cionem patitur saith the Law. So say I too. Thirdly, in the progress of suits to a hearing, move nothing against the constant, ordinary rules of the Court; I shall take it for a great presumpcion in any man that offers it. 4. After publicacion, the proof before your eyes, inform truth, else your reward must be such as will little please you; neither shall it serve for a cloak either of your malice, or negligence to say, it is in my brief; where it is your part in this case to take informacion forth of the books themselves. Look to it then, I say, and remember what Papinian recites: Advocatum ordine motum ex falsâ recitacione. These rules observ'd you will become worthy of your calling indeed, which certainly is one of the noblest; for what greater comfort greater honour than for a man by those abilities God hath lent him above others to vindicate silly naked truth from the vizard, the blemish, craft and power might put upon her.

"Finally, I do here offer myself an instrument for good in every man's hand, he that thus useth me most hath the most of my heart, even to the meanest man within the whole jurisdiccion; and then excite all to lay aside to forget private respects, to join hands and hearts, that we may go on chearfully as one man in the service of the publick, for where the thoughts

of particulars are sever'd then the common business is in danger to be jointly lost. These are those waies which travail'd with integrity diligence and perseverance shall undoubtedly lead in a direct line to the honour of his Mate, bring wealth and peace to his people; put upon this Court the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness; and shew those wanton gallants that alwaies fly upon the superior powers that are next them, the necessity, the comfort of being govern'd by and under it. Thus may we walk and not faint; thus may we run and not be weary.

"Methinks I hear now the envious viper mordens in silentio whisper there is a great space betwixt promise and performance; it may be, I confess, the objeccion of wisedom too; therefore I end all with a suit I have to make; which is that in my particular you will proceed prudently, severely, give no credit to your ears, farther than charity wills, which is to hope the best, but call to witness your eyes too; for I had much rather you should take me from the original life of that faithfulness, that diligence, wherewith I shall express myself in your service, than from these weak draughts, these imperfect copies of my words."

SELECTED BOOKS.

General Literature and Art.

BURTON, Mrs. R. The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine, and the
Holy Land. King. 248.
DELABORDE, H. de. Le Département des Estampes à la Biblio-
thèque nationale. Paris: Plon. 5 fr.
GEYMÜLLER, H. de. Les Projets primitifs pour la basilique de

Saint Pierre de Rome, par Bramante, Raphaël Sanzio, Fra Giocondo, le Sangallo, etc. 1re livr. Paris: Baudry. GRIFFITHS, A. Memorials of Millbank and Chapters in Prison History. King. 21s.

HILL, R. and F. What we saw in Australia. Macmillan. HOGENBERG, Nicholas. The Procession of Pope Clement VII.

and the Emperor Charles V. after the Coronation at Bologna, A.D. 1530. Reproduced in Facsimile. With an Historical Introduction by Sir W. Stirling Maxwell. Edinburgh Edmonston & Douglas. 105s. KANITZ, F. Donan-Bulgarien u. der Balkan. Historischgeographisch-ethnograph. Reisestudien aus d. J. 18601875. 1. Bd. Leipzig: Fries. 15 M.

Philology.

JATAKA, The, together with its Commentary. Published in the Original Pali by V. Fausböll, and translated by R. C. Childers. Text. Vol. I. Part 1. Trübner. LEVY, J. Neuhebräisches u. chaldäisches Wörterbuch üb, die Talmudim u. Midraschim. 2. Lfg. Leipzig: Brockhaus. 6 M.

SCHOLZ, A. Der masorethische Text und die LXX-Uebersetzung d. Buches Jeremias. Regensburg: Manz. 4 M. SUSEMIHL, F. De politicis Aristoteleis quaestionum criticarum particula 7. Berlin: Calvary. 1 M. 20 Pf. VAMANA'S Lehrbuch der Poetik. Hrsg. v. C. Cappeller. Jena: Dufft. 8 M.

WHITNEY, W. D. The Life and Growth of Language. ("International Scientific Series.") King. 5s.

CORRESPONDENCE.

WHO WAS THE JUDGE WHO COMMITTED PRINCE HENRY?

Athenaeum Club: May 25, 1875.

In your review of Mr. Gairdner's Houses of Lancaster and York (in your number of May 8, 1875, p. 470) you notice the author's unwillingness to give up the traditionary view of history, and, among other instances, you observe that "the stories about Henry V.'s youth can have very little foundation; for that about Judge Gascoigne Lord Campbell can only quote the constant tradition of Westminster Hall!" Mr. Gairdner gives the story without naming the judge, in which he is right, for the earliest published account gives no name; but in his reply to your review (ACADEMY, May 22, 1875, p. 532) he also incorrectly names Sir W. Gascoigne as the judge in question. He defends the introduction of the story on the ground that he saw no substantial ground for disbelieving it.

