borate that assurance. Mr. Kaufmann is, we presume, himself a German, and his English, though it generally conveys the author's meaning clearly enough, is not always idiomatic or correct, and it ought to be thoroughly revised before another edition. Translating a passage from Lassalle, he renders Leibeigenen, "vassals." A sovereign prince might be a vassal: the King of England was the vassal of the King of France; and the humblest vassal in the proper sense of the term was, we apprehend, a freeman at least. But Der Leibeigene surely was never a freeman. In the same passage, Mr. Kaufmann translates lehnspflichtigen Dörfer, "allodial villages." We should rather say that lehnspflichtigen is the antithesis to allodial. It looks, again, rather like a clerical synecdoche on Mr. Kaufmann's part, as a clergyman of the Church of England, to translate as he does, p. 279, Dr. Schäffle's words die Kirchliche und die freie Religiosität, simply "the Church." Those, however, who best know the difficulty of accurately and idiomatically translating German economics into English will be least disposed to be hypercritical over Mr. Kaufmann's volume; and, for our own part, we do not hesitate to recommend it to all readers interested in the important subjects of which it treats, who do not possess German or leisure enough to read the original.

T. E. CLIFFE LESLIE.

The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. Translated into English by Richard Crawley, Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford. (London: Longmans & Co., 1874.)

MR. ARNOLD, in his essay on the literary influence of academies, took occasion to contrast the translations of classics turned out for Mr. Bohn's Library with those in M. Nisard's collection. No one, he says, who knows French or German well would look at an English translation of an ancient author when he could get a French or German one. With all due allowance for Mr. Arnold's anti-patriotic bias, we are forced to admit that at the time the essay was written the statement was in the main true. But, though an English Academy is still to seek, it is marvellous how much has since been

done by English scholars to wipe out this reproach. Since Messrs. Church and Brodribb's translation of the Histories of Tacitus, few Englishmen will care to consult Burnouf or Louandre; and a Frenchman or German is more likely to turn to Mr. Jowett's Plato, than an Englishman is to Cousin's or Steinhart and Müller's. We may now add with tolerable confidence that there is no French or German Thucydides which can compare either for accuracy or vigour with Mr. Crawley's version.

To say that Mr. Crawley has superseded all his English predecessors is but faint praise. The original version of Hobbes is not altogether unworthy of the author of the Leviathan: it is clear and vigorous, but diffuse and full of Grecisms and inaccuracies. Modern versions of Hobbes have removed some of the blunders, but rather marred than mended the style. Bloomfield is a better scholar, but his English is clumsy and often

as obscure as the original. Mr. Dale enjoyed the immense advantage of Arnold's teaching, and it would be unjust to depreciate a work which has lightened the labours of many generations of schoolboys, and which is, after Kennedy's Demosthenes, by far the best of Mr. Bohn's series; but I may add without fear of giving offence, that no one ever succeeded in reading ten consecutive pages of Mr. Dale without the original by his side. The only existing work worthy to his side. The only existing work worthy to compare with Mr. Crawley's is Mr. Wilkins' Speeches of Thucydides. Of the respective merits of the two I propose to speak further on.

Paradox as it may seem, it is none the less true that the very difficulty of Thucydides makes the translator's task easier. To preserve in an English dress the native grace and simplicity of such a passage as the introduction to the Phaedrus or of one of Plato's myths is a task which baffles even the delicate touch of such a master of English as licate touch of such a master of English as Mr. Jowett. Thucydides presents a wholly different problem. To render the speech of Diodotus or the reflections on the Corcyrean revolt intelligible to an English reader, the translator must to a great extent abandon the attempt to reproduce the peculiarities of Thucydides' style, he must break up sentences, expand, condense, and recast the whole; and if he gives us the sense of the author without addition or omission, we shall pronounce his work a success even though he has sacrificed the form. There is only one living writer capable of conveying to an English reader an adequate notion of the intricacy and obscurity of Thucydides' rhe torical style-the author of Sordello. No parallel would seem at first sight less promising than that which I have suggested between the English poet and the Greek historian, but in style at least they present a striking resemblance. There is the same abruptness of transition, the same involved structure of sentence, the same accumulation of parentheses, the same impatience of grammatical constraint. Words are forced to bear new meanings, or diverted from their natural order; pronouns are omitted, or so used "that they may belong to half-a-dozen distinct nouns; and the language seems often to break under the strain of thought. We might carry the parallel still farther. Thucydides' speeches, like Mr. Browning's, are "semi-dramatic utterances." He conceives his characters clearly, and vividly enters into the situation; but they do not, like Shakspere's characters, speak for themselves; we never lose sight of the showman, or forget the advocate in his

cause.

