ford: O. D. Case & Co.), a very valuable contribution to American cartography, which will, we hope, meet with the recognition which it deserves in this country; Holland's "Silver Feast," an historical eulogy, by S. R. van Campen (Sampson Low & Co.); The Government of London, by J. T. Dexter (Stanford); Science and Revelation, by J. L. Porter, D.D. (Belfast: Mullan); The Doctrine of an Impersonal God, by the Rev. W. Todd Martin, M.A. (ditto); Miracles and Prophecy, by the Rev. A. C. Murphy (ditto); Design in the Structure of Plants a Proof of the Existence of God, by Dr. Moore (ditto); An Examination of Herbert Spencer's Biological Hypothesis, by Professor Watts (ditto); English Building Societies, by Dr. Ernst von Plener, trans. F. J. Faraday (Manchester: Heywood); Since I was a Student, an Address delivered to the Students of St. Andrews by Charles Scott, M.A. (Blackwood); Histoire d'Angleterre depuis les temps les plus reculés, par Antonin Roche (Paris: Delagrave); The Principles and Practice of Common-School Education, and The Principles and Practice of Early and Infant School Education, by James Currie, A.M. (Edinburgh and London: Laurie).

NOTES OF TRAVEL.

We are

AN accurate map of Bolivia, the region formerly known as Upper Peru, and famous throughout the world for its inexhaustible supplies of silver, has long been a desideratum. glad to hear that Commander Musters, R.N., the vil engineer, are engaged in carefully fixing the gallant explorer of Patagonia, and Mr. Minchin, a positions of the principal towns in Bolivia by Commander Musters astronomical observations. resides at Sucre, the capital, and he is provided with a telescope for the observation of Jupiter's satellites, to determine the longitude.

THE United States steamer Canandaigua has landed the surveying party at the mouth of the Atrato, which is destined to examine the route between the Atlantic and Pacific, by the Napipi river. The Canandaigua returned to Aspinwall on February 15, and her officers will now proceed to survey the mouth of the Chagres.

THE demand for india-rubber is leading to a more complete exploration of the forests of Darien. The collectors are penetrating further and further into the unknown parts of the wild region first traversed by Blasco Nuñez de Balboa, and 300 river in boats. These incursions are resisted by labourers have recently been sent up the Darien the independent Indians, and the Government of New Granada intend to station troops for the protection of the caucheros, or collectors of india

rubber.

It is very desirable that the scientific results of the Polaris voyage up Smith Sound should be available for the use of the Arctic Expedition. These results, together with the official narrative

of the voyage, will be published at Washington in three quarto volumes. They include pendulum, magnetic, meteorological, and tidal observations, and Dr. Bessels is now very busily engaged in preparing them for the press. He has promised, if possible, to supply Commander Markham at least with the proof sheets; and is anxious that the pendulum left by him in a depôt at Polaris Point, in Smith Sound, should be recovered by the English expedition.

Aftonbladet announces that a new Swedish Polar Expedition, under Professor Nordenskjöld, will start from Tromsö in the beginning of June. Two distinguished botanists, Dr. P. Kjelman and Dr. N. Lundström, together with the zoologists Herr Stuxberg and Dr. Théel, will accompany the ships. The plan is to make immediately for the southern point of Novaya Zemlya, where at that time of year Samoyeds are sure to be found. Here some time will be spent in geological, botanical, zoological, and ethnological investigations. It is then intended to push on up the west coast of Novaya Zemlya to its northernmost point, which ought to be reached by the middle of August. Thence the expedition will divide, part to sail north-east in order to survey this wholly unknown portion of the Polar Basin, part southwards to the mouths of the Ob and Jenisej, a district of peculiar interest to geologists as the richest in the world in mammoth remains. If the state of the ice is favourable, Professor Nordenskjold hopes to go up one of these rivers in a boat, and return overland. A few years ago such a plan as this would have been considered hopeless; but the Norwegian whalers have conclusively proved within the last few seasons that at certain times of the year the Kara Sea is almost free from ice, and therefore that a regular communication might be formed between the north of Norway and the mouths of the great Siberian rivers. who ever burst into the silent" Kara Sea, was a skipper of the name of Johannesen, for which feat the Swedish Academy gave him their medal in 1870. The expedition is fitted up at the expense of a munificent merchant, Herr Oskar Dickson.

