and rather broad stories, is perhaps a little dull, and rather mean. Any one who likes may follow the thread of small intrigues, and semi-political, semi-commercial cabals, which would be dreary in Balzac, and are desolation itself in Jerpoint. Will it be believed that in this Irish novel, only one horse-whipping occurs, and that it is not done, as Major Pendennis hoped Arthur was not plucked, "in public"?

Mix up Jules Verne, Captain Mayne Read, The Coming Race, and Hans Pfaal's wonderful voyage, throw in a commonplace love story, and you have Earthward and Skyward. As no one reads the successive efforts of feeble imaginations, which try to find in the Moon, or the planet Mars, the originality of plot which they seem to be aware is denied to their search on earth, there is little need to say much about Earthward and Skyward. Mr. Penrice is not De Foe, or Poe, or even Lord Lytton, and his description of impossible adventures has no interest or vraisemblance. We are as profoundly bored by the people in Mars, "a charming race of beings,' who did not know old age, as by the vacancy of the satellite Io, in which evolution has probably not yet developed human life. If Mr. Penrice wishes to be read, he must confine his fancy within the "flaming walls of the world.”

If there be a certain dry humour in asking a conundrum in nine hundred pages, it is the only humour which is to be found in the Lion in the Path. The book might as well have been styled a Bird in the Bush, for any reference that we can discover to the monarch of the desert. The authors have ex

historical romance.

panded the anecdote of a child-marriage in the reign of Charles II.—the "fact-material," we are told, is from Lord Macaulay's History—into a very long and excessively dull Here are a man and woman, married when girl and boy, and who, though they have never met since their wedding, yearn after each other in the most mystical fashion, at the mature ages of twenty-five and thirty. "The white grand arms are stretched forth yearningly in the darkness. . . . Year after year has she sunk down upon the wall, and cried out in unendurable anguish of soul, as she cries now-Father of mercies! when will this end? My husband! Must I live, must I die like this? Oh, no! you will come! But when-when ?" "When will this

end ?" we too exclaim, in unendurable anguish of soul, long, long before, like Socrates in the Republic, we spy the haven of finis.

General Lord Langton, the exiled lover, seeks the owner of the soul, and of the grand white arms, whose style is as opulent as her charms, for she speaks of the "person" and "faculties" of her mare Bonnie Bell. But the General is ever thwarted by one Mary Modena Preston, whose dark intrigues are told in a manner which, as Bohn's crib to Aeschylus says, "rivals the obscurity of the original." The wiles that defied the police of William, and the spies of James, puzzle the modern reader as profoundly, and besides, he has no crown staked on unravelling them. What is more obvious is the absurdity of the General's adventure with a wrecker, and of Lady Hermia's easy stratagem of dressing

It is very hard to tear oneself away from Sketches of Life among my ain Folk, not so much because the contents are thrilling, as because the cover is glazed and glutinous. The fingers eling fondly to it, and only part with a little crack. This is a drawback to the pleasure given by stories of Aberdeenshire peasant life, which are told with good taste, simplicity, and propriety. The language will prove troublesome to a Scotch lowlander, and nearly hopeless to an English

man:

"Aw'm sayin', man, ye needna connach yer sipper; that will dee nae gweed to naebody. Tak your sowens! Ye're lattin them grow stiff wi caul', for a' the tribble 't 'an was at keepin' them het to you."

In a dialect of this kind, the annals of the poor may be short, but are scarcely to be called simple. Students of Scotch morality will be interested in "Baubie Huie's Bastard Geet." The Bothie system claims rather a coarse Theocritus, whom it finds in the real

istic author of these sketches.