As regards the narrative portion, that is to say, three-fourths of the whole work, this censure is wholly unmerited. In this Mr. Crawley is as faithful as is consistent with idiomatic English, and his style seems to me admirably to reproduce the distinctive qualities of his author: it is vigorous, lucid, dignified and unaffected. As regards the rhetorical portions, I have attempted to show that a literal rendering is likely to appear to the lay reader (to borrow Cowley's phrase) as though one madman were translating another. But if the word paraphrase is used in malam partem to connote a shirking of difficulties, I can fully endorse the statement in Mr. Crawley's original preface, that he has never leapt over the limits of a translation to expatiate in the freedom of paraphrase. If any further justification were needed, I may add that wherever I have compared the two versions, Mr. Crawley's appears to me quite as close as Mr. Wilkins'. The latter, it is true, is the better Greek scholar, he is more careful in rendering particles; like Browning's grammarian, he "gives us the doctrine of the enclitic de, dead to the waist down;" though he often thereby sacrifices brevity and terseness; he makes more points, and in an examination I have no doubt would bear off the prize. Mr. Crawley, on the other hand, is plainer and simpler; his sentences have, to my ear, a more thoroughly English ring; his literary taste and common sense often carry him safely over difficulties which mere scholarship would fail to solve, and consequently his version will be preferred by the ordinary reader or the historical student. tended to enable the reader to test the justice of my judgment by citing and criticising one or two passages of the rival versions. Space, however, forbids me to quote even from Mr. Crawley, and I must be content to call attention to the Character of Themistocles, the Funeral Speech of Pericles, the Corcyrean Revolt, and the beginning of the Sicilian Expedition as favourable instances of his style. Mr. Crawley rises with his author, and, as a rule, where Thucydides is at his best, his translator is also at his best.

I had in

In conclusion, I would offer one or two criticisms in detail, and point out some few oversights and omissions.

In ii. 62, 1, a

To begin with mistakes. comparison of ii. 45 (aperñs tépɩ ĥ Vóyov) and iii. 3 (Twv Teixŵr kai Xiμévwv tépi) seems to prove that the words peyeÐove népi are parenthetical. Read: "The full extent of which you never realised.”

εὖ ποιῆσαι

In iii. 43, μόνην τε πόλιν adúvarov is rendered, " The city and the city alone. . . can never be served." Read: "Athens is the only city," &c.

In iii. 47, τοῖς ἀποστήσασι is mistaken for rois àñоrãσ, and rendered "the insurgents."

In vii. 40, the two distinct operations of sailing alongside the triremes and running in between the oars and the triremes are mixed up together and made one.

In vii. 48, καταγγέλτους γίγνεσθαι is trans. lated "exposed to the jeers of" instead of "betray themselves to."

In vii. 61, the not unusual idiom, kaì tŵv λwv Evμμáxwr="and the allies besides,"

is not seen.

danger of being betrayed into any serious disquisition. The two volumes contain seven stories of the flimsiest and most ordinary magazine type; indeed, with the exception of "Sylvia" (which is fair, and almost good), they fall considerably short even of the very moderate excellence usually attained by such work. Almost the only thing about them which deserves much notice is the gusto with which the writer depicts and reports conduct and speeches of the most atrocious vulgarity. Two of the stories deal with foreign life, and may interest those who think that a bore ceases to be a bore if he or she dwell in a châlet or be shod in sabots. But" Sylvia," already mentioned, is a pleasant enough trifle, illus

trating the " angel unawares theory, and

66

the heroine is neither vulgar nor mawkish. Mrs. Parr's notions on some subjects are peculiar. It is not surprising that one of her heroes, when at Oxford, failed to become senior wrangler," but his uncle was certainly unreasonable to expect it. Executors, moreover, are different things from guardians, and there is a mysterious allusion to a 99 codicil on which the last story turns, and which leads us to think that Mrs. Parr is in need of some of those useful directions "How to make a Will," which are to be found in most diaries and household manuals.