The first

ON Monday afternoon a lecture was read at the London Institution, Finsbury Circus, by Mr. Clements R. Markham, C.B., F.R.S., on Recent Explorations in Equatorial África. The lecturer gave a very clear account of the knowledge we possess of that portion of the continent lying between the parallels of 0° and 10° south latitude. The majestic river Congo was fully described, its plained, and the expeditions of Tuckey and Grandy probable connexion with the Lualaba basin ex touched upon. Mr. Markham gave utterance to an emphatic opinion that it devolved upon the English nation to despatch an expedition up the Congo, the objects being three of considerable importance, viz.—the rendering succour to Lieutenant Cameron; the putting down the slave trade, at which a fatal blow might be struck from this side; and the utilisation of the valuable natural pro be mentioned copper, ivory, nuts, oil, and an ex ducts of the Congo country, among which might cellent substitute for paper. listened to with considerable interest by a numerous audience, comprising Viscount Duprat, Mr. Major, F.S.A., Commander Markham, R.N., and other distinguished gentlemen.

The lecture was

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who are every whit as shrewd as Europeans, and are content with smaller profits. As far as imported cotton goods are concerned England has it all her own way, though the United States are fast becoming rivals in this branch of trade. The Marquis de Compiègne contributes a short account of the Ogowai river, culled from the reports of the few travellers and traders who have visited it. There is an extensive trade to be done, he assures us, in ivory, ebony and caoutchouc, and it is with this object that M. Savorgnan de Brazza is about to explore the interior of Africa in this direction. Some notes on Algiers, an account of the trade of Bordeaux, a memoir of the Marquis de ChasseloupLaubat, formerly president of the Geographical Society, and a collection of notes on various geographical events, help to make up a creditable number.

DR. THEODORE VON HELDREICH, Professor of Botany at Athens, has lately made the interesting

discovery that an extensive tract of land, measuring more than 50,000 square mètres, at the silvermines of Laurium, is covered by a luxuriant crop of Glaucium, belonging to a hitherto unknown species, which he proposes to designate as the G. Serpieri. These papaveraceous plants have shot up through soil which has been covered to the depth of three mètres with the masses of scoriae thrown out by the workmen in ancient times when the mines were worked by the Greeks, and which has recently been disturbed in order that the imperfectly fused materials might be subjected to a further process of fusion for the purpose of extracting the silver contents. The persistent vitality of the seeds through the interval of 1,500 or 2,000 years which has elapsed since the mines were last worked is a curious fact in physiological botany, and is all the more interesting because this species of Glaucium is not known to exist in any other

habitat.

THE Annales du Commerce Extérieur furnishes some interesting information respecting Carrara and its marble quarries. These still justify the fame they acquired in the time of the old Romans, there being now 450 quarries in full working order, the most ancient of which are still the most famous-viz., those of Canal Grande, Poggio Donzio, and Palvaccio. The yield in 1873 amounted to the value of 360,000l. The most valuable kind of marble is, of course, that reserved for statues, which is a pure white; the second quality, which is used for ecclesiastical and architectural purposes, being less costly. There are no less than 115 establishments where the marble is cut and polished, and the industry gives employment altogether to 4,000 workmen.

THE Bulletin of the American Geographical Society for the Session 1873-74 contains an interesting paper on the Indian Territory and its Inhabitants, by Colonel E. C. Boudinot,." a highly cultivated Indian of the Cherokee nation." curious linguistic fact is described in the following extract:

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"The Cherokees are the only Indians who have an original alphabet for their language. The Creeks and Choctaws use the English characters, but the Cherokees have an alphabet of their own, invented by a Cherokee who could not talk the English language. His name was Sequoyah. This inventive genius-the Cadmus of his race-had none of the lights of science or civilisation to guide him; but conceiving the idea of enabling the Indian to talk on paper, as he one day saw the agent of the United States doing, he shut himself up in his cabin for more than a year, and endured, like many other reformers and inventors, the gibes and jeers of the ignorant and thoughtless, who all pronounced him crazy until he came forth with a perfect alphabet, and established his claim to be ranked among the first inventive minds of the century. He traced the characters of his alphabet on chips and pieces of bark. This alphabet was invented in 1822; it consists of seventy-eight characters, and, strange to say, is most easily learned by children."