The ground for disbelieving it is, of course, that it was first told at least 140 years after it is supposed to have taken place. But the ground for giving Sir W. Gascoigne the credit of it is still weaker; and I trust you will allow me space to state the true ground on which the story rests, and to show that if the tale is really true, my ancestor, Sir John Markham, was more probably the hero of it than Sir W. Gascoigne.

The incident was first related by Sir Thomas Elyot, in a book entitled The Governor, designed to instruct great men in good morals and to reprove their vices, and dedicated to Henry VIII. The Governor was published in 1544, and in it the version of the story is that a servant of the Prince of Wales was arraigned before the Chief Justice of the King's Bench, that the Prince interfered and threatened the judge, who committed him to the King's Bench prison. The next author who told the story was Hall, in his Chronicle, which was published in 1548. He says that the Prince struck the judge with his fist in the face. Baker, in his Chronicle, says that the Prince was committed to the Fleet, and consequently the outrage must have been on a judge of the Common Pleas, not of the King's Bench. None of these retailers of the story give any authority. None name the or Hall; and the name of Gascoigne got mixed up with the story because Elyot and Hall mention the King's Bench, of which Gascoigne was Chief Justice from 1400 to 1413.

Hirt & Sohn. 20 M.

The subject has been fully discussed by Mr. Tyler, who doubts the truth of the story, and by Lord Campbell.

The most reasonable conclusion is that there was a tradition among lawyers in the time of Henry VIII. that Prince Henry was committed by a judge for contempt of court. The details were filled up by those who told the story, Elyot saying that it took place in the Court of King's Bench, Baker in that of Common Pleas, Hall that the Prince struck the judge, Shakspere that, at his coronation, Henry V. magnanimously forgave him. The latter incident cannot be true of either Gascoigne or Markham. Gascoigne was dismissed from his office by Henry V. on March 29, 1413, eight days after his accession, and before his coronation. Markham died in 1409.

Now there is no collateral evidence whatever in

favour of Gascoigne and the King's Bench, to support that version of the tradition among the lawyers. But there is collateral evidence to support the version of Baker, that the hero of the story was a judge of the Common Pleas.

Sir John Markham, a puisne judge of Common Pleas from 1396 to 1409, had two sons who founded two families of Cotham and Sedgebrook, and in both families there were traditions, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, that Sir John Markham committed Prince Henry to the Fleet for contempt of court. Francis Markham, of the Cotham family, in a book written in 1601 and never published, the original manuscript of which is in my possession, tells the story with Sir John Markham as the hero. Sir Robert Markham of Sedgebrook, a very distant cousin of Francis, says, in his diary, now in the British Museum (Additional MSS. 20,721), that his father always persisted in it, as a tradition in his family, that it which he was committed. Now, these two tradiwas Judge Markham whom the Prince struck, for tions must at least have been derived, by the recorders of them, from their fathers who were contemporaries of Henry VIII., and are consequently quite as old as the traditions recorded by

Elyot and Hall.

Thus, the evidence in favour of Gascoigne rests solely upon a version of a legal tradition as told by Elyot and Hall. The evidence in favour of Markham rests on the version of the same legal tradition as told by Baker, corroborated by two distinct family traditions handed down in two separate families descended respectively from an elder and a younger son of Judge Markham.

I claim, therefore, that if a story first told 140 years after the event is to be received at all, the evidence in favour of Sir John Markham being the hero of it is stronger than the evidence in favour of Sir William Gascoigne.

CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM.

THE AFFINITIES OF THE GIPSIES WITH THE JATS. Paris: May 28, 1875.

The ACADEMY of March 27 last published an interesting letter which only came to my knowledge a few days ago. In this letter Mr. Richard Burton, F.R.G.S., claims the priority in indentifying the Gipsies or Tsigans with the Jat of the banks of the Indus, whose name, he adds, is pronounced Dyat. The question has lately been treated at length (25 pages in 8vo, almost entirely consecrated to this subject) by Professor J. de Goeje, of Leyden, who attributes the first idea of this identification to Mr. Pott in 1853, as is stated in the ACADEMY of February 27, in a short article mentioning this Dutch Contribution to the History of the Gipsies.