"

There can be little question that My Story is the best novel which Mrs. Macquoid has yet written, and this is of itself in these days a cheering and unusual fact. There is a good deal of originality about the donnée, as well as a fairly fresh mode of treatment, though there are perhaps unavoidable resemblances to Miss Broughton's heroines in the manner of the reciter and central figure, Gertrude Stewart, who is a mild and moral Nelly l'Estrange, with plenty of differences. The writer has wrought in her apparently inevitable Norman scenery not too obtrusively, and the whole effect is certainly good. But we suspect that the interest is kept up in spite of, not according to, Mrs. Macquoid's intention. The story turns entirely on one point. The heroine, a passenger on board a merchant ship, is forced by the wishes of her invalid and moribund mother into a marriage with the captain. In her terror she hardly knows what she is about, but

66

as soon as she comes to herself she sees what no one else has common sense to see, that the mock ceremony into which she has been trepanned cannot possibly be a marriage at all. The glaring improbability of the situation is a great blot on the book. Granting that thick-skulled sailor" (as Captain Brand very properly calls himself when he at last comes to the right understanding of his illegal, not to say criminal, conduct) might be ignorant on this point, what could have possessed the clergyman who performed the function, or the doctor who witnessed it? The rest of the book contains an account of the persecutions which the unfortunate child undergoes to make her acknowledge the marriage. It is true that all these persecutions are of the kindly form, and "meant for her good," but persecution of this kind is neither the least tyrannical nor the least galling. One really manages to get up a sufficient amount of sympathy for the heroine,

and of indignation at her idiotic friends, to make one feel decidedly disappointed at the highly proper and correct ending. But the interest is so entirely concentrated in Gertrude herself that the book sometimes drags a little, and one feels inclined to wish that it were in two volumes instead of three. Very much of the third volume could well be spared, and the Tracey family would be better away, satire not being at all Mrs. Macquoid's forte. But we make these remarks mainly because the book is good It enough to deserve serious censure. stands in very marked contrast to the ordinary run of novels. GEORGE SAINTSBURY.

MINOR POETRY.

"Scorn

Stones from the Quarry; or, Moods of Mind. By Henry Browne. (Provost & Co.) not the Sonnet," Wordsworth said, and Mr. Browne has laid the injunction to heart, for in this volume, besides other verses, there are no fewer than 1,009 Sonnets, on every conceivable subject from perambulators to "the tragic buskin." They are not without an interest, though scarcely a poetical one, as in some sort the sincere autobiography of a scholarly and garrulous man who has succeeded in attaining the extraordinary habit, that Hayley among others possessed, of jotting down every passing thought in a neat enclosure of fourteen lines. If a reader were found patient enough to go carefully through the 1009 and select, let us say, fifty of the very best, a thin volume of verse considerably above the average would be the result. Unfortunately, the chaff is vastly predominant, and one really mourns over the suicidal profuseness of a versifier who can write, when he takes pains, lines so good as these addressed to Sappho:

"Large-hearted Woman! with the articulate

Thou didst a flame of Love so pure create,
And perfumed breath of thy most passionate song,

Didst fan it up so high, blow it so strong.
That the mere reflex warms the world thus late,
With afterglow so lingering and so long!"
But Mr. Browne's radical want of originality is
too plainly shown for us to have any hope of his

success as a poet.

Sacred Lyrics. By Henry Lockwood. (Kerby & Endean.) One of the flattest and most unprofitable collections of paraphrases from Scripture Tate and Brady are brilliant in comparison. that we ever remember to have been offended by.

Helen and other Poems. By Hubert Curtis. (S. Tinsley.) Without doubt, Mr. Curtis is extremely young. We congratulate him on this circumstance, and hope that advancing years may open bright prospects before him. He will not be a poet, however, we are afraid. Where there is any individuality at all in these verses, it consists in a close imitation of Tennyson's tamer manner, and the effect is very depressing. The fair sex appears to have treated Mr. Curtis with some ignominy, for we find among his poems some "Verses to a Lady that informed the author that she could buy a better valentine than he could write," and some stanzas " to a Lady who threw the author's handkerchief in the water because he would not comply with her wishes." Mr. Curtis must be of a most forgiving disposition, for he tells the latter lady that though he liked her much before, he now admires her even more.