Soon after the alphabet was perfected type was procured, and a newspaper called the Cherokee

Phoenix was established. One half was written in Cherokee, and the rest in English. The paper is still continued under the name of the Cherokee Advocate.

NOTES OF A TOUR IN THE CYCLADES AND CRETE.

IV. Crete (continued).

Ir was touching to find in the court of this monastery (Chrysopegi) the graves of three English sailors who were buried here; they are covered with nice marble slabs, bearing inscriptions. The monks remarked to us that their burial-place was open to all. We had some difficulty in tearing ourselves away from the hospitality of these good Fathers, which was embarrassing to us, as we still had a long day's work before us. After passing over some rich level ground we reached the bay of Suda, where the Turkish fleet, composed of a is a perfect land-locked harbour, and the Turks frigate and some smaller vessels, was lying. It have a project for converting it into a naval station; but the neighbourhood at present has a miserable look of desolation; the shores are marshy and unhealthy, the houses deserted, the country half-cultivated, and the people halfstarved. At the mouth of the bay, towards the east, are two islands, called Leucae in ancient times, on the larger of which the town of Suda is now situated. The next point that we made for was the ruins formerly called Palaeo-castro, but now better known in the neighbourhood as Aptera-a remarkable instance of antiquarian interest on the part of the natives, for Pashley was the first to identify them with that ancient city, and the point was not certainly determined until M. Wescher, of the French Government Mission, discovered an inscription which contained the name. We ascended by a rough path along the cliffs, where the pink blossoms of the wild pear-tree were growing in great abundance, and the banks were starred with white cyclamen. As we mounted, we obtained fine views over the bay of Suda, with the Acroteri behind it, and the wide bay of Khanea stretching away to the west; on the opposite side rose the White Mountains, deeply covered with snow, all but the highest peaks of which were visible from time to time, when the heavy masses of cloud lifted. When we reached the site of Aptera, which is about 800 feet above the sea, we could also see to the south-west Mount Malaxa, the ancient Berecynthus, and to the east the commanding promontory of Drepanon, beyond which the eye ranged over a long line of coast, until at last the island of Dia, in the neighbourhood of the ancient Cnossus, appeared on the horizon. On very clear mornings, we are told, Santorin could occasionally be descried. Independently of its elevated position, the situation of Aptera is a striking one, being a broad level, with steep sides falling away in every direction. At the highest point stands a little monastery, a dependency of the great convent of St. John the Theologos at Patmos; it is now occupied by one monk only, who lives there with his mother and one or two other persons. In the neighbourhood of this are the principal ruins, including a large Roman cistern with triple arches, and the wall of a building, probably a Prytaneium, on which are the inscriptions that Pashley and Wescher have copied. The monk recollected M. Wescher's having uncovered them, but they are now half concealed again by a large straw-heap. One of these relates to honours conferred on Attalus, King of Pergamus, by the senate and people of Aptera: here the magistrates bear the title of Kóp, and in the Doric dialect, which is employed, the place is always called Aptara. There is also a decree in honour of Prusias, King of Bithynia, and several acts relating to their Toovia with various cities of Asia Minor, proving the extensive commercial relations of the city. On the southern slope is an ancient theatre, very ill-preserved, and towards the west are the finest remains of the city walls; but these ruins have

been much overrated, and, like all those in Crete, are disappointing to one already acquainted with the mainland of Greece. The shore below was regarded as the scene of the contest between the Muses and Sirens, in which the latter being defeated lost the feathers of their wings, and when they had thus become white, cast themselves into the sea; whence the city was called Aptera, and the neighbouring island Leucae. We may safely invert this last statement, and say that the whole legend is an etymological myth, originally suggested by the names.

