site of Eschol falls with the Vandeveldes' Eshkali, may perhaps be doubted. Lieutenant Conder's location of Bethabara at one of the principal northern fords of the Jordan is certainly plausible. He also reports on Tell Jezer and its inscribed stones; on the Muristan, where the very interesting remains of the Hospital of the Knights of St. John have been lately discovered; and on Mr. H. Maudslay's important explorations in the Rock Scarp of Mount Zion. Lieutenant Conder also writes on the line of march of King Richard, and on several of the sites of medieval tradition. Major Wilson shows both knowledge and judgment in his note on Lieutenant Conder's identification of Nob with Neby Samwil, against which we ventured to protest in noticing the last Quarterly Statement. Lieutenant Conder's exuberance leads

him occasionally into remarks which are scarcely worthy of publication by his society.

successor.

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

(Second Notice.) WE resume our analysis of the Annual Report of

the Trustees of the British Museum with an account of the additions made to the Department of Oriental Antiquities. About 3,200 new objects were placed in this collection by Dr. Birch during the past year, among the most remarkable of which are:

"Wooden board of a coffin, on which is painted Merartef worshipping Socharis.

66

STAFF-CAPTAIN SOSNOFSKY, whose scientific trip into Mongolia and Siberia from the side of China has been already mentioned in these columns, arrived at Han-kow by steamer from Shanghai just about the time when the European residents were holding their race meetings. The Cossacks being well known for their skill in horsemanship went through some feats at the request of the inhabitants, and were much applauded. The local authorities have shown (for Chinese) the most extraordinary favour to the Russians by giving them permission to visit every part of the town and neighbourhood (a concession never previously accorded to strangers), and to photograph any Chinese inhabitants or views at pleasure.

WITH regard to the plans for the improvements in and about the Tiber, it may be of some interest to know that in the last half of the seventeenth century a Dutch hydraulic engineer, Cornelius Meyr, was invited to Rome for the same purpose. Many of his plans were carried out, but the most important part was left undone through the jealousy of the Italian architects and engineers. Meyr, however, published them with many engravings in a book printed in Rome in 1683, under the title, "L'Arte de' Restituire a Roma, etc. Dell' Ingegniero Cornelio Meyr Olandese."

WE learn from the German papers that the first part of Dr. Adolf Bastian's Report of the German Expedition to the Loango Coast has been published at Jena. In this volume the experienced African explorer, who had been specially appointed to guide the directors of the Expedition in their choice of a site for their chief trading station, sets forth his reasons for fixing upon Chinchoxo on the Landana coast, about sixty miles north of the mouth of the Zaïre, and gives so minutely detailed a report of the various geognostic and meteorological conditions of the district, with a careful exposition of the local fauna and flora, and the ethnological and social characteristics of the native tribes, that he in effect presents his readers with an exhaustive history of this imperfectly known portion of Central Africa. Special interest attaches to his account of the peculiar form of priest-kingship which prevails in the kingdom of Angoy, on the Loango coast, where the requirements for the dignity and the preliminary ceremonies of coronation are

"Terra-cotta group of two Erotes or Cupids holding grapes, and thyrsus. From the Fayoum.

A torch-bearing genius, perhaps intended for Thanatos, Death, wearing a chlamys. From the same locality.

"Several lamps from Damanhour, with the names of makers, Agathos, Faustus, and Caius, one with the HPA incised.

"Terra-cotta jug in shape of a female head, and another moulded in the form of a pigeon.

"Red granite head of a negro. From Tel Basta. "Two arragonite heads of Rameses III. for inlaying. From Tel El Yahoudeh.

"Dark stone cylindroid weight, with inscription. "Silex fragment of a vase, on which are engraved the name and titles of Apep, or Apophis, an unplaced monarch.

"Steatite figure of Isis, standing, with her name and titles inscribed.

"Porcelain cartouche for inlaying, having on it the name of Rameses V. From Tel El Yahoudeh.

"Green porcelain ibex, having on the base the prenomen of Amenophis III. of the 18th dynasty. Blue_porcelain, porcelain object in shape of a flower. From Tel El Yahoudeh.

"Some porcelain tiles for inlaying, in shape of an ogive, with papyrus flowers, buds, and rosettes. "Green porcelain cylinder, with name and titles of Thothmes III. of the 18th dynasty."

In addition to these it is only necessary to notice the very large collection of Assyrian antiquities from the excavations carried on in Mesopotamia by Mr. George Smith in 1873 and 1874, sufficient accounts of which have already been published.

In the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, upon which Mr. C. T. Newton reports, we observe the following among presentations by Admiral Spratt:—

66

Marble fragment of a Greek inscription recording

a decree of proxenia, granted by the people of Telos to Arion, son of Aristonikos, a native of Ptolemais. From Telos.

"Two marble fragments, apparently parts of one inscription. On one of these fragments occurs the title MONAPXOZ, which was applied to the chief magistrate of Cos. On the other fragment is mention of Asklepios, whose worship prevailed in that island. From Cos.

"Marble fragment of an inscription, apparently part of a decree conferring the rights of citizenship on certain persons. From Cos."

The Rev. H. F. Tozer presented two fragments of pottery found in Santorin, the ancient Thera, on a site supposed to be that of prehistoric dwellings.

Among the purchases for this department may be mentioned :

Twenty-one statuettes and a mask in terra-cotta,

66

Onyx cameo. Victory holding a bust, probey of a Roman empress; a fruit tree and an animal with

reindeer horns. This cameo, which is of unusual size, is probably as late as the third century A.D. It was formerly in the collection of M. J. F. Leturcq.