The Trojan Queen's Revenge. By A. H. Beesley, M.A. (Longmans, Green & Co.) Mr. Beesley, taking a hint from the construction of Balaustion's Adventure, has framed his translation of the Hecuba of Euripides in a setting of original verse. He imagines that Philopolis, an Athenian, reads to the children of his Roman patron a Greek play, and this play is the Hecuba, which is given

The little intro

line by line, in translation. ductory speech of the Athenian is delicate and picturesque, and too short rather than too long. We are soon hurried into the tragedy itself, and when any passage seems to require special attention, the reciter pauses, and in words of his own dwells on the delicacy or force of the position. Were not the treatment so irresistibly suggestive of Mr. Browning's marvellous poem, there would be more definite praiseworthiness in this scholarly effort to popularise a poet, for whom Mr. Beesley, in words closely paralleling his predecessor, apologises thus:

66

The rich and wailing music of the chords
Bespeaks, sirs, think ye not, a master's hand,
Whose sweet low minor note shall fill the world
And echo through the ages?"

The choral passages are very elegantly rendered.

The Emigrant's Story, and other Poems. By J. T. Trowbridge. (Boston: James Osgood.) It is difficult to say where the charm of The Emigrant's Story, an idyllic poem in hexameters, lies: it is not in the polish of the verse, for that is sadly rough, nor in the originality of the design, for that recalls a string of American poets from Longfellow to Bret Harte, but it must be in the picturesqueness and masculine force of the narrative, which obliges one to read to the end, and to enter with interest into the story. The same qualities of brightness and manliness characterise the other poems, and the book is disfigured by no straining after what is called culture, or affectation of learning, but is simple, straightforward and local. From some very sunny and healthy lines called "Trouting," we quote a sample

verse:

46

'High overhead the morning shines;

The glad breeze swings in the singing pines;
Somewhere aloft in the boughs is heard
The fine note of the Phoebe-bird;
In the alders dank with noonday dews
A restless cat-bird darts and mews."

It is far better to write thus, than to maunder about the heathen gods and make false quantities in the act.

Goethe's "Hermann und Dorothea,” with corresponding English Hexameters on opposite pages. For the use of Students. By F. B. Watkins, M.A. (Williams & Norgate.) This book is an experiment of the same nature as Professor Robinson Ellis's wonderful version of Catullus, though, of course, less ambitious. The author frankly says in the preface that he has no wish to be poetical, his only aim has been to be literal, and if literality is admirable, he has certainly succeeded to the uttermost. He has taken the licence of coining such words as yearsday and back-turn, and makes free use of them. We do not deny that his version may be useful to schoolboys as a key, but we confess that we find Professor Watkins's hexameters as ludicrously inapt for poetical expression as Webbe's sapphics or Sir Philip Sidney's asclepiads. For instance: "And there collected himself the excellent

youngster and cried out" is an exact rendering of the original, except than Jüngling really is not at all the same as 66 youngster," but it is no more English than it is German, or rather less, and we cannot think that the clumsy versification is any advantage to the learner.

Hymns translated from the Parisian Breviary. By the Author of "The Cathedral." (London: James Parker & Co.) Mr. Isaac Williams's Hymns are reprinted with the original Preface of 1839, which serves as a sort of landmark to show the almost forgotten revolution that has taken place since it was thought that good churchmanship forbade the use of "unauthorised" hymns, A very few of these i. e., practically, of any. pieces have had the fate their author deprecated, and got into popular congregational use; more might have done so, but that he, in ill-advised imitation (sometimes at least conscious) of the Christian Year, wrote in varied metres, which at

best would not adapt to manageable hymn tunes, and which he was himself often quite incompetent to manage. The tiny volume is, perhaps, most important as a reminder that thirty-five years ago, as now, it was possible to be scholarly without being critical, and to possess poetical feeling without poetical power; but then it is a symptom of progress that minds of that order attain less rela

tive eminence now than then.

France Discrowned, and other Poems. By Emilia Blake. (Chapman & Hall.) May be commended to readers who enjoy the fashionable intelligence of the Morning Post, and to no others. On the North Wind, Thistledown. By the Hon. Mrs. Willoughby. (H. S. King & Co.) The best part of this volume is decidedly the cover, and the next best the old-fashioned Scotch ballads. Next

come the miscellaneous poems, which have a good deal of warmth and colour, and thought enough if it were only articulate. Worst of all are the metrical tales, which remind one alternately of Tennyson, and Browning, and Clough-or rather suggest that these are among the poets who have stirred the author up into expressing her feelings in incoherent narratives of improbable incidents, described in shambling verse which is really undeveloped prose.