Descending from Aptera by a steep path on the sea side of the hill, we forded the river Khilias, and crossing an olive-clad hill, reached the town of Kalyves, the buildings of which skirt the shore, and are now in ruins. The district which reaches inland from this point is called Apocorona, and is very stony; on one of its highest ridges, nearly nieh, where we arrived after nightfall, and took up 1,000 feet above the sea, lies the village of Sultaour abode in a house fragrant with the cypress wood of which it was built. Notwithstanding the animosity which prevails between the native Christians and Mahometans in Crete, our dragoman found it difficult to distinguish between them in these villages, as they use the same language, dress, and customs: the Mahometans, for instance, all drink wine. Formerly numerous intermarriages used to take place between persons of the two creeds; now, however, the people told us, these are of rare occurrence, and are discouraged by the authorities; and when a Christian becomes a Mahometan (Touoro), the Pasha sends him away to another part of Turkey. In time of war the Moslem villagers descend to the towns to join their co-religionists, and are employed as bashi-bazouks. I enquired about the Katakhanás, that being the peculiar name by which the Vampire is known in Crete and Rhodes, instead of the usual Vrykolakas; though the word is of some antiquity, being found in the mediaeval Greek poem of A Lament on Constantinople in the sense of "a destroyer." The answer was that it was never seen here; that after the end of the first insurrection, in Sphakia, where many persons were killed, such apparitions showed themselves, and the bodies of the dead were seen to move about over the face of the country. Another curious superstition which we found to prevail in Crete is the custom of regarding Tuesday as a dies non; the people have the same feeling against undertaking anything special on that day which English sailors have with regard to a Friday: this prevails also throughout the islands of the Ægean.

but

During this first day of our journey we had had occasional showers, but in the course of the night it set in to rain heavily, and continued to do so without intermission throughout the greater part of the following day (March 25): consequently, for many hours successively we were occupied in wading rather than riding, owing to the state of the road. We had heard the present Pasha of Crete spoken of as on the whole an enlightened man, but when we found that he was erecting a vast summer residence at Sultanieh, we could not help thinking that the money might be better spent in making roads and bridges, for the island suffers from nothing more than from want of proper means of communication. Descending to the valley of the Karydopotamo, we followed the banks of that river, until we reached the so-called Hellenic bridge, a high ivy-covered arch, the foundations of which may be of Roman work, but the arch itself is too steep to be of that date. We crossed this, and descended a valley filled with plane trees not yet in leaf, at the lower end of which was a sort of gorge, where the rocks at the sides were decorated with pendent fronds of polypody fern of extraordinary size. Close to this is the village of Armyro, where a large brackish fountain, which gives its name to the place ('Approó aλuvpó), forms an extensive pool, the water from which turns some mills. On a hillock hard by stands a large square building,

which may have been a Venetian fort. Shortly after this we reach the sea, and ride for several miles along a sandy beach, bright with pink shells, and intersected by numerous streams; on the land side rose the lofty mass of Mount Megaras, covered with newly-fallen snow. At the further end of this beach the deep rapid stream of a river called Petrais makes its exit from a gorge flanked by red limestone cliffs, and we found it so swollen by the rain as to render fording difficult; this however we accomplished by keeping close to the sea, though our baggage was in part submerged. Thence for some distance the path lay along the cliffs above the sea, and was as rough and bad a track as I have seen in any country; behind, the successive promontories of Drepanon and Acrotiri had now come into view. At fast we turn inland, and having crossed a stony upland, reach a Roman bridge with two rows of arches, in the same style as the Pont du Gard near Nismes, which spans a deep gully, and forms a picturesque object from the ochre colour of its stones, and the bushes by which it is surrounded. Immediately afterwards Retimo, the ancient Rhithymna, comes in sight. This is undoubtedly the most striking in its position of all the larger towns of Crete. It occupies a peninsula, joined to the land by a low sandy isthmus, across which runs the wall of the town, surmounted with flame-shaped battlements; within this lie the houses, which are interspersed at intervals with tall minarets, while between them and the sea rises a precipitous height, crowned by the extensive buildings of the castle. In the background of the view the lower part of Mount Ida was seen, ascending in gradual slopes, but the summits were concealed by the clouds. We arrived but just in time, for the gates are closed an hour and a half after sunset. Within, the place has all the picturesqueness of a Turkish town, being composed of irregular streets, lined with bazaars and wooden houses with projecting roofs and balconies. The port, which lies on the eastern side, is small, and inaccessible except in calm weather. At Retimo we received much kind attention from Mr. Triphylli, a Greek gentleman to whom we had an introduction. He would hardly hear of our putting up at the khan, and entertained us at breakfast the next morning, when, among other things, he gave us some of what is considered the special Cretan dish-a mixture of cheese and honey-both ingredients in which, as well as the combination itself, are excellent, the cheese being the soft cream cheese (μvýpa), which is one of the best products of the island, and the honey being fragrant of herbs. When I enquired about the Cretan dittany, which was so famous for its medicinal qualities in ancient times, he presented me with a parcel of the dried leaves and stems, as they are used by the people at the present day. The decoction of these is much esteemed in illness, especially in fevers. It is a low-growing herb with a small woolly leaf (Dioscorides describes it as yra alone), and is sometimes called pwrag by the natives, but more commonly arauaToxoprov. We hear of it in Virgil (Æn. xii. 412)—