That

up a grey mare in black gauze, to personate he displayed a thorough knowledge of his a ghostly steed. There is an absolute want of subject, a careful examination of facts, and a local colouring, and a plentiful lack of gram-power of graphic description which cannot mar; in fact, only a schoolboy who had ex- fail to interest his readers. We are happy hausted Scott and still pined for more, could to learn that he intends to continue his possibly struggle through The Lion in the "studies" on the Hussite movement, and Path. that we may gather from these that there are still some rich gleanings to be found in the works of Berger, Krummel and Grünhagen, as well as in those of Palacky, Höfler and other earlier writers. But it is not from published records alone, however valuable and authentic, that Herr von Bezold selects his materials. He has ransacked the treasures contained in the Library at Munich ; sources of information which might well qualify such an author to write a full and complete history of the Hussites. This, however, he makes no attempt to do, being satisfied if he brings clearly before us some special feature of his great subject from some point of view hitherto disregarded. He very truly says that we ought, above all things, to grasp the intellectual basis of this complex Hussite movement. which we designate by the single term Hussite is, in reality, a mingling together of religious, national, and politico-social tendencies and efforts. It is only by a close study of its separate elements, in so far as such a distinction is possible, that we can form a judgment of the movement as a whole. Herr von Bezold proves, by convincing arguments, that among these elements the necessity for reform in religion ought to hold the highest place, instead o representing it, as too many writers have done, as a mere pretext for the furtherance of national plans, and perceiving nothing more elevated in this great rising than the struggle of the Czechs against the Germans. He points out the powerful influence of Wicliffe-on which we now possess the admirable work of Lechler in animating and sustaining that ardent desire for reform which spread so rapidly in Bohemia even before the advent of John Huss; he clearly marks the difference between the moderate Hussite party which had its special seat at Prague, and the radical party of the Taborites, a difference which forcibly reminds us of that which existed between the Presbyterians and the Independents, and he does not hesitate to undertake the defence of the Taborites from many accusations which have been made against them. Here again an analogy to the history of the Revolution in England strikes us at once the Independents have, for a lengthened period, been misjudged from the hostile reports of the Royalists and the Presby

As the name of Miss Braddon carries a

In

suggestion of murders, bigamies, forgeries, "laws torn up, and a new face of things,' so that of the author of Hall's Vineyard is short for all the horrors of Temperance Tales. Ruined hearths, broken hearts, a numerous and neglected offspring, blossom in profusion. On the other side of the way is the virtuous family of total and prosperous abstainers, who parade their blessings and virtues in a rather pharisaical manner. this tale of Australian life, the "temperate do not seem so curious about their eating, as in a former work by Miss Franc, John's Wife, where all parties were pigs of one sort or another. Miss Franc must be singularly unfortunate in her experiences of humanity if she has not met a few people of self-control enough to hit a medium between Total Abstinence and Total Inebriety. Must every one be what she calls "an Imbibee" who does not swallow the pledge? Yes, says Miss Franc-though yes must not be put within inverted commas

"And there are voices from the far-bush [what is a far-bush ?] echoing in our ears; voices from the pathless scrub, from poor inebriates wandering forth to die; voices from deep water-holes, from the sad increasing cry, Drink, drink, drink.'” empty shafts, from lonely scrub, all echoing with It is difficult to be sure whether the "lonely scrub" is a person or a place; and surely a water-hole is the very place for a total abstainer to pass a happy day. A. LANG.

THE HUSSITES IN BOHEMIA.

Zur Geschichte des Husitenthums culturhistorische Studien. Von Friedrich von Bezold. (München: Ackermann, 1874.) THE author of this work, a young Munich writer, has already attained some distinction by his historical researches. In 1872 he published a work entitled König Sigmund und die Reichskriege gegen die Husiten bis zum Ausgang des dritten Kreuzzugs, in which

terians, and the Taborites from those of the Catholics and the Utraquists of Prague. Not until our own day have historians begun to regard both parties with other eyes than those of their most embittered enemies. There are many points of similitude between the Taborites and the Independents, not the least remarkable of which is, that those opinions in regard to religions toleration to which the latter owed so much were held by the former, and distinguished them very favourably from their opponents.

The social efforts of the Hussites were closely connected with their opinions on religious reform. It would not be difficult to

Reuben and other Poems. By Robert Leighton. (Daldy, Isbister & Co.) Reuben is a drama in five acts, and mostly in blank verse. In it Mr. Leighton takes about the same position with regard to old Thomas Heywood, the Elizabethan dramatist, that Alexander Smith took with regard to Shakspere. It is a mild and gossipy comedy, poetising humble country life somewhat in the way that such tragedies as A Woman Killed with Kindness and An English Traveller did the same life two hundred and fifty years ago. language is smooth, gossipy, and adorned with such transpontine oaths as "'sblood " and zounds." Sometimes the scenes are very realistic. This is a breakfast-piece:

The

I want to speak to you. This afternoon

I

go to spend the evening with Eliza,
Who accuses us that we do not return
Her frequent visits hither. I will go
Early, and take my needlework, and you
Will come and fetch me home."