Poems. By Augustus Taylor. (H. S. King & Co.) This is decidedly pleasanter reading than most volumes of minor verse. The writer is strongly moved by death, especially the death of children: he seems to have found his models or his inspiration in the part of Tennyson's work that centres round "In Memoriam," and the part of Wordsworth's work that centres round the "Sonnets." His blank verse is, perhaps, more independent, and certainly less valuable: it is pervaded by a shy religious fancifulness that stops short of imagination. The following is, perhaps, the best thing in the book, and seems really good: it is headed "A Disappointment:

"There is more glory in the air,
More vastness in the sky,

The distance spreads more far and fair
Than ever to my eye.

I stand as quiet as a stone,

I dare not speak or move,

I feel mysteriously alone,

My heart is full of love.

I tremble lest a breath should break
The sleep of flower and tree,
My spirit only seems awake
'Mid Nature's reverie.

Oh! hour of rare unhoped-for grace,
I scarce believe it true,
The veil is passing from her face
All in my happy view.
Would she but let her mantle fall,
And leave her beauty bare,
And show the mystery of all

In earth, and sea, and air.
One awful moment would disclose
The secret which distils

Enchantment on the opening rose
And on the purple hills!

'Tis gone! yon pattering leaf has broke
The magic of the spell,
Some watchful Dryad shook the oak,
And startled all the dell!

The clouds sail on, the breeze blows free,
The earth is bright and glad,

The sunbeams flash from tree to tree,
And leave me dark and sad."

EDITOR.

NOTES AND NEWS. SOME valuable manuscripts relating to the Cornish language have been recently purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum. They were chiefly the work of the late Rev. John Bannister, and consist of a Gerlever Cernonak, or vocabulary, a glossary of Cornish names, some

miscellaneous collections relating to the language, and an interleaved copy of Johnson's English Dictionary with MS. notes of Cornish equivalents of words.

THE Rev. Mackenzie E. C. Walcott has recently presented to the British Museum three volumes of manuscript collections illustrating the history of Conventual and Church Architecture in England; also other volumes containing collections for Monastic and Cathedral History, brief memoirs of the Archbishops and Bishops of England and Wales, notes from Cathedral Statutes; and some largely annotated copies of his published volumes on William of Wykeham and his Colleges, the Cathedrals of the United Kingdom, the Minsters and Abbey Ruins, &c., &c.

THE volumes announced by Messrs. S. Bagster and Sons, under the title of "Archaic Classics," are far advanced, and will, it is hoped, be ready by February next, when the Assyrian and Egyptian classes set on foot by the members of the Society of Biblical Archaeology will begin their meetings. The Assyrian Elementary Grammar and Reading Book, by the Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A., will contain the most complete syllabary yet extant, and will serve also as a Vocabulary of both Accadian and Assyrian. The Elementary Manual of the Egyptian Language, by Mr. P. Le Page Renouf, F.R.S.L., will contain a carefully prepared introduction to the Hieroglyphic Vocabulary, and a series of interlineary examples. The two special features which these Grammars will possess above all others in English are, first, that the syllabaries are in both cases revised to the present time; and second, that the verbs and nouns are accompanied with the original characters as well as being transliterated, an advantage which every Oriental student will know well how to appreciate.

IN a MS. entitled Synodalia [numbered cxxi.] in Corpus Christi College Library, Cambridge, are certain articles, proposed to Convocation, but not passed, for Church government. The last one refers to fines to be inflicted on parents whose children could not say the Catechism; and the last paragraph thereof runs thus:" Item, That it may be lawful for such Welsh or Cornish children as can speake no English, to learne the Premises in the Welsh tongue or Cornish language." The date is circ. 1560, and our extract is taken from a copy in Egerton MS. 2350, in the

British Museum. It seems to show that the Cornish language was more used than one would have thought at the time referred to.

THE Italian Oriental Society will hold its first public meeting in January, 1875. Michele Amari, the great Arabic scholar, will deliver the inaugu

ral address.

SEVERAL Italian papers have expressed their indignation at the Government not sending representatives to the late International Congress of Orientalists in London. Signor Nerucci published a letter from Professor Max Müller in the Nazione, in which he impressed on the Government the necessity of taking immediate steps for sending some of the most eminent Italian Orientalists to

London, more particularly as there was an idea of holding the next Congress at Rome. The Government thereupon requested Professor Ascoli and another scholar to proceed to London, but it was too late, and Italy, which has done so much for a revival of Oriental scholarship, was almost the only country not represented at the Oriental Congress.