"Dictamnum genetrix Cretaea carpit ab Ida Puberibus caulem foliis et flore comantem Purpureo non illa feris incognita capris Gramina, cum tergo volucres haesere sagittae." Theophrastus (ix. 18) speaks of its medical efficacy, especially in childbirth, and describes it as a rare plant, owing to its growing over a small area, and to its being eaten by goats, which are very partial to it. Both he and Pliny (xxv. 8, § 52, ed. Sillig.) mention its being peculiar to Crete, and tell the story that Virgil refers to, of the weapons falling out of the wounds when the goats eat of it. A few lines below the passage I have quoted the poet adds "omnis stetit imo volnere sanguis;" an idea corresponding to this seems to have suggested the modern name, for σταματόχορτον signifies "stanchplant." As we obtained a considerable amount of information about the modern

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Cretan dialect on this occasion, it may be worth while for me to introduce here a few remarks relating to it. When first we landed in the island, it seemed so different from any Greek we had heard, and the words appeared so clipped, that we almost despaired of understanding it, and our dragoman himself, who was familiar with most of the numerous modern Greek dialects, declared with some dismay that he could not make out half of what the people said. Though in great measure these difficulties soon disappeared, yet the peculiarities of the language are very striking. As to the pronunciation, the most notable feature is the softening of x and x; the former being pronounced like tch, as προσκέφαλον, a pillow," prost chefalon; the latter like sh, as Bpox", "rain," vroshé. In the vocabulary, the number of strange words which take the place of those in ordinary use is very great, as may be seen by the long list given in the late Lord Strangford's excellent essay on the subject in vol. i. of Spratt's Travels in Crete; some of the most important of these we verified, either through Mr. Triphylli, or by our own observation; but the most interesting are the ancient words or usages which, though lost elsewhere, have survived in this country. Thus, instead of the familiar λáraç, "mud," we always heard ά; for orέAro (orλw), "I send," ET, in the future form à mew; for kovár, "I am cold," pyw, which I have no doubt is by metathesis for pry, for the latter form is found in the dialect of Cyprus; for karaṛaμßávw, “I understand," Karix; for aoyov, "a horse," either KTйua (in classical Greek кrvog is used in the sense of a beast"), or anyйo, a curious word, which I have not seen mentioned elsewhere, and which may possibly be derived from anyaivw (vñáyw) “ I g I go; our dragoman amused us by suggesting a connexion with Pegasus. Similarly, the lost rien survives here in the future θὰ θέσω, “ I shall put,” for θὰ βάλω, and in the imperative θέσε, “lie down,” for πλαyiale; Topiw (Toрevoμai) means "I start," as in nópica, "I started," for tovya; Tos, "a year," which in ordinary Modern Greek only survives in the salutation oa rà irŋ oaç, is commonly heard in place of χρόνιον. The salutation ßa, for "good day" (pronounced evvia,) was also quite new to us, together with the expression tßißia (evvivia), for "fine weather: " if this is not a corruption of the ancient dia, I am inclined to refer it to the Italian salutation evviva.