"A pair of gold ear-rings, remarkable for the richness of their decoration, and their great size. They appear to be of a late period. Found in Grenada, Spain.

"An archaic Greek amphora of fictile ware, the design painted in black on a drab ground. On each side of the body is a lion, and on each side of the neck two cocks fighting. From Athens.

"A pyxis of fictile ware, round which is painted a frieze in red figures on a black ground, representing the interior of a house in which two female figures are waited on at their toilet by several attendants Over the heads of these figures are inscribed the names Pontomedeia, Glauke, Kymodoke, Kymothes, Galene, Doso, Thaleia. This pyxis is one of the most beautiful extant specimens of Athenian vase painting. From Athens.

"A marble statuette of a draped female figure. The drapery is well composed, and altogether the figure is an interesting example of the later school of Greek sculpture. Found at Arnitha in Rhodes.

"A Greek inscription containing a dedication by a priest to kings of Egypt, probably Ptolemy Soter and Philadelphus.

"An alabaster jar, probably a measure, on which is an inscription in characters resembling those on the coins of Pamphylia. Found near Rhodes.

"Two alabaster vases, one of which is of the peculiar funnel shape only met with in the archaic fictile ware of Ialysos and Santorin."

"A Cupid, four small figures, a mouse, a bull, a vase-handle, and sundry small objects in bronze."

Among the Greek inscriptions received from Ephesus, part of the result of Mr. Wood's exploration of the site of the Temple of Diana. are

"One of the duplicate bilingual inscriptions found in the peribolos wall. This inscription, which is in Greek and Latin, states that the Emperor Augustus out of the revenues of the Goddess Diana, had rebuilt the peribolos wall round her Temple. This was in the pro-consulship of C. Asinius Gallus (B.c. 6), whose name is erased from the inscription. He had been condemned by the Senate, A.D. 31.

"Stele, with inscription bearing the same date as the last, and with the name of C. Asinius Gallus again

erased. This inscription marks the breadth of a watercourse. From the peribolos wall."

ing acquisitions by the Department of British and Mr. A. W. Franks notes among other interestMediaeval Antiquities the following:

"The head of a king, carved in ivory, of the fourteenth century, probably of English workmanship; from the Meyrick collection.

"Forty-three tiles from the site of Chertsey Abbey, Surrey.

"An ewer in pottery of the thirteenth century, in the form of a knight on horseback; a stoneware figure of Meleager, made by John Dwight at Fulham, about 1672; and an earthenware tyg, dated 1640.

"Three specimens of English earthenware; one of scription relating to the contested election for Oxfordthem, a candlestick dated 1651; another, with inshire, in 1754-55.

"A Byzantine buckle set with pastes; Byzantine cameo, and two golden ornaments of uncertain age, from Ephesus.

Carved ivory head of a tau staff of the thirteenth century; two carvings in ivory, probably of Syrian

work; two early carved Oriental boxes in ivory, and & German cup turned in ivory; an early Majolica bowl, two Majolica jars from a Spezieria, one of them dated Faenza. 1549, and four pewter plates, made at Nürnberg, with designs in relief.

"A very extensive collection of watches, illustrating the various phases through which the art of watchmaking has passed, collected by the late Sir Charles Fellows, and bequeathed by his widow, Lady Fellows. It consists of eighty-seven specimens, varying in date from 1520 to 1720; two of them are stated to have belonged to Oliver Cromwell.

"A German alarum clock made at Tübingen, 1554, an old English watch in a gold filigree case, and five pocket dials.

A very fine watch, in an enamelled case, stated to have belonged to Queen Elizabeth, in whose reign the works may have been made; the case is of the time of Charles II.

"A watch with an enamelled portrait of George II., and a curious movement of soldiers, probably alluding to the Battle of Dettingen, 1743."

To the Department of Coins and Medals Mr. R

S. Poole has added a remarkable selection from Phrygia and the neighbouring parts, collected on the spot, and comprising some rare specimens; a number of very rare coins and medallions, including pieces of Mytilene, Ephesus, Pergamus, Ilium, &c., chiefly from the well-known cabinet of Mr. Addington; an aureus of Julian the Tyrant, slain near Verona by Carinus, of which the Museum possesses only one other specimen; a gold medal, supposed to be of George Seton, Earl of Huntley, dated 1562; &c., &c.

To the Department of Zoology the most notable donation last year was the collection of shells, formed by Mrs. John Edward Gray, consisting of about 12,000 specimens, representing about 4,000 species. The most notable purchase was the series of the brilliant or richly coloured beetles of the family Buprestidae, from the collection of Mr. Edward Saunders, who had made this group his special study for many years, and had brought together 7,267 specimens in the most perfect state of preservation. Among other purchases were:"A series of nine skins and skeletons of large Quadrupeds from Southern Abyssinia, supplementary to the collection purchased last year, viz., the skeleton of a male Giraffe, the skins and skeletons of both sexes of a wild Buffalo (Bubalus centralis), the skins and skulls of a variety of Water-buck (Kobus singsing), and of a smaller Antelope (Tragelaphus decula), and skeletons of an adult Rhinoceros bicornis and Hippopotamus.