Mr. Burton, who has wandered far and wide in the valley of the Indus, and has much frequented the Jats, published in 1849 a grammar of the Jataki dialect (41 pages), which contains an interesting classification of this race, reproduced in his letter, and, in 1851, a volume upon SindhSindh and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus in which he starts the theory of a probable relationship between the Jats and the Gipsies, as proved in the extracts which he commences by giving of this work.

Allow me to claim a still earlier priority (dating from 1849), and to begin by establishing exactly the share belonging to each.

Professor Pott, in his great work, Die Zigeuner, vol. i. (1844), p. 62, had spoken of the tradition mentioned by Ferdoussy, by the Tarikh-Guzydeh, and "by another..." that is to say, by the Modjmel-al-Tevarykh, according to which BahramGur, King of Persia, had caused ten or twelve thousand musicians, designated in two at least of these three texts under the name of Luri, to come from India. One or two other names, of which it is not necessary to speak, are added to this one (see pp. 41-42 of my memoir, published in 1849, and mentioned by and by).

Five years later, Professor Pott, coming back to the subject in his article "Ueber die Zigeuner " published, as a second supplement to his great work, in the Zeitschrift der Deut. Morgenl. Gesellschaft, vol. iii. 1849, said (p. 326):

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Concerning the tradition of which I spoke, vol. i. p. 62, of the transmigration of Indian musicians into Persia, ordered by Bahram-Gur, and set forth in the Shahnameh, a tradition which is applied perhaps rightly to the Zigeuner, I owe to Fleischer a very interesting notice, and wholly unknown to me hitherto, drawn from Hamza Ispahani, Gottwaldt edition, 1834 [p. 40 of the translation of Gottwaldt], according to which Bahram-Gur, for the pleasure of hia subjects, caused twelve thousand musicians, those designated by the name of Zuth, to come from India. They are called Luri in the Shahnameh, which is a proof that Hamza did not simply copy this fact. But Fleischer adds what follows relative to the name of

Zuth, which I have not yet met with anywhere, and which was a complete enigma to me: The Kamus says that the Zotth are a race of men of Indian origin, and that the true pronunciation of this word is Djatt, but that the Arabs pronounce it Zotth. [See notes 3 and 4 at p. 43 of my memoir of 1849, concerning the rather free translation of this passage of the Kamus.] In the French and Arabic Dictionary, by Ellious Bocthor, we find: Bohémien, Arabe vagabond, Tchinghiané, qui dit la bonne aventure, vole, etc., is called Zotti at Damascus, plural Zotte." Nothing more. It is clear that, in the identification of the Djat of India with the Tsigans, Prof. Pott's share is small very to the present. The up great Indianist of Halle is rich enough in his own learning to be content with what belongs to him, and the respect I entertain for him and his kind feeling towards me are a sure guarantee that he will not be offended at my setting forth my claim.

I think I may say that it is I (thanks, it is true, to M. Reinaud) who first treated the question. I had published, in 1844, in the Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, a rather long memoir upon the Apparition des Bohémiens en Europe (the tirage à part, which is long ago exhausted, has fifty-nine pages octavo). In 1849, I contributed to the same collection a second paper upon the same subject, examining especially Eastern Europe, and establishing for the first time that the Gipsies were in this region at an epoch far anterior to the date (about 1417) of their appearance in the West. may add, incidentally, that nearly all those who have since spoken of the appearance of the Gipsies in Europe have done little more than draw upon these two memoirs, without always exactly saying what part belonged to me, so that I have often had the annoyance of seeing such or such an author, Francisque Michel more especially, mentioned afterwards in third-hand notices as the original source of what I had written. Now, my second memoir (Nouvelles Recherches sur l'Apparition des Bohémiens en Europe, 48 pp. in the tirage à part, Paris, 1849: Franck, rue de Richelieu, 67) ends with an "Additional Note" of ten very compact pages, the principal object of which is precisely to identify the Gipsies and the Indian Djath.

In this note, or appendix, I begin by collecting and giving, in French, in order that they may be compared, the accounts that Prof. Pott had only pointed out, relating to the ten or twelve thousand musicians that Bahram-Gur, King of Persia (420-440 of our era) had sent for from India, that is to say, the tradition related by Ferdoussy in the Shahnameh (about 1,000), by the Modjmelal-Tevarykh (about 1126), by the Tarikh-Guzydeh (about 1329, for this last I have not been able to give the text), and lastly, by Hamza Ispahani, the Arabian author whom Prof. Fleischer had just made known to Prof. Pott, and who is the oldest of all, since he belongs to the tenth century, while Prof. Pott supposed him to have been posterior to Ferdoussy. It is to be remarked that Hamza mentions the descendants of the twelve thousand musicians as still existing in Persia in his time under the name of Zuth, and that Firdoussy says the same of the ten thousand Louri, whom he

represents as vagabonds and thieves. But the new and important point is the name of Zuth given to them by the Arabo-Persian author of the tenth century; and it is here, as I remark in my work (p. 42 of the tirage à part) " that the real interest commences."