The reader would never guess how soon the mention of "black-snouted toads" that "startle the dead dogs" breaks in upon this mild dialogue! The other poems are tales, semi-comic ones, in rhyme, and a quantity of " Musings," twenty-nine of them, all in the same metre.

Arca: a Repertory of Original Poems, Sacred and Secular. By Francis Meredyth, M.A. (Trübner.) Canon Meredyth criticises his own verses so impartially and so correctly that we need do no more than quote his own words:

"I could do better than I yet have done,
Yet not so far excel what I have writ,
As to make all the difference between
Obscurity and Fame."

Claude and Etheline, and other Poems. (Bombay: Cooper & Co.) This is a very solemn story of a lady of English birth, voyaging to India, with her lover, who is cast ashore in a storm on the coast of Natal, and who eventually marries a savage, but mild, person of colour, and spends the rest of her life in a kraal, as the Zulu's Bride. When she is very, very old, she meets with her first love, in a promiscuous manner, and dies at once. cal tale is adorned with lyrics, of this species:"Like a lion he does tread,

Yebo;

And he proudly holds his head,
Yebo;

Like an eagle's is his glance,
See his noble form advance,
Yebo, yebo, yebo,
Yebo."

This tragi

NOTES AND NEWS. WE understand that on Monday next Mr. Disraeli will receive a deputation of authors on the question of home and foreign copyright.

CAPTAIN R. BURTON is engaged in bringing will contain the fullest and most minute informaout a work on Broad Sword and Fencing, which tion with regard to the present state of the art in every school in Europe. The neglect into which this important branch of education has fallen in this country is by no means creditable to us, and we trust that Captain Burton's work may do something toward removing it. The book will be beautifully illustrated.

PROFESSOR WHITNEY is staying in London for a few days, preparatory to starting for Germany, where he will remain until September. His object in going to Germany is to help Dr. Roth in a new variorum edition of the Atharva-Veda, a new (though unfortunately corrupt) MS. of the latter having lately been brought to Europe. It will be remembered that the only edition of this work accessible to scholars is the one published by Professors Whitney and Roth.

DR. JOLLY, the translator of Professor Whitney's Lectures upon Language into German, is also in London at present, for the purpose of examining certain MSS. in the British Museum.

THE Elementary Grammar, Reading-book, and Syllabary of the Assyrian language, by Mr. Sayce, will be out in about a week, and the first part of the companion Manual of Ancient Egyptian, by Mr. Le Page Renouf, may be expected to appear about the same time. It is contemplated to bring out before long an Assyrian Delectus, consisting of selected texts, with notes on difficult passages and words, and a glossary, which will form a necessary sequel to the Grammar and Readingbook.

A NEW work by Professor D. Ferrier, of great interest for scientific readers, is in preparation. It will be entitled Functions of the Brain experimentally Investigated, and will be published by Messrs. Smith, Elder and Co. The same publishers promise Mrs. Henry Fawcett's much expected novel for May 15.

A NEW serial story entitled Her Dearest Foe will commence in the June number of Temple

Bar.

THE authoress of Rosa Noel and The Sisters Lawless has in the press a new novel to be called Loving and Loth.

A NEW edition, revised throughout, of Dr. Draper's History of the Intellectual Developement of Europe is in the press, and will be issued in a cheaper form by Messrs. George Bell and Sons.

PROFESSOR SCHRADER, of Jena, the founder of the German School of Assyriologists, who not long ago declined the Chair of Hebrew at the University of Heidelberg, has now been appointed Professor of the Oriental Languages at the University of Berlin, and elected a member of the Royal Academy of Prussia.

THE second part of Professor Bernhard ten Brink's Chaucer: Studies on the History of his Development and on the Chronology of his Writings, will be published very shortly by Messrs. Trübner, of Strassburg.