The type of a new Pheasant (Lobiophasis Bulweri) from the interior of Borneo; presented by H. E. the Governor of Labuan, and named after the donor. This is one of the most interesting additions that have been made for some years past to our knowledge of birds. It is a bird rather above the size of a common Pheasant, and with skinny wattles on the naked head which are probably of a bright blue colour during life. The body, which is entirely of a deep black colour (each feather having a glossy margin), terminates in a long lyre-shaped snowy white tail."

A very extensive collection of Pleistocene Mammalian remains from the Fluviatile deposit of "Brick earth" in the Valley of the Thames at Ilford, Essex, has been added to the Department of Geology by Mr. Geo. R. Waterhouse, being the entire Museum of Sir Antonio Brady, and consisting of upwards of 900 specimens. They comprise portions of the skeletons of the following animals: The Fossil Lion (Felis spelaea, Goldfuss), Fox (Canis vulpes, Briss.), and a species of Bear, together with Elephant, Rhinoceros, Horse, Hippopotamus, Deer, Bison, and Ox remains. Of Elephant remains there are nearly 300 specimens, including tusks, molar teeth, portions of skulls and lower jaws, and other parts of the skeleton. Some few of these are referable to the Elephas antiquus, Falconer; the remainder appertain to the Elephas primigenius, or Mammoth; a series of great scientific interest, since it comprises teeth, jaws, limb-bones, and other parts, of a large number of individuals, showing the conditions of these parts at the different ages of the animal,

The value of this collection is much enhanced by an excellent catalogue of its contents which accompanies it.

The additions by Mr. Story-Maskelyne to the Collection of Minerals have been valuable rather than numerous. The number of new specimens is 814. They include native gold from various parts of Queensland and California; a series of crystals of diamond lying in the decomposed rock in which they are found at the diamond fields of South Africa; and native sulphur, in remarkably fine crystals, from Girgenti, Sicily.

The cryptogamic collections in Mr. W. Carruthers' Botanical Department have been largely increased during the past year. An extensive series of Lichens was obtained from the Herbarium of Dr. Nylander, of Paris, and the wellknown Lichen Herbarium of Isaac Carroll was purchased, one especially rich in rare and unique Irish specimens. The most important acquisition, however, was the Moss Herbarium of the late Mr. Wm. Wilson, of Warrington, who devoted his life to that study; he was the author of the standard work on British Mosses, and of numerous memoirs on exotic species. This herbarium contains the type-specimens of those various works, and abounds in original drawings prepared with singular accuracy, and with manuscript notes of great critical value. It consists of a collection of British mosses and Jungermannieae, as well as a collection of foreign specimens of these two orders.

We have little space left wherein to quote from Mr. G. W. Reid's return from the Department of Prints and Drawings. The chief new examples, however-those from the collection of the eminent connoisseur, Hugh Howard—have already been noticed in our columns. We are glad to learn that considerable progress has been made with the third volume of the Printed Catalogue of Satirical Prints and Drawings; all the works of Hogarth have been described, and the allusions in which they abound exhaustively explained. In this respect, we are told, the Catalogue will probably leave nothing to be done, and will represent Hogarth completely.

NOTES OF A TOUR IN THE CYCLADES AND CRETE.

V. Crete (continued).

THE convent of Arkadi, which was regarded as the largest and richest in Crete, having an income of about 1,000l. a year, is now a mass of ruins. The siege of this place by the Turks, and the massacre that followed, from its tragic character, did more than anything else to attract the attention of Western Europe to the Cretan struggle. Only two of the survivors, a monk and a boy, now reside within the walls; indeed, the rest of the fathers perished at the time of the siege; the monks who now inhabit it have come from other monasteries. The present hegumen is a most ignorant man; almost the only remark he ever made was oráku, orál ("it drips, it drips"), which was suggested by the effect of the pitiless rain on the patched-up roof of the room in which we were lodged, so that to avoid it we were frequently obliged to shift our position, and it even dropped on to our beds at night. At Retimo we had been told that the monastery had been rebuilt, and that we should find good accommodation; but the truth was that only two or three rooms were habitable, of which ours was the best. Throughout our tour we had to carry our provisions with us, for the natives could not supply us even with bread; wine, however, was to be had, and this was excellent. The buildings form a single quadrangle, in the middle of which stands the church; this has been repaired, as also in some measure has the western façade of the monastery; but neither of them shows any trace of Byzantine architecture, being in a debased Re

period, must have presented a striking contrast to the lordly structures of Mount Athos. A few tall cypresses in the court do their best to relieve the dismal desolation.

The following morning, at our request, the monk who had been present at the siege conducted us round the building and described to us the harrowing details. It took place on November 19, 1866. The Christians who defended it had assembled there some days before, and for greater safety had brought together the women, children, and old men from the neighbouring country within the walls. The Turks approached from the side of Retimo, and at first their commander offered the defenders terms of capitulation, but these were refused, because his soldiers were irregulars, and the Christians knew from experience that these would neither obey orders, nor suffer anyone to escape. A cannon, which the besiegers had dragged hither with some difficulty, was at first planted on a neighbouring height, but as it produced but little effect on the walls, and in the meantime the attacking parties suffered greatly from the fire of the besieged, on the following day it was brought up in front of the monastery, so as to command the entrance gate, which they blew in. After a fearful struggle, they forced their way in at the point of the bayonet, and commenced an indiscriminate massacre, in which 300 souls perished. The court ran with blood, our informant said, and was so piled with bodies that you could not pass from one side to the other. Simultaneously with this attack in front, another band of Turks made an assault from behind, where there was a postern; but close to it the powder magazine was situated, in a chamber over which numbers of monks and women and children were congregated together. As soon as the besiegers were close to the postern, the Christians set fire to the powder, and blew up all this part of the building, involving their friends and their enemies in common ruin. Large pieces of the shattered wall remain outside the new wall, and though most of the Turks were buried where they fell, yet the bones of others may be seen lying on the ground. In the midst of the massacre six and thirty Christians took refuge in the refectory, but they were pursued and all killed, and their blood still stains the walls. About sixty others collected together in a corridor, and begged for quarter, as having taken no part in the insurrection, and the lives of these were spared. The monastery was then fired, and many sick and helpless persons perished in the conflagration. The horrible narrative told by an eye-witness on the spot carried our thoughts back to the Suliotes and their destruction by Ali Pasha. It is fair, however, to remember, that this same convent was the scene of a great massacre of Mahometans by Christians at the time of the first insurrection. Barbarity is the order of the day in Cretan warfare.