THE Scotch papers announce the death of Colonel Guthrie, of Scotscalder, whose valuable collection of objects of natural history and of Indian coins, brought together during his travels in India, Persia, &c., is well known, and was lately, it is reported, the subject of negotiations on the part of the Trustees of the British Museum. THE German Agricultural Congress lately undertook an enquête into the condition of agricultural

labourers in Germany, the preparation of the report of which has been entrusted to Freiherr von der Goltz, of Königsberg. The subject has been recently discussed in several articles by Professor Nasse, of Bonn, and Freiherr von der Goltz in the Berlin Concordia. In the first, Professor Nasse supported the conclusions of Mr. Cliffe Leslie's essay in the Fortnightly Review, and reprobated the abstract method of reasoning generally from abstract assumptions respecting wages which are affected by different conditions and causes, some of them historical, in different localities. In two later articles Von der Goltz gives from the statistics collected by the enquête the rates of agricultural wages in seventy-four different parts of Germany. They vary from 23 Sgt. 8 Pf. at Bremen to 7 Sgr. at Oppeln. He specifies various causes producing these variationssoil, climate, means of communication, vicinity to manufactures, prices, customs of living, great and small estates playing their part, and sometimes working in opposite directions. Thus, he says that great entailed estates tend to raise agricul tural wages; but, on the other hand, peasant pro perties are most numerous in the neighbourhood of manufactures where wages are highest. He does not explain the statement respecting the effect of great estates, but from a former work of his it would seem that it is by causing a great emigration.

ON December 30, Dr. Friedrich Steger, well known as a journalist, critic, and littérateur, died at Leipzig, at the age of sixty-four. He was best known to the public as the editor of Europa, and the author of papers, collected under the title of "Unsere Tage," but his merits were far greater than those of an ordinary contributor to popular journalistic literature.

ON December 29, as we learn from the Spanish correspondent of the Allgemeine Zeitung, the literati of Valencia celebrated the fourth centenary of the introduction of printing into Spain. The civic authorities of Valencia have, according to this authority, paid a tribute of respect to the memory of the earliest printers of their native city by causing a memorial tablet to be inserted into the wall of the house No. 15 of the Calle del Portal de Valldigna, in which, according to the most trustworthy sources, the first book ever printed in the Iberian Peninsula was carried through the press. The mural tablet, which is of white marble, bears the following inscription: "A los introductores del arte civilizador de la inprenta, Alfonso Fernandez de Cordoba y Lamberto Palmart, que en este sitio colocaron la primera prensa que functionó en España, el Municipio de Valenzia al celebrarse el Cuarto Siglo de su Instalacion en este pais. Anno MDCCCLXXIV."

The first book printed at this press bears the title Trobes en cahor de la Verge Maria (En Valencia, 1474). It is a quarto consisting of sixtysix pages, and treats of the virtues of the Virgin in forty-eight sections, of which forty-one are in Valencian, three in Castilian, and one in the Tuscan idiom, all having been taken from the writings of forty different poets.

DR. S. WELLS WILLIAMS, a well-known Chinese scholar, has recently published a Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language, arranged according to the Wu-fang-yuen-yin, with the pronunciation of the characters as heard in Peking, Canton, Amoy, and Shanghai. The work has been printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press at Shanghai, and is comprised in one volume of about 1,200 pages.

Ar the recent Winckelmann Commemoration held at Bonn, when numerous papers on archaeological subjects were read, Professor Hugo Garthe, of Cologne, laid before the meeting a hitherto unknown denarius of Charlemagne, bearing the unique inscription of "Deo Veri." Dr. Garthe pointed out that its peculiarity consisted in the fact that, while all other Carlovingian coins bear the name of the Emperor on the obverse, and only

that of the place at which it had been struck on the reverse, this one appears to be intended to convey some religious meaning; and he is of opinion that it was designed to be circulated in some region-as Northern or Saxon Germany, for instance in which the God of Truth was not universally acknowledged, and where the Emperor designed to impress the people with the assurance of his determination to establish the religion of Christ. In accordance with this view, it would probably have been struck to commemorate the subjection of some of those Saxon leaders, as Albion and Wittekind, who so long maintained a successful opposition to the power of Charlemagne, and the introduction into their lands of the new faith.

M. CAMILLE DE LA BERGE has succeeded M.

Charles Morel as one of the editors of the Revue Critique. We are glad to see from the last number that the position of that valuable journal has never been so well assured as at present. It now has four hundred subscribers.

THE death is announced of M. Pierre Larousse, well known by his educational works, and by the Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIX Siècle, to which his name was attached.