MESSRS. LONGMANS announce for publication in May, Italian Alps, by D. W. Freshfield; Snioland, by W. L. Watts; The New Minnesinger, by A. Leigh; A Study of Hamlet, by F. A. Marshall; D'Aubigné's History of the Reformation in Europe in the time of Calvin, vol. vi., translated by W. L. R. Cates; Christian Psychology, by T. M. Gormon; Helmholtz On the Sensations of Tone, translated by A. J. Ellis; Dissertations, &c., vol. iv., by J. S. Mill; The Signs of Character in the Human Heart, by N. Morgan;

Healthy Homes, by C. Buckton; and Handbook of the History of the English Language, by A. H. Keane.

MR. LEWIS FARLEY'S pamphlet on The Decline of Turkey, Financially, and Politically, has been translated into German, and will be published next week at Berlin. A French translation will also shortly be published in Paris.

MESSRS. J. AND A. CHURCHILL will publish in a few days a work by Mr. Alfred H. Huth on the Marriage of Near Kin considered with Respect to the Laws of Nations, Results of Experience and the Teachings of Biology, which we understand will be more comprehensive than anything else on the same subject.

THE same firm have also in the press a work on the Royal Tiger of Bengal, by Dr. Fayrer, author of The Thanatophidia of India. WE deeply regret to see announced the death of Professor Ewald of Göttingen. We reserve a detailed notice for next week.

two, on the very same day as Professor Selwyn DR. S. P. TREGELLES died at the age of sixty(April 24). He has gone to his rest-in his case no empty form of words, for his life was as laborious as it was to the outward eye unrewarded. Yet he has left his mark clear and deep on the textual criticism of the New Testament. He was a born critic, even though it be granted that the narrowness of his inherited form of religion led him to ascribe a greater importance to the letter of the Scriptures than is now usual among religious thinkers. It was at all events not uncultivated. He would turn aside from the study of texts and versions (versions, too, in the original, and not in Lucian's Dialogues. Strange that the same man a Latin translation) to the delicate irony of

should be so devoid of humour as to embroider a useful translation of Gesenius's Hebrew Lexicon with futile warnings against the Biblical interpretations of which so large a part of the work consists. It was in 1844 that Tregelles first published an edition of part of the text of the New Testament, namely, the Book of Revelation, the Greek text of which was so revised as to rest almost entirely upon ancient evidence. In the introduction he expressed his intention of preparing a critical edition involved him in many years of close study of of the Greek New Testament, which at once manuscripts, Tischendorf being his only rival as a collator, and, as most will think, decidedly his inferior as an editor. His principles have been described by himself in his Account of the Printed Text of the New Testament (a work which is not superseded by the now favourite works of Scrivener), and in the fourth volume, mostly re-written by himself, of Horne's Introduction to the Scriptures. They resembled those of Lachmann, but had been reached by a different process, and were defended in a more scientific manner. Paralysis struck the pen from his hand in 1870, as he was in the act of revising the concluding chapters of the Revelation, and the last two parts had to be brought out by a friend. Whether any part of the Prolegomena is in a fit state for publication, we are unable to say.

But the work as it stands is a noble monument of unbefriended and unendowed genius.

M. MICHEL LEVY, the well-known Paris publisher, died suddenly a day or two since.

MRS. KINGSFORD has written to us again about her book. Inasmuch as Mrs. Kingsford in the first instance believed her personal character to be touched by the remarks of our reviewer, we felt it our duty to depart from our general rule, and to give Mrs. Kingsford the opportunity of saying all that she wished in respect of the imputations of which she complained, and in her own way. Our reviewer also came forward in the most frank and generous manner, and stated that he never intended to make such imputations as Mrs. Kingsford conceived to be implied by his article. Mrs. Kingsford now " acknowledges the

explanation" of the reviewer, but suggests that in withdrawing the supposed imputations of immoral writing from her book, the reviewer in his reply has by implication transferred them to a pamphlet of hers, a passage from which was quoted in the review-we are bound to admit, without sufficient indication of its source and context- and also alluded to in the reviewer's

letter. It seemed to us at first impossible that any ingenuity could detect the presence of such a charge in our reviewer's letter; but now that it has been suggested to us that such a construction may be put upon one sentence in that letter, we beg to assure Mrs. Kingsford on the part of our reviewer that this ambiguity is merely the result of an inadvertence which he very much regrets; that nothing was further from his mind than to impute immoral writing to the pamphlet; and that there is nothing in the pamphlet which would bear out any such imputation.