At

As we left Arkadi, all the inmates of the monastery had assembled at the gate to wish us "God speed," and we then pursued our journey southward over uncultivated heath-clad slopes, until in an hour's time we reached the central ridge which forms the backbone of the island, and may be at this point about 2,500 feet above the sea. first, looking back, we obtained pretty views of the convent with the gorge by its side, between the cliffs of which the distant blue sea was seen as through a frame; and from the summit the Acrotiri near Khanea unexpectedly appeared, delicately delineated on the horizon. On our left was one of the numerous forts which the Turks have constructed in commanding positions to keep the natives in check; there are said to be 290 of them in the island, but this is probably an exaggeration. The rain had now ceased, but the north wind swept over these uplands with intense bitterness. Descending on the opposite side, we struck into the best road we had seen in Crete, which leads from Retimo to the south coast, and not long after arrived at a wayside fountain, called “The

water of the stone" (Tйs TITрaç Tò vepó). Our guide Pandeli informed us (and his testimony was confirmed by a peasant who was passing at the time), that it is considered to have great efficacy in curing the disease of the stone, and that this is the origin of the name. Pashley says that bottles of the water are exported for this purpose even as far as to Constantinople. We gradually came in sight of the south-west buttresses of Ida, which are far more precipitous than anything on the other side of the mountain; but of the summit we saw nothing more than tempting peeps of snow-peaks under the clouds. In the midst of a violent hailstorm we reached the monastery of Asomatos, which is three hours distant from Arkadi, and lies in the midst of olive-groves, interspersed with numerous myrtle-bushes, in a wide rich valley deeply sunk among the mountains.

girls, who were dressed as ordinary peasants, and engaged in cooking and other domestic occupations, but from their acquaintance with purer Greek were evidently superior to their present position. They were perfect Italian madonnas, having oval faces and oval eyes fringed with fine lashes and surmounted by arched and well-marked eyebrows, the upper lip short, and the nose wellcut and slightly aquiline. Besides an upper dress, they wore the usual dress of Cretan women, white trousers reaching nearly to the ankle, a short petticoat, and a handkerchief on the head. Shortly afterwards the mother entered, wearing a curious cape of woollen stuff, which hung from the head and covered the back and sides; and was followed by the old father, who carried a sort of crook, and looked a truly patriarchal old man. The parents only spoke the ordinary Cretan dialect. The Turks had destroyed all their property during the insurrection, but notwithstanding this we soon learnt how rapidly an intelligent Greek can make his way in the world. After a little conversation the old woman produced a large photograph, framed and glazed, representing a good-looking gentleman in a Frank dress; and this person we learnt was one of her sons, who had emigrated at the conclusion of the war, and now held an excellent mercantile appointment at Marseilles. We were destined, however, to a still greater surprise. Fancy our astonishment when we found that the old man's sister had married an English gentleman, and was still living in Scotland. It is a very curious history. At the time when Crete was under the dominion of Mehemet Ali, a boy and girl of the Psaraki family (for that is their name, though in Cretan it is pronounced Psaratch) were carried off with many others as slaves to Egypt. Mr. H, who was then in that country, saw this female slave exposed for sale, and being struck with her beauty, bought her and married her. In the course of time the brother also obtained his freedom, and became a travelling servant (our dragoman was acquainted with him, having met him on several occasions); and in that capacity he once accompanied his sister and her husband on a tour on the Nile. Subsequently the married couple returned to Crete, and established themselves at Apodulo, where Mr. H-built himself a house, which was made over to his wife, as he being a foreigner could not hold it in his own name. At a later period, when they left the country and took up their residence in England, it passed into the hands of one of Mrs. H-'s brothers, the old patriarch with whom we are now conversing. This dwellwas assigned to us as our abode for the night, and in its half-ruined state a most dismal habitation it was, for our room, which partook of the nature of a cellar, was fearfully damp, possessed no door, and was partly tenanted by rabbits, which seemed to have discovered the secret of perpetual motion. Of the other children of the Psaraki family, besides those I have mentioned, one son is the priest of the parish, while two boys live at home and attend the village school, where they get their education gratis, having only to provide their books. These schools are regulated by the Demogerontia, an institution peculiar to the Cretan Christians, having no political position, but consisting of a representative council for a certain area of the country, under the presidency of the Bishop, which superintends the administration of certain properties, makes provision for widows and orphans, directs education, &c. It is now arranged that about a quarter of the revenues of all the monasteries shall be handed over to the Demo