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We now proposed to strike across the island towards the southern coast, and make the circuit of Mount Ida, the district in the neighbourhood of which was always in ancient times the centre of political activity. Accordingly, as the tracks in these parts were less well known than those which we had hitherto followed, we hired a guide, called Pandeli (i.e. Panteleëmon), who was recommended by Mr. Triphylli as well acquainted with the country, to accompany us for the remainder of our journey. During the night there had been a deluge of rain and storm of wind, and though it had cleared for a brief space in the course of the morning, yet when we started, a little after midday, it was raining steadily, and continued to do so the rest of the day. At first our route lay along the shore, on which the huge waves were plunging violently; but after a time we were forced to make a détour inland to reach a bridge over the river Platanios, which it was impossible to ford at the usual point. The meadows on the further side of this stream presented a spectacle of rare beauty from the anemones with which they were covered. For size, number, brilliancy, and variety of colour I have never seen such a show. Every tint was to be seen-crimson, rose pink, faint pink, purple, light mauve, and white. If, according to the ancient symbolism, these flowers represent the blood of Adonis and the tears of Aphrodite, both must have been abundantly shed here. The name for them in the country is paxáκανθος. At this point we struck inland, and ascended gradually over one of the most fertile districts in the whole of Crete; on every side the

slopes were covered with olive plantations, while the orange and the fig grew in the neighbourhood of the villages, and in the first that we came to→ called Ardeli- -we saw a fine palm-tree. It was here that we first began to realise how terrible had been the results of the last insurrection (1866-9). Every village that we passed through, and all that we could see along the hill-sides, had been plundered, gutted, and burnt; nothing but ruins met the eye; it was as if a horde of Tartars had swept over the face of the country. A few of these belonged to Mahometans, but the great majority were Christian; and the miserable inhabitants-those, that is to say, who have not emigrated-emerged from the lower storey of their houses, which they have temporarily paired, half-clothed and half-starved. To add t their misfortunes, for the last three years the olive crop, on which they mainly depend, had failed, and the great severity of the winter had reduced them to the last extremity. This state of things we subsequently found to prevail throughout the island; along our whole route not a single village was standing; and what distressed us most was to find that many of those who were in this lamentable condition were persons of some position and very fair education. Another thing, also, we gathered pretty plainly, viz., that they will rise in insurrection again when the next opportunity presents itself, and this is hardly to be wondered at, for they have nothing to lose, and can scarcely be in a worse plight than they are at present.

At the end of four hours of gradual ascent from Retimo, we reached the large village of Amnato, and turned round to take a last view of the town on its conspicuous peninsula, beyond which lay a wide expanse of the northern sea. All about here, and in many other places, the ground was strewn with branches of the olive trees, which had been broken off by the weight of the snow that lay on them during the winter; this, however, we found to be rather a benefit than an injury to the trees, as it has in a rude way the effect of pruning, which is greatly neglected in Crete. From this point we descended towards a wide and deep gorge, along the steep side of which the path leads, and as it gradually contracts the scenery becomes fine, from the red limestone caverns, and the trees which fringe the bed of the stream. Near the head of this, where the valley is wildest, we cross it by a bridge, and mounting steeply find ourselves on an exposed plateau where, near the edge of the ravine and fronted by a conspicuous group of stone pines, stands the monastery of Arkadi.

LORENZO CARY.

H. F. TOZER.

LORD Falkland, it is well known, had a brother Lorenzo, during whose residence at Oxford, as we learn from Wood, he "retired several times to, and took commons in, Exeter College." That the character of this Lorenzo was not altogether satis factory is shown by the following letter (Brit Mus. Sloane MS. 3827, f. 169), addressed to his father, Henry Cary, first Lord Falkland, by Dr. John Prideaux, the famous Rector of Exeter, afterwards Bishop of Worcester:Right Honoble,

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"I haue beene confined to my Chamber vnder the Phisitians hands this Monethy a burning feuer & yet am not freed; your letter could not choose but moue mee, wherein is expressed the hearty zeale of a father for the well-doing of a carelesse Sonne; but vpon right information I make no doubt but faults shalbe layd on them to whom they belong & those excused who neuer neglected to doe their best. I held it very reasonable that yor sonne should accompany his which purpose he was furnished. Brothers and Sisters at his Grandmother's funerall, to It was in the Vaca