THE following memorial from the Manchester Literary Club has been presented to the Trustees of the British Museum:

torical value.

"That the British Museum, having the right by law to a copy of every work published in Great Britain, is the institution wherein such a list could

be best compiled. The inclusion of the privatelyprinted books-a large proportion of which probably find their way to the National Library-would prove of special interest and value.

"That at present there is reason to think that the British Museum fails to acquire a considerable percentage of the books and pamphlets to which it is legally entitled; that the regular and frequent issue of such a list would aid in discovering these lacunae ; it would also then become the interest of the publisher of a book to comply as quickly as possible with the requirements of the Copyright Act, in order that the title might appear in the list, which would find its way into the hands of almost every librarian and student in the country.

"That authors and journalists in the country, who are required by law to contribute their productions to the Library of the Museum, but who are very rarely able to avail themselves of its advantages, would be materially assisted in their labours by the issue of a complete and comprehensive Catalogue of Current Publications (especially as it would comprise privatelyprinted books and pamphlets), and would by this means feel themselves more closely associated with the great national institution under your charge.

That the Council of the Manchester Literary Club, whose members are resident in various parts of Lancashire, and most of whom are directly connected with literature and journalism, have reason to believe that the prayer of this Memorial may be taken as representing the feelings and wishes of men of letters generally, outside of the metropolis, and even of a large number in London who are unable to frequent the Library at will.

"That the boon thus conferred-if haply the suggestion should meet with your approval--would be materially enhanced by the publication of the Catalogue in a periodical (say, monthly) form, at a moderate cost; and your memorialists believe that such a Catalogue, while it would unquestionably be a permanent advantage to literature, would not entail any large expenditure. If not absolutely profitable in a pecuniary sense, it could probably be rendered selfsustaining."

The memorial was signed on behalf of the Club by J. H. Nodal, President; George Milner and John Page, Vice-Presidents; Charles Hardwick, Treasurer; William E. A. Axon, F.R.S.L., F.S.S.; William Hindshaw, John Plant, F.G.S.; John E. Forbes, F.G.S.; John Eglinton Bailey, and Edwin Waugh.

66

I am directed by the Trustees to acquaint you that they have carefully considered the Memorial in question, but that they are not in a position to adopt the suggestion it contains.

THE French Academy has divided the Langlois prize between MM. Pessonnaux for his translation of Euripides, and Gustave de Wailly for his translation of the opening books of the Aeneid. THE French Academy, and the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, have selected the following among their late members whose busts are to be placed in one of its halls: MM. Cousin, le Duc de Broglie, Guizot, Tocqueville, Rossi, Jouffroy, Villemain, Lamartine, Casimir Delavigne, Alfred de Musset, Berryer, le Comte de Montalembert, and Pierre Lebrun.

PROFESSOR AUFRECHT is to give a course of lectures at Bonn in the present session on "The Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Tongues," with an introductory course for students beginning the study of Sanskrit.

SEÑOR JULIAN APRAIZ commences in the Revista de España a series of sketches of the history of Hellenic studies in Spain. Juan Valdes, from certain analogies and from the names of places, came to the conclusion that the language first spoken in Spain was the Greek.

THE author of Felicia, reviewed in our last number, was inadvertently spoken of in the body of the article as Miss Edwards, instead of Miss Betham-Edwards.

DR. GEORG BRANDES is about to publish his the University of Copenhagen. lectures on Shelley, delivered this winter before

THE excited controversy whether the late Bishop Grundtvig, during his lifetime the most influential man in Denmark, and whose literary bones, like Samuel's, are incessantly being dug up to work miracles with, sided or not with the extreme democratic party in politics, has just received a most important addition on the Conservative side in the pamphlet, Grundtvig og det forenede Venstre (Grundtvig and the consolidated Left), just published by Professor Fr. Hammerich, a life-long friend of the old poet-bishop.