This convent was left uninjured during the last insurrection, though both the Turkish and Christian forces passed by this way. It is a very poor place, resembling those which we had seen on the sides of the Thessalian Olympus, and consists of a single quadrangle, surrounded by lower buildings than those of Arkadi, while stables and other irregular tenements are grouped on to it on the outside. Within were numerous fine orangetrees, on which the fruit was still hanging, and the church stood in the centre. The iconostasis of this was finely carved and gilt, and from the roof hung a glass chandelier, which from its appearance must have come from Venice. From a beam on one side of the court are suspended three Venetian bells, which are said to have been concealed, and only discovered in 1873; they were inscribed with the dates 1633 and 1639 respectively, and both were ornamented with figures in relief of our Lord on the cross, of the Virgin and of St. John, while the smaller of the two had also a figure of a bishop, who the monks said was St. Spiridion. The constitution of this society is idiorrhythmic, or on the independent system, whereas Arkadi was Coenobia, i.e. with a common table, stricter discipline, and a superior elected for life. Certainly, order was not predominant in the appearance of the monks of Asomatos, for they wore no distinctive dress, and only differed from common peasants in having their hair unshorn. The hegumen, in particular, with his burly figure, black bushy beard, and bronzed countenance, would have made an excellent study for one of Ribera's bandits. We were entertained in a low vaulted apartment, where a blazing fire and some of the good wine of the monastery were very welcome; in Crete and the other islands resin is not mixeding with the wine, as it is on the mainland of Greece. We were told that no boars, or wolves, or bears, are found on Ida; according to the Cretan legend all the larger wild beasts were once for all expelled from the island by St. Paul: in ancient times the same thing was attributed to Hercules. Game also is scarce; we saw nothing but a few ducks and partridges and a snipe during the whole of our journey.

a

We continued our route towards the south-east, until at last, in crossing one of the buttresses of

us,

Ida, we came in sight of the southern sea. Gradually the Bay of Messara opened out before with the headland of Matala beyond, to the eastward of which appeared a depression in the hills which border the coast, marking the site of the

"Fair Havens." At the same time the red sunset tints, seen through a dip in the dark mountains to the west, gave cheering signs of a change in the weather. At nightfall we found ourselves at the village of Apodulo, on the mountain-side, and here we determined to pass the night. While our dragoman was enquiring for tolerable quarters for us among the ruined dwellings, we rested at the first cottage we came to, which consisted of one long ground-floor room blackened with smoke, with a clay floor and a large kitchen range, beds and a few other rude articles of furniture, while in one corner a sheep was tethered. Its occupants were three sisters, remarkably handsome

gerontiae for the support of the schools. These boys were quick children, and, like the girls, understood our Romaic much more readily than the parents did. The brother in Marseilles, Alexander, is anxious that one of them should come out to him to make his fortune, and the boy expressed himself ready to go, but his mother is unwilling to part with him.

The next morning (March 28) all our senses were delighted by a clear sky, bright sun, and

|

This weather continued

fresh and gentle breeze. during the rest of our stay in the island. The cloudless mountain summits gave us quite a new idea of the scenery, the most conspicuous being the pyramidal form of the snow-capped Kedros (6,000 feet) the highest point that intervenes between Ida and the White Mountains. In a ploughed field in the neighbourhood of the village I found the rare and beautiful Iris tuberosa in flower, the greenish petals of which turn outwards with a purple lip; the gladiolus, which was growing plentifully along with it, was not yet in bud. As we continued our journey along the mountains, still towards the south-east, we obtained a distant view of the island of Gaudos, the Clauda of the Acts of the Apostles, lying far away to the west, which now belongs to the Sphakiotes; nearer to us lay an islet called Paximadi, .e. "Biscuit," evidently from its shape. Through a depression between Kedros and the heights that separate it from the sea, the White Mountains were visible, with all the features of an Alpine chain; and next Psilorites (Ida) came in sight behind us, presenting a vast mass of snowfields. At length, when the last range of hills was crossed, the level district of Messara, the richest in Crete, lay at our feet, reminding us of Marathon by its curving sandy shore, which fringes the soft blue water of the bay, while it is separated from the southern sea by a range of hills, beyond which lies the "Fair Havens." Descending to the low ground, where the temperature was really warm, we ride at first over irregular sloping ground, where the shepherd's horn, by which the sheep are called together, was heard in the midst of the solitudes, and thus arrive at the real plain, where orange trees were growing in the half-ruined villages, and the plane trees were budding near the watercourses. The range Ida as seen from here, though bright with glistening snows, is not in other respects striking, as its level line is only broken by one conspicuous saddle in the ridge. The plain, which extends far inland by a gradual ascent towards the east, backed by the distant Dictaean mountains, is covered at the sides by olive groves, while the rest was a sea of young green corn, the expanse being unbroken by hedge-rows. On account of its great fertility this region has been appropriated by the Turks, and for the same reason in time of war it is the first object of attack to the Sphakiote mountaineers. In most parts of the island the land is in the hands of the peasants, and where the properties are large the metayer system prevails, and the cultivator receives half the produce. At a place called Mires, where we made our midday halt in great enjoyment under the shade of the olives, a Kaimakam resides, and we saw a group of Turks watching the paces of one of the spirited little horses which are bred here. It was for sale, and 607. was the price asked for it. At an hour's distance from this we reached the village of Metropoli, where we crossed a copious stream, descending from Ida to join the main river that intersects the plain, the ancient Lethaeus, and half-an-hour further on alighted at another called Hagius Deka ("Ayovg Aika), from ten saints who were martyred here in the Decian persecution. Between the two villages, at the foot of the buttresses of Ida, and on the edge of the plain, about ten miles from the sea, was situated the ancient Gortyna.