SOME months since M. Fontaine, the well-known bookseller in the Passage des Panoramas, purchased of M. Moreau-Chaslon several works, among which were a manuscript relating to the History of France, with the arms of Philippe-Egalité, and the works of Racine, with those of the Comte du Barry, brother of the Countess. He paid 700 francs for the first, and 500 for the second work. He now brings an action against M. Moreau-Chaslon, alleging that he warranted the origin of the works in question, and that by a verification made by M. Charavay, an expert in autographs, it would appear that the manuscript is not that of PhilippeEgalité, and that the Racine probably never belonged to the Comte du Barry, as his arms are affixed upon a false back, skilfully glued upon the original cover. In support of his demand, M. Fontaine shows that M. Moreau-Chaslon sold the Racine to M. Caen, a bookseller, for 1,300 francs, who, when in possession of the book, discovered the forgery and returned it to the seller. The book was then sold to M. Fontaine, it being at the same time made known to him why it had been returned by M. Caen. M. Fontaine then resold it to M. Portalis, who required his money to be returned on discovering the falsification of the binding, and M. Fontaine refunded the money. The forgery of the binding has been so skilfully done, that it is impossible to discover it without

the closest examination.

With respect to the manuscript of PhilippeEgalité, M. Moreau-Chaslon offered it to M. Fontaine, stating that the volume had been applied for for the Duc d'Aumale, but that for private and political reasons he had refused to sell it to him. M. Fontaine, having made the purchase, found that neither the cyphers nor the manuscript were applicable to the Duke of Orleans, and that the binding did not bear his arms. On his side, M. Moreau-Chaslon maintained that he never warranted the authenticity of the books to M. Fontaine. The tribunal decided in his favour, and declared the sale of the books to M. Fontaine to be valid.

THE following Parliamentary Papers have lately been published:-Reports on the Vienna Universal Exhibition of 1873, Part II. (price 78. 6d.); Part III. (price 68. 3d.); Part IV. (price 38. 10d.); the Eighth Annual Report on the Proceedings and Business of Standard Weights and Measures Department of the Board of Trade (price 1s. 4d.); Commercial Reports of Her Majesty's Consuls, Part IV. (price 28. 9d.); Returns furnished by Industrial and Provident Societies to the Registrar of Friendly Societies in England during 1873 (price 11d.); Census of Ireland 1871, Returns relating to County of Galway (price 2s.).

WE have received The Life and Correspondence of Richard Whately, D.D., new edition (Longmans); Nichols' Forty Years of American Life, second edition (Longmans); Spender's Therapeutic Means for the Relief of Pain (Macmillan); Heard's The Tripartite Nature of Man, fourth edition (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark); Gross's Algebra, part 2 (Rivingtons); Holmes' The Book of the Goat ("Bazaar" Office); Sarpoli's The Spiritual Combat, new translation (Rivingtons); Roget, Baron de Belloguet's Ethnogénie gauloise, part 2, second edition (Paris: Maisonneuve).

In the Cornhill Miss Thackeray (?) begins a novel on Angelica Kaufmann under the title of Miss Angel: we are not tantalised as to the name of the heroine, but we are as to those of her patrons. The "Love and Marriage of Catherine de Bourbon" would have been more adequate if it had been clear to the writer that Catherine was as silly as her brother was faithless and heartless. J. A. S. has a suggestive little paper on religious that the mobility of the Italian nature is due to revivals in Italy, a little vitiated by the assumption the want of depth rather than to the absence of complexity.

In Macmillan we are reminded of the same subject by a paper on Savonarola as a politician, one of the most interesting numbers of the series on the Convent of San Marco. T. E. Kebbel writes with not quite unfounded severity of a tendency in "Recent Latin Verse" to pursue too exclusively in translating into Latin the excellences which seem most appropriate in translating into English, with the result that the translator who performs tours de force in pursuit of happy equivalents for English phrases produces something which, as Mr. Kebbel says, no Roman could have written, and hardly any Englishman can construe. The "Sprightly Ballad of Minikeena" has a purely psychological interest for readers who wish to investigate the precise boundaries of the amusing, the odd, and the silly. J. S. D. and the Editor must both have thought it amusing. A. G. Stapleton's second article on the "Greville Memoirs" contains two comparatively new anecdotes on Louis Philippe.