THE latest number of Grimm's Deutsches Wörterbuch, the seventh in the First Part of Vol. IV., which has recently been issued in Germany, under the editorial direction of Dr. Hildebrand, only includes the words that fall between "Garten" and "Gauner."

IN an article on the Italian Archives in the April number of the Revista Europea, Signor B. Tanari gives a detailed account of the Archives of Siena, organised since 1858. In them are contained all the documents relating to the building of the Cathedral of Siena, from 1259 to 1379, and to the erection of the Fonte Gaja in 1408 and

notices in Romeo and Juliet-" of rhetoric, and (as it were) of wordy melody, which flows and foams hither and thither with something of extravagance and excess," in the controversial passages. The promised exposition of the writer's mature judg ment and deliberate intuitions as to the sources and quality of Shakspere's best metrical effects will form a very curious and interesting addition to literature, not merely on the ground of Mr. Swinburne's own eminence as a master of the imagery of sound, but also because the subject itself is in a manner new, the effect on the mind of combinations of verbal tones having never received any approach to the attention accorded in the sister arts to the equally material relations and proportions of colour and line. The editor's third paper on Diderot is mainly an account of his "Letter on the Blind," from which a passage is quoted containing a really remarkable anticipation of the hypothesis of specific development by natural selection. C. Pozzoni gives an interesting résumé of the state of opinion on economical controversies in Italy, where the general acceptance of the most severely orthodox views of Adam Smith and Ricardo school professing to hit the juste milieu between beginning to be diversified by the rise of a new

the crude utterances of the founders of the science

and the visionary and metaphysical doctrines of its German professors, who think socialism may be established by the help of Caesarism. An article by Mr. Cooke Taylor, on "The Employment of Mothers in Factories," exposes the shallowness of the reasoning on which it has been proposed to restrict such employment by special legislation. There appears to be no observed connexion between a high rate of infant mortality and the employment of women in factories, and the advocates of legislation have simply dwelt on the evils of the present state of things without considering what proportion of the evils could be even nominally affected by any measures proposed. A minority of the women who work in factories are married; not all of those who are married have children; some have been deserted or are

separated from their husbands; and it is only tion of those who are married, and have a huswith regard to the indeterminately small propor band and children, and now work to the injury of their health, that there can be even an apparent need for restriction; and this class, on careful enquiry, would probably be found much too small to make its protection compensate for the general disadvantages of minute special legislative interference.

IN the Contemporary Mr. Macleod introduces his favourite doctrine that political economy is the science of exchanges, by an interesting enumeration of preceding definitions from Aristotle onwards. But in the endeavour to convict other writers, and especially Mill, of confused reasoning on the subject of credit, he seldom achieves more than a verbal victory, which does nothing to advance a real understanding of the problem. Exchangeability is certainly one of the commonest notes of wealth or property, and it is possible, though not very useful, to say that economic science deals with the exchange of rights (over property) rather than with the exchange of property, which may be immaterial. But it must also be remembered that rights are not valuable in virtue of their exchangeability, but in virtue of the material circumstances which cause men to desire the exchange, and the immaterial rights which change hands under the name of credit are only exchangeable in proportion to their realisable nature; a merchant is allowed to trade upon his reasonable expectations of the profit coming to him in the future from the prudence of his former investments, but this credit is not a new form of property, only an extension of the exchangeability of his money and labour as represented in his character for solvency. Dr. Carpenter continues to discuss his objections to the doctrine of "human automatism" with so much

understanding of the position that it seems curious that he can continue to repeat such flimsy arguments against it as, that if all thought is a result of molecular motion, the same molecular motion might produce the same actions as at present, without the agents being conscious of either thought or action. The consciousness of Professors Huxley or Clifford when dissenting from Dr. Carpenter may be the natural concomitant of a definite process of molecular motion in their brains, whether the motion is conditioned by antecedent motions of the same kind, or-in some unknown way-by the consciousness attendant on an antecedent molecular state. So with regard to Dr. Carpenter's other objection to the supposed discouragement of moral effort by necessarianism: as hetruly observes, it is impossible to tell which motive will have most weight with the will until the event has shown, and necessarians, like other educators, are perfectly consistent in exhorting children or adults-to make the most vigorous

efforts and to exercise the most constant self

control that they can, expressly on the oldfashioned ground that "they do not know what they can do till they try." Mr. Matthew Arnold continues to treat the theologians von fach some

what as Mr. Swinburne treats the mechanical

commentators on Shakspere; but he imprudently ventures this month on a construction of his own, which may provoke criticism in its turn.