As both Pashley and Spratt mention a Captain Elias as an important man at Hagius Deka, we enquired for his house, but were informed that he had now been dead two years, and had been succeeded by his son, Captain George. The fine old man, of whom every one speaks in terms of praise, had gone through all the fighting of the late war, though eighty years of age, but did not long sur vive its close. The title of Captain, which is frequently found among the Christians in Crete, is a curious concession by the rulers to the amour propre of the natives, being assumed in times of insurrection by the leaders of revolutionary bands,

and subsequently recognised officially, as a compliment, by the authorities. Captain George, a middle-aged man, with strongly-marked features, but a more care-worn face even than the majority of the suffering Cretans, received us kindly into his house, which had been completely ruined, but was now roofed in at the top, though there was no floor to divide the upper storey from the ground-room. He was evidently in great poverty, but, like so many others, looked superior to his present condition. In the court yard in front of the house were numerous fragments of white marble, and near the entrance was a piece of a column, and a sarcophagus with bulls' heads and wreaths of flowers of inferior workmanship, which was used as a trough.

The ruins of Gortyna cover a large extent of ground, but none of them are either anterior to the Roman period, or in good preservation. The city was divided in two parts by the stream already mentioned, which takes its name from the neighbouring village (τῆς Μητροπόλεως τὸ φαράγγι): on an eminence on the further side of this was situated the acropolis, while below it, excavated in the hillside, was the theatre, which is now an almost shapeless mass of rubbish. Opposite to this, on the other bank, stood the Church of St. Titus, a building of massive stone, the principal remaining part of which is a double apse; from the appearance of the arches there must originally have been three apses, and the central one has three semi-cupolas. It is certainly very ancient, and, according to some archaeologists, cannot have been built later than the fourth or fifth century. At all events, it has the interest of association, for, as Gortyna was the Roman capital of the island, and contained an old-established colony of Jews (see 1 Macc. xv. 23), there is every reason to believe that it must have been the headquarters of Titus's ministrations. He is now the patron saint of Crete. The tradition of an ancient bishopric having existed on this spot is preserved to the present day in the name Metropolis. The remaining buildings, which lie dispersed over the fields, are entirely of brick and rubble; one that we saw was circular, another rectangular; the largest is the amphitheatre, situated in the neighbourhood of Hagius Deka, of which not much more than the foundations and the shape remain. H. F. TOZER.

SELECTED BOOKS.
General Literature and Art.

A CHRISTIAN Painter of the Nineteenth Century: being the
Life of Hippolyte Flandrin. Rivingtons.
AMPÈRE, André-Marie et Jean-Jacques.

Correspondance et Souvenirs (de 1805 à 1864). 2 Vol. Paris: Hetzel. 7 fr. FLETCHER, Mrs., of Edinburgh, The Autobiography of. Edited by Lady Richardson. Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas. 7s. 6d.

FORBES, L. Two Years in Fiji. Longmans. 8s. 6d.
MALLESON, G. B. The Native States of India in Subsidiary
Alliance with the British Government. Longmans. 158.
MAXWELL, Sir W. Stirling. The Procession of Pope Clement
VII. and the Emperor Charles V. after the Coronation at
Bologna, A.D. 1530. Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas.

1058.

MISS OTTE'S SCANDINAVIAN HISTORY. British Museum: May 3, 1875.

This, I suppose, proves that the incident of the two pictures was in the older Shaksperian Hamlet, where Polonius was Corambis. The German Hamlet, printed by Herr Cohn in his Shakspere in Germany, represents this Corambis Hamlet, and contains the incident, but there the pictures are not carried, but hung in a gallery. "Look," says Hamlet, "in that gallery hangs the counterfeit resemblance of your first husband, and there hangs the counterfeit of your present husband." It appears then that in the early days of the Corambis Hamlet (before 1603) there was already a difference in treating this incident. Sometimes, as in the German imitation, or, as in the plate in Rowe's first edition (1709), the pictures were hung in a gallery. Sometimes they were carried in under the cloak-for they seem, in both cases, to have been large enough to show to the audience. They afterwards dwindled to miniatures. Perhaps Mr. Irving is the first Hamlet who has reduced the pictures to points, and has them only in his mind's eye.

Dekker's picture of Jonson in 1602 is noteworthy, if only for its contrast with the later Jonson, and his "mountain-belly." He was then a lean hollow-faced scrag," with no beard, and a face "punched full of oylet holes, like a warming-pan. R. SIMPSON.

66

APPOINTMENTS FOR NEXT WEEK. SATURDAY, May 8, 3 p.m. Royal Institution: Rev. Mark Pattison on "A Chapter of University History."

It appears that in my review of Miss Otte's Scandinavian History (in the ACADEMY for April 24) I have made use of certain expressions which are liable to be misunderstood, and which have given pain to the gifted authoress. I hasten to apologise and to explain. I find that in pointing out that certain statements in the earlier chapters of the book were not in accordance with the latest archaeological discoveries, I seemed to accuse the authoress of obtaining her information from antiquated or limited sources, and I made use of the unfortunate name of Dahlmann. To all who know anything of the subject, and who have Miss Otté's volume in their hands, it is needless, of course, to say that it could not have been MONDAY, May 10, compiled from any German work whatever, but bears marks on the face of it of being gathered from the Danish of Suhm and Allen, the Swedish of Geijer, and the Norse of P. A. Munch, to name no lesser authorities; for general readers I may be allowed to repeat more plainly that no pains have been spared to collect materials from the best sources in the original languages. I say so much gladly, reserving my opinion that the effort to bring the work down to the level of a child's class-book has been a terrible mistake; but of this, in all probability, the authoress is wholly guiltless. EDMUND W. Gosse.