It tion, when publique exercises cease amongst us & was my chance then to be comt naunded by my Lo Chamberline to waite my Moneth

at the Court as his

Majesties Chaplaine, of web aduantage was taken by

yo sonne to keepe of from his study wch willingly he attends not without constraint; at my returne he was not neglected, some excuses were made for the enjoying the company of his Brothers and Sisters we he had not a long time seene. He returned [a] fortnight since; I made him acquainted with yor LPs letter, & added that sharpness of Reproofe weh I thinke might mote any man; Corporall punishments we vse not to inflict on Noble mens sonnes in this place. His fellowpupills were my Lo. Wharton & his Brother wth my Lo. Robarts eldest sonne; all these (I thanke God) so thriued that their friends haue beene thankfull vnto mee, & yet I may truely say that my care for yor sonne only hath beene more then for them all; he is capable of all kindes of learning, but I can fasten no goodnesse in him hauing a better brayne then heart, hath beene a continuall vexation vnto mee; but that yo Lo may be thorowly enformed of all particulars I have taken order wth his Tutor that the next weeke he shall take a iourney of purpose to attend yor Hono & give you full account of all passages. So I tender my best seruice & rest

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Seven months after this letter was written, on June 30, 1630, Lorenzo Cary took his degree, from which time nothing more seems to be recorded of him till his death, when fighting against the rebels in Ireland, in 1642. His fellow-pupils, however, with whom he is so unfavourably contrasted, played an active part on the Parliamentary side in the Civil War, earning thereby from the Royalist Anthony Wood a place among those of Prideaux's pupils, who "proved no great friends either to the Church or State."

G. F. WARNER.

SELECTED BOOKS.

General Literature.

BECQ DE FOUQUIÈRES, L. de. Documents nouveaux sur André Chénier, et examen critique de la nouvelle édition de ses uvres. Paris: Charpentier. 3 fr. 50 c.

DU CAMP, M. Paris, ses organes, ses fonctions, et sa vie dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle. T. 6e et dernier. Paris: Hachette. 7 fr. 50 c.

FIRMIN-DIDOT, A. Alde Manuce et l'hellénisme à Venise. Paris: Firmin-Didot.

GILLMORE, Parker. Lone Life: a Year in the Wilderness. Chapman & Hall.

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King's College, London: March 9, 1875.

Mr. Furnivall's question can only be fully answered by a reference to the history of the idiom what-what. As to the parsing, the simplest way is to take the words as correlative conjunctions: cp. both-and, neither-nor,&c. (see Historical Outlines of English Accidence, p. 332).

Neither Mätzner nor Koch gives an example of this construction earlier than the Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester (A.D. 1298). The following instances of what-what are from Old English Homilies of the twelfth century:

(1) "Alle we beod in monifald wawe in bisse wreche liue. hwat for ure eldere werkes. hwat for ure agene gultes" (1st Series, p. 145).

The corresponding homily in the 2nd Series reads as follows::

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for ure eldrene giltes. and ec for ure agene sinnen." Alle we ben on manifolde wowe on his worelde.

berie icome. wat frend. (2) " Alse fele alse

wat fo" (p. 237). deade beod alse fele beo to

The homilies containing extract (2) have only one instance of wat-wat, but they contain examples of the form eider-and for the older ægðer ge-ge (see p. 115), which seems to have been replaced by wat-wat :

(1) "gecnowen eigðer god and euyl" (p. 223). The corresponding homily in Aelfric has :

-

"Cuðon ægder ge god ge yfel." (See Aelfric's Homilies, ed. Thorpe, vol. i. p. 18.) In (1) eizer-and = both—and, is much like the sense of what what. In Early English either often signifies both.

From the foregoing instances it seems certain that eigðer—and replaced ægðer ge—ge, and it also appears probable that the former idiom was replaced in its turn by (1) what-what, and (2) by which-and what.

The second what is of course redundant, and is exactly parallel to what we find elsewhere, cp.

MACREADY'S Reminiscences, and Selections from his Diaries agoer ge-and eac (Saxon Chronicle iii. 8); Early

and Letters. Edited by Sir Frederick Pollock. Macmillan.

28.

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PAVRE, E. Recherches géologiques dans la partie centrale de la chaîne de Cancase. Basel: Georg. 10 M. GOETTE, A.

Die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Unke (Bombibator igneus), als Grundlage e. vergleich. Morphologie der Wirbelthiere. Leipzig: Voss. 150 M. His, W. Unsere Körperform und das physiologische Problem ihrer Entstehung. Leipzig: Vogel. 5 M. 50 Pf. MELLIS, J. C. St. Helena: a physical, historical, and topogra phical Description of the Island, including its Geology, Fauna, Flora, and Meteorology. Reeve & Co. 423. PRAUN'S, S. v., Abbildung u. Beschreibung europäischer Schmetterlingsraupen. Hrsg. v. E. Hofmann. 6. Hft. Nürnberg: Bauer & Raspe. 6 M.