THE Cornhill continues rather monotonous, two stories from one writer being perhaps nearly enough of the same good thing. The "Marriage of Moira Fergus" is a low-life counterpart of the wedded troubles of Princess Sheila, and is perhaps meant to assist the southern imagination in understanding the more elaborate picture; but Sheila and her husband do little or nothing for their protégés, so, artistically speaking, their right to come to life for the occasion might be questioned.

THE Gentleman's Magazine contains a very friendly, but seemingly well-informed, biographical notice of Gambetta, by "Spectavi," according to which the ex-dictator owes his comparative immunity from the attacks of envy to a no less exceptional freedom from personal vanity.

IN Macmillan Mr. Palgrave's "Story of Njed" comes to a conclusion, in the pathetic manner habitual to such art; the question which he raised in the preface to it, why early realistic art is usually pathetic, while fairy tales and romances of the Arabian Nights order always end happily, might perhaps be answered by a reference to the tendency of the mind to dwell with most attention upon the phenomena that strike it as exceptional. In simple societies the tragic exceptions to the rule of tranquillity are noticed; but when the habit of idealising misfortune has been formed, and the mind has learnt to accept it as an ordinary incident of life, good fortune (or the absence of calamity) becomes again in its turn a thing to be noticed and even on occasion idealised.

Fraser contains a study of Euripides by Mr. Froude, who explains that he never had leisure to do justice to that author till his African journey; and a curious account of an Irish heroic poem, in which primitive scraps of legend or folk-lore are mixed with Homeric (or rather Ossianic) descriptions of war and feasting.

WE have received Guy Mannering, by Sir Walter Scott, new edition (Routledge); Oration delivered in Carpenters' Hall on the Hundredth Anniversary of the Congress of 1774, by H. Armitt Brown (Philadelphia); Forty-third Annual Report of the Trustees of the Perkins Institution (Boston, U.S.: Wright and Potter); The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, freely translated and condensed by Harriet Martineau, second edition (Longmans); Un Vaincu, Souvenirs du général Robert Lee, par Mdmne. B. Boissonnas, 3e édition (Paris: Hetzel); Democracy in America, by

THE Appendix to the Report (New Series No. III.) of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council and Local Government Board contains most imPathology of the Infective Processes; by Dr. Klein, portant papers, by Dr. Burdon Sanderson, on the on the Contagium of Variola Ovina, and on the Lymphatic System and its relation to Tubercle; by Dr. Creighton, on the Aetiology of Cancer; and by Dr. Thudichum, on the Chemical Constitution of the Brain. Dr. Simon states that other and equally valuable work, in aid of Pathology and Medicine, is in progress, under the direction of the Lords of the Council.

THE following Parliamentary Papers have lately been published:-Reports of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council and Local Government Board, New Series, No. II., containing thirty-six plates (price 78. 6d.), No. III. (price ls. 4d.); Reports of the Inspectors of Factories (price 18.); Report on the Cultivation of Jute in Bengal, and on Indian Fibres available for the Manufacture of Paper, by Deputy Magistrate Hem Chunder Kerr (price 18. 2d.); Correspondence relating to the Exercise of the Prerogative of Pardon in New Reports on the Unseaworthiness of the Floating South Wales (price 8d.); Correspondence and Dock Sourabaya, built for the Dutch Government, with plates (price 28.); A Digest of the Statutes relating to Urban Sanitary Authorities, Second Edition (price 18. 6d.); Report of Committee on East India Compensation of Officers (price operation of the Contagious Diseases Act; Sup18. 8d.); Annual Report of Captain Harris on the plemental Report of the Commissioners of Church Temporalities in Ireland, &c.

NOTES OF TRAVEL.