AN ALLUSION TO HAMLET.

4 Victoria Road, Clapham. I do not know whether the following allusion to Hamlet has been noticed. Satiromastix, we all know, was Dekker's answer to Ben Jonson's Poetaster. It was written for Shakspere's company, by whom it was publicly acted, and was published in 1602. Tucca, the instrument of vengeance upon Horace-Jonson, when asked his name, replies: "My name's Hamlet-revenge" (Dekker's Works, vol. i. p. 229, Pearson's edition); and when proceeding to take his revenge on Horace, he comes on the stage, "his boy after him with two pictures under his cloake " (p. 257). Shortly after he uses the pictures as Hamlet does in the scene with his mother, viz. :

"Look here you staring Leviathan, here's the sweet visage of Horace; look parboil'd face, look; Horace had a trim long beard, and a reasonable good face for a poet (as faces go nowadays). Horace did not screw and wriggle himself into great mens familiarity (impudently) as thou dost; nor wear the badge of gentlemens company as thou dost thy taffety sleeves tack'd only with some points of profit. No, Horace had not his face punched full of oylet holes like the cover of a warming pan; Horace loved poets well, and gave cockscombs to none but fools; but thou lovest none, neither wise men nor fools, but thyself; Horace was a goodly corpulent gentleman, and not so lean a hollow-cheek'd scrag as thou art.

"No, here's the copy of thy countenance; by this will I learn to make a number of villanous faces more, and to look scurvily upon the world, as thou dost."

TUESDAY, May 11,

33

Physical: Mr. H. Bauermann on

"The Electric Conductivity of Anthracite Coal."

8.30 p.m. 3 p.m. 8 p.m.

Geographical.

Royal Institution:

Professor Gladstone on "Chemical Force." Anthropological Institute: Mr. M.D. Conway on "Mythology;" Rev. A. H. Sayce on "Language a Test of Social Contact, not of Race." Civil Engineers. Photographic. Royal Society of Literature. Society of Arts. Geological. Psychological: Mr. Serjeant Cox on "The Phenomena of Sleep and Dreams; " Mr. G. Harris on "The Psychology of Memory." THURSDAY, May 13, 3 p.m. Royal Institution: Mr. J. Dewar on "The Progress of PhysicoChemical Enquiry."

WEDNESDAY, May 12,4.15p.m.

FRIDAY, May 14,

8 p.m.

5 p.m. Zoological Gardens: Davis Lecture (Professor Garrod on "Sheep, Oxen, and Antelopes ").

7 p.m. London Institution: Professor Morley on The Inner Thought of Shakspere's Plays." I. Society of Arts.

8 p.m.

Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy based on the Doctrine of Evolution, with Criticisms of the Positive Philosophy. By John Fiske, M.A., LL.B., Assistant Librarian, and formerly Lecturer on Philosophy at Harvard University. In Two Volumes. (London: Macmillan & Co., 1874.) THIS work of Mr. Fiske's may be not unfairly designated the most important contribution yet made by America to philosophical literature. Its publication, however, in London, and the dating of its preface from Venice, prepare us for finding

its contents rather European than American. And such they are. The work is, by the author himself, called an "outline-sketch of the New Philosophy, based on the doctrine of Evolution," and more particularly of the philosophy of Mr. Spencer. But, though Mr. Spencer entitles his system "Synthetic Philosophy," Mr. Fiske prefers as name for it "Cosmic Philosophy." "This phrase," Mr. Fiske acknowledges, "has not found favour with Mr. Spencer." But he urges that Mr. Spencer's philosophy is not merely a Synthesis, but a "Cosmic Synthesis; and maintains that, while this epithet distinguishes the Spencerian from theological and ontological systems, which, in admitting miracle, deny the persistence of Force, and profess to deal with existences not included within the phenomenal world, it equally distinguishes Mr. Spencer's Synthesis from Comte's, since Positivism " sists of an Organon of scientific methods ancillary to the construction of a system of Sociology, and has always implicitly denied the practical possibility of such a unified doctrine of the Cosmos as Mr. Spencer has succeeded in making."

con

But while Mr. Fiske does not claim for

his book the character of an original work, it has nevertheless, he says, 66 come to contain so much new matter, both critical and constructive, that it can no longer be regarded as a mere reproduction of Mr. Spencer's thoughts." In saying this, the author is perfectly justified; and it is this which justifies us in calling special attention to his book. His "6 new critical matter is mostly to be found in the chapters relating to religion, and in the discussion of the various points of antagonism between the philosophy here expounded and the positive philosophy." These critical views and Mr. Fiske's attempt to show that "the hostility between Science and Religion is purely a chimaera of the imagination," are summed up in a theory of "Cosmic Theism." But it is to the statement and criticism of Mr. Fiske's " 'new constructive matter" that we must here confine ourselves.