In the Gentleman's Magazine, Justin Macarthy begins a story in which we are pleasantly introduced to an ingenuous youth, settled in London after being brought up in San Francisco and Japan, to a fairy godmother, and a young hairdresser and volunteer with his head turned by Huxley and democracy. There is a good deal of gossip about the late Tom Hood, and the £. s. d. of literature, and a poem about Heine by Robert Buchanan, who thinks it fanciful to describe Heine as a gnome.

In Temple Bar some one thinks it worth while to show at length how much better Bulwer managed his character and talent than Dickens, without enquiring whether Dickens's nature was equally manageable to begin with.

In Blackwood a new story begins about a fisher who, after being dumb for seventeen years, found his voice in a storm, fancied he had sold his soul for it, and became a great tenor. The "Abode of Snow" contains a very vivid description of the rope bridges, which are so trying to the nerves that the effort of crossing one is said to have aggravated the heart disease of which Lord Elgin died not many days after, and some thoughtful observations on the immemorial polyandry of Thibet, which the author ascribes rather to the population difficulty than to a survival of bestiality.

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In Fraser Mr. Carlyle, or his first serious and systematic imitator, begins a very spirited and not uncritical abridgment of Snorro Sturleson the present instalment reaches to the death of Olaf Tryggveson. There is a description of the remarkable salt island in Bayou Tèche. F. R. C. has another noticeable Rabbinical article: he enu

merates from Maimonides five orthodox Jewish views on the subjects of the Messianic kingdom and the future judgment, and then points out passages in the Gospels and the Epistles which are addressed to one or other of these views, or in which one or other of them is assumed or asserted. It would be possible to follow the writer with more confidence if he seemed to be aware how precarious such a method must be. The first of a series of papers on German Home Life is depressing as aiming to prove the thorough ingrained barbarism of the nation which for the present can dictate to Europe. On the other hand, Charles K. Landis' account of his settlement of Vineland in New he bought forty-eight square miles of wilderness, Jersey is exceedingly pleasant reading: in 1861 on which there are already 10,500 people thriving his beneficence. His modus operandi was to sell and likely to thrive, and he has made money by

on credit to settlers who would conform to the conditions of settlement which he judged favourable to civilisation. He is more explicit in showing how his plan paid for others than how it paid for himself. This is a pity, for he invites other landowners to imitate him.

In the Fortnightly, Sir George Campbell explains his views about the Land Question, à propos Belfast, which he thinks was misunderstoodof his paper read before the British Association at because the revolutionary premisses attracted more attention than what he thinks the conservative conclusion. He is in favour of primogeniture in the widest sense as the rule of descent, but would give the life owner full power to sell, land, and would multiply tenant-rights in every would maintain all the present burdens direction. Professor Cairnes criticises Mr. Spencer's views on social evolution principally with reference to Mr. Mill's assertion of the im

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portance of moral action and individual initiative as review of Mr. Mill's Essays on Religion, and incia source of progress. The editor concludes his dentally indicates his own views on Christology: the point of divergence between him and Mill seems to be, that Mr. Morley assumes their common method to be absolute; while Mill, at least in his posthumous works, more or less explicitly recognised Aristotle's principle, that methods must vary with subjects. The merits of Mr. Symonds' article on "Lucretius" are depth and refinement of view rather than novelty of suggestion. The author of Supernatural Religion has not been able to wait for the completion of Professor Lightfoot's indictment to commence his reply; his haste enables him to assume that Professor Lightfoot had no substantial argument to offer on the merits of the case, because he began by some severe reflections on that author's remarkable method: he succeeds in skirmishing about the Professor's samples of the apologetic arguments which he left without reply in a style which does not damage his oppointerested in the earlier part of the article, which nent or himself much; but readers will be more contains his reply to the very definite charges of the Professor. The first of these referred to a passage of Irenaeus which Canon Westcott translated with explicit accuracy, and Tischendorf, who wrote in a more precise language, with pleonastic emphasis. The author of Supernatural Religion maintained that Westcott and Tischendorf falsified this passage, and understood it himself as meaning that Irenaeus quoted the fourth Gospel in his own person instead of saying that the elders quoted it. His interpretation was grammatically impossible, and he tried to support it by parallel passages. He is now aware that he was wrong, but still thinks he was not so wrong as Canon Westcott and Tischendorf, because their translations emphasise the meaning of Irenaeus, and do not leave room to entertain the hypothesis that he was mistaken, and was really quoting St. John out of his own head, or, at all events, was only quoting his contemporaries when he thought he was quoting his predecessors. The second charge is in connexion with the date