In the last Report of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India will be found an interesting account of a trip made by one of the trained through Nepal into Great Tibet, and back across Asiatic explorers from Pitoragarh, in Kumaun, the Brahmaputra by the Gunduk river into British territory. More than one of the Nepal streams (as appears from this report) are crossed by means of a single rope stretched across, from which the traveller suspends himself, monkey-fashion, by his hands and feet, carrying his luggage or merchandise on his chest. For those, however, like the Asiatic explorer, whose nerves are not equal to this feat, slings are provided. Slavery exists throughout Nepal, and all castes are sold into slavery, the father having power to sell his children; but this step deprives them of caste. It is said, however, that Jung Bahadur intends to abolish the entire practice. The Brahmaputra was crossed about 83° 55′ E. longitude (where it is about 250 feet wide, and has a very gentle current), on boats made of yak's hides sewn at the ends, and attached to sticks at the sides. On his return journey the explorer passed through Tansen, where there is a fort, gun-foundry, and Inside the fort, the manufactory of small arms. walls of which are about twelve feet high and made of brick and mortar, are two-storied brick buildings which are used as the Magazine, Courthouse, and Treasury. Formerly 1,100 men used to be stationed here, but now there are 1,600, who are drilled by two discharged subahdars of the Indian native army. All over Nepal, in fact, military organisation is being amplified. Although the explorer was prevented from advancing further into Tibet than the vicinity of the Brahmaputra, he has contributed much valuable information concerning the Nepalese kingdom, which is still almost as unknown as if it were a foreign and not a dependent state.

AT the last meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Antiquities (Det Nordiske Oldskriftselskab) at Copenhagen, Professor P. G. Thorsen delivered an interesting address on the latest discoveries re

years later than the lesser stone. Gorm died in 940, Thyra later, and Harald Blaatand in 988. It

would seem that the southern tumulus contained the bodies of Gorm and Thyra, the rune-stone having been placed before the death of either, and

that the northern one would have contained the

body of Harald, if his life had ended peacefully, that has been thrown on history by the reading of and not by the sword of Palnatoke. The light these inscriptions serves to demonstrate the accuracy of Saxo Grammaticus' narrative of the epoch.

fication of Adullam, city and cave. LIEUTENANT CONDER reports a proposed identiThe traKhureitun, late writers, however, giving preditional site was the great series of caves at

ference to Deir Dubban. But M. Clermont Ganneau discovered the name of Aydee Mich attached to a small ruin in the Shephelah or Low Country. Lieutenant Conder has now examined this site carefully, and comes to the conclusion that he has found the ruins of the city of Adullam with "the cave" close by. It lies on the western

slope of the Wady Sur, the upper portion of the valley of Elah. Its position, on a ledge 500 feet above the valley, is important for military purposes. There are the usual indications of ancient occupation in wells, stone troughs, tombs, and terraces. It seems to fulfil the topographical requirements, and the name preserves the essential letters of the Hebrew. "The cave " resolves

itself into a series of small caves from twenty to thirty feet in breadth, still inhabited or used as stables. It is marked in Murray's map as the Wely Mudkor, standing about half-way between Kilah and Socoh. Lieutenant Conder points out that the present cave-dwellers of Palestine will not live in the large caves such as those of Khureitun on account of their darkness, their reputed unhealthiness, and the scorpions with which they abound.

Out of the

He also suggests that Beit Jibrin (Bethogabra, the House of Gabriel) is the ancient Libnah. The camp of Beit Jibrin has furnished him with 424 names in 180 square miles: there are, on an average, three ruins to every two square miles, but most of them are early Christian. ninety-seven names in the list belonging to Judah, not counting the cities of the Negel, thirty-two had been identified before the Survey, three more recently by M. Clermont Ganneau, and thirtythree-perhaps three or four more-have been identified by Lieutenant Conder and the Survey party. In other words, the systematic survey has done in three years as much as all previous travellers put together.

THE new Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund contains Reports by Lieutenant Conder, and notes by Major Wilson and Captain Warren. Lieutenant Conder regards 1874 as the most eventful year of the Survey, and sums up the results. He gives us, too, some fresh identifications of places in the Hill Country of Judah, the most interesting of which is that of the Valley of Berachah in 2 Chron. xx.; whether the Hebron