With the exception of numerous minor suggestions scattered here and there throughout the work, this new constructive matter is found in the five last chapters of Part II. (chapters xviii. to xxii.). The earlier of these chapters lead to conclusions concerning the relations of a social community to its environment such as will, the author modestly says, "doubtless be much more thoroughly and satisfactorily presented by Mr. Spencer in his forthcoming work on Sociology." But the following chapters on the Genesis of Man, along with much expository and critical matter, contain a theory as to the part taken by the prolongation of human infancy in originating social evolution, which the author claims to be "entirely new in all its features." It is, then, these more distinctively original views that we propose here to state and criticise.

The problem which Mr. Fiske attempts to solve by his theory of the influence of a prolonged infancy is stated in the question, How did social evolution originate? The latest writer upon this subject is inclined to give up the problem as insoluble.

“I, at least,” says Mr. Bagehot in his Physics

and Politics, "find it difficult to conceive of men at all like the present men, unless existing in something like families, that is, in groups avowedly connected, at least on the mother's side, and probably always with a vestige of connexion, more or less, on the father's side, and unless these groups were, like many animals, gregarious, under a leader more or less fixed."

But, he adds:-"It is almost beyond imagination how man, as we know man, could, by any sort of process, have gained this step in civilisation." Undaunted, how ever, by the difficulty of the problem, let us, says Mr. Fiske, "now take a step in advance of previous speculation, and see what can be done by combining two theorems: " the one furnished by Mr. Wallace, and ranking

"as one of the most brilliant contributions ever yet made to the doctrine of Evolution; the other, resulting from the researches of Sir Henry Maine, and confirmed by those of Messrs. Tylor, M'Lennan, and Lubbock.

The first of these theorems may be thus stated:-" So soon as the intelligence of an animal has, through ages of natural selection and direct adaptation, become so considerable that a slight variation in it is of more use to the animal than any variation in physical structure; then such variations will be more and more constantly selected, while purely physical variations, being of less vital importance to the species, will be relatively more and more neglected." Hence we may understand why man differs so little in general physical structure and external appearance from the chimpanzee and gorilla, while with regard to the special point of cerebral structure and its correlative intelligence he differs so vastly from these, his nearest living congeners, and the most sagacious of animals save himself. Nor need we now hesitate to affirm-" not as a concession to Mr. St. George Mivart, but as a legitimate result of our own method of enquiry"-that when "the totality of man's being" is taken into account, the difference between ape and mushroom is less important than the difference between ape and man. And without conceding aught to what Mr. Fiske characterises as "that superlative nonsense known as the doctrine of special creations,"" we may admit that, as affirmed by the Duke of Argyll, the eleven cubic inches of brainspace by which the aboriginal Hindu surpasses the gorilla, have a higher value for purposes of classification than the sixty-eight cubic inches by which the modern European surpasses the Hindu. For, when those eleven cubic inches of brain (or even when four or five of them) had been gained, natural selection began to confine itself chiefly to variations in psychical manifestations, and then began a new chapter in the history of the evolution of life.

Now, further, one of the most important results of the researches of Sir Henry Maine and others is that the primordial unit of society was a family group, with, indeed, women and property in common, but more permanent in its constitution than anything to be found of the kind, either among non

human primates, or among other gregarious animals. Here we have the beginning of that sociality which, as distinguished from mere gregariousness, is peculiar to mankind. But the problem we are endeavouring to

solve is just that of the origin of social evolution, or of sociality. Evidently, there fore, we state this problem in but a more concrete form as that of the origin of "permanent relationships, giving rise to recipro cal necessities of behaviour, among a group of individuals associated for the performance of sexual and parental functions," or, in a word, of the Family. The solution Mr. Fiske offers of the problem is by endeavouring to show the causal connexion between that complex intelligence of the highest mammal which natural selection is ever improving, and the comparative permanence of the family union.

But

His argument is as follows. Whatever may be the physical interpretation, the fact remains undeniable that, while the nervous connexions accompanying a simple intelligence are already organised at birth, the nervous connexions accompanying a complex intelligence are chiefly organised after birth. Thus there arise the phenomena of infancy, which are non-existent among those animals whose psychical actions are purely reflex and instinctive. Infancy, psychologically considered, is the period during which the nerve-connexions and correlative ideal associations necessary for self-maintenance are becoming permanently established. that larger brain which causes in the children a prolonged infancy, gave to the parents that power of ideal representation which made the sympathy, necessary for the care of a prolonged infancy, possible. For, so closely interrelated are our intellectual and moral natures, that a high development of sym pathy cannot be secured without a high de velopment of representativeness. Of this, that cerebrum is the organ, the larger size of which is ever accompanied by a prolonged infancy. And, given that radimentary capacity of sympathy seen in gre gariousness, we can see how that family integration, necessitated by a prolonged infancy, must alter and complicate the eme tional incentives to action; and, further, how the continued integration of communi ties into social aggregates of higher and higher complexity must cause the continued development of sympathy at the expense of the selfish instincts.

Thus, then, according to this theory, Man is created, is differentiated, that is, from the ape by a brain which has attained such a size and such convolutions that, in the struggle for existence, it more profits him that natural selection should act in increasing this size and these convolutions, than in preserving and accumulating other variations; and, as we find that both prolonged infancy, and that greater power of ideal representation which is the intellectual condition of sympathy, are consequences, of rather co-existents, and concomitants of this larger brain-the origin of that sociality is explained which, as distinguished from the mere gregariousness of Animality, charac terises Humanity. This theory certainly, I think, entitles Mr. Fiske's work to be conto the theory of the origin of Species, and sidered a distinctly important contribution of the origin of Man in particular. I would, however, add that a further devolopment of that theory will, I think, be found in working out the application of the principle of