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and Middle English "bothe-and eke; -and als," ""bothe-and also."

"""bothe

For examples and authorities see Mätzner, English translation, iii. p. 342; Koch ii. pp. 412, 450.

To Mätzner belongs the credit of explaining what-what by partly-partly. (See vol. iii. p. 344, Greece's translation).

In my Elementary Lessons, p. 122, I have noticed the confusion between what and wight. I also suggested a confusion between what and aught. I have been fortunate enough to come across an instance of this in Old English Homilies, 1st Series, p. 103, "Gif he awiht delan wule."

The older version printed on p. 297 of the same volume has "gif he hwat dælan wyle." I have already pointed out in a paper read before the Philological Society, that in Early English an hwat (one what) for the older ahwat (anything) occurs in the Legend of St. Katherine, and that it serves to explain our somewhat."

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Quatkin a child es bis." (Cursor Mundi, Cotton MS. 1. 12041.) RICHARD MORRIS.

"A LIBEL CONCERNING CAMPION."

Brigg: March 14, 1875.

In the Ballad Society's Ballads from Manuscripts, edited by Mr. W. R. Morfill, vol. ii., part ii., which was issued to the members last week, there is a poem concerning Campion, the Jesuit martyr. It is printed from a contemporary copy preserved in Her Majesty's Record Office among the Domestic State Papers. The author was evidently a fervent Roman Catholic; the transcriber held other views, and has headed the poem "A Libel concerning Campion." It is the last verse only to which I wish to direct attention. It runs thus:

"A golden verse, which truly saithe,
Let reson goe, hold fast thy faithe:
A mayde to be a mother & god a man,
Let reason go, man, and beleue thowe y mother,
Set faithe aboue & lett reason goe vnder" (p. 165).

The versemaker was a somewhat obscure writer, and his production has probably not been improved by the copyist to whom we are indebted for its preservation.

I do not know whether it occurred to the editor that these lines had a quotation embedded in them. I am sure I should never have found it out, had not what the author calls the "golden "been long familiar to me.

verse

It runs as follows:

"Wytte hath Wondyr þat reson tell ne can, Houh a mayde bare a chylde both god & man Therfore leve wytte & take to the wundyr ffeyth goth a bove & reson goth vndyr." The only copy of the above lines I ever saw is contained in a manuscript in my own library; it is a calendar which once belonged to the family of Fairfax, of Deepyng Gate. From their position in the book I believe them to have been written in or before 1445. It is almost certain that they were not written therein after 1472.

The text of the Libell seems to me to be corrupt in the fourth line; surely the author wrote, not mother, but wonder. EDWARD PEACOCK.

THE NUMERALS IN OLD CORNISH.

Newlyn, Penzance.

I suppose the usual reply of philologists to the question "Is the Cornish language utterly extinct?" would be a decided and unqualified affirmative. As the subject of the ancient languages of Great Britain is at present assuming such importance and exciting so much interest, perhaps you will suffer me to make a few statements (founded on many years' residence in the county of Cornwall, partly in the particular region in which the language is believed to have expired) to qualify this strong and decided affirmative which represents the ordinary belief of philologists.

To avoid misconceptions I may, however, premise that as an ordinary vernacular mode of communication the Cornish language, almost without doubt, expired just a century ago, in or about Mousehole, and that "Dolly Pentreath" probably was one of the last persons who could speak it with fluency.

The question of "utter extinction" hangs, as many such enquiries must do, on the definition of the term. There may be no person living who can, without reference to a dictionary, speak a series of sentences on common topics in pure Cornish, and yet the words of the language may have a lingering, or more than a lingering, existence-a real vitality, mingled with English. Tourists in Cornwall are by no means fair judges of the subject. A tourist-i.e., a stranger and a "gentleman"-would be the last person to whom & Cornish fisherman or miner would use a native Cornish expression. To illustrate: some children on a dark night recently ran to me crying, "We are so afraid of the Buccaboo." Now "Buccaboo" is pure Cornish, the Celtic form of a common Aryan word for deity (in Celtic, used for an evil;

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