I again find this name (p. 44) under the form of Djatt and Djatty in a fifth account of the same matter by the Persian Mirkhond (fifteenth century); and, after having remarked that the same name is given by the Kamûs under the form Zotth as the Arabian equivalent of Djatt, an Indian race, and that, according to Ellious Bocthor, it serves precisely, under the form Zott, to designate the Gipsies at Damascus, I start from thence to gather from the important Mémoire etc., sur l'Inde, by M. Reinaud, a few data upon the history of the Zath or Djatt of India, and to establish, PP. 45-48, the probable identity of this race and the Gipsies. I repeat that this is precisely the essential object of my " Additional Note.”

I am not an Orientalist, and besides, as I have not failed to mention, this note of ten large pages was written when my memoir was already in the press. But I had the kind assistance of the learned and lamented M. Reinaud, to whose memory I am glad here to render my tribute of gratitude.

Also, the eminent scholar of Leipzig, the same who had first opened the way for discovering the connexion between the Gipsies and the Djatt, Professor Fleischer, in a general account embracing the scientific publications of three years (the same Zeitschrift, vol. iv., 1850, p. 452), has not disdained to mention my work in these terms:

'Bataillard, the author, &c., taking up the supplement to Pott, published in our journal, iii. pp. 321335, has, with the aid of Reinaud, shown the great probability of the opinion that the Zigeuner descend from the G'at or G'et, the most ancient inhabitants of the North-west of India; and might not the name Zigeuner, Zingani, Zingari, Thiyyaroi, &c., by the intermedium of the form Gitanos, be derived from the name of this people?""

This last supposition of Professor Fleischer's does not appear to me admissible, for there is no doubt that Gitanos is derived from Egipcianos, as Gipsies is from Egyptians.

I come at last to Professor Pott's article "Last Contributions towards the Knowledge of the Gipsies and their Language," in the same Zeitschrift of 1853 (vol. vii., pp. 389-399), mentioned in the ACADEMY, quoting Professor de Goeje, as the starting point for the identification of the Gipsy and the Jat.

What do we find there upon this subject? The fifteen following lines (p. 393):—

"I am indebted to the obliging friendship of Professor Fleischer of Leipzig (see our Zeitschrift, iii., p. 326) for an important passage upon the Zuth of Hamza Ispahani, whose Annals are anterior to the Schahnameh, as M. Bataillard demonstrates in his Nouvelles Recherches, p. 42. For the origin of the Gipsies we ought to consider very attentively these Zotth, who, according to what Rödiger communicates to me, are also confounded with the Zengi (called also Aethiopes, and whose name is even sometimes employed for Zingari: see my Zigeuner, i. p. 45). In fact, the Zuth appear to be the same as the Jats, or, according to the Turkish Kamûs, Tehatt, concerning whom we find in Elliot, Biogr. Index, i. 270-27 (sic) (and especially, ibid. in Masson, Journey to Kelat, pp. 351-353), an interesting article. See, moreover, Reinaud, Mém. sur l'Inde, 1849, p. 273, note 3 upon the Dschats, which may also be compared with the Proverb. Arah, of Freytag, vol. ii., p. 580 (communicated also by Fleischer, to which I must add the further statement of Bataillard). Above all, it would be very important for us to have some details concerning their language.”

Thus the learned professor of Halle here contents himself with the fresh mention of the passage in Hamza, for which he was indebted to Fleischer, and with pointing out some fresh sources to be consulted for the Zotth, Jats, &c., which had been made known to him by the same savant, and refers besides to my "further statements (weitere Auseinandersetzung); " and, as he

afterwards devotes a long page to the analysis of the principal part of my Nouvelles Recherches, which he had mentioned at full length (pp. 389390), and which he quotes again in several other places, one would think that he had done enough.

This mention has none the less escaped, according to all appearances, Professor de Goeje, of Leyden, who nevertheless was acquainted with this passage of Pott (since he mentions it, p. 16, so as to induce the belief that the learned professor of Halle was the first to establish a connexion between the Zott or Djatt and the Tsigans), and who quotes in several places my long articles in the Revue critique on "Les derniers Travaux relatifs aux Bohémiens dans l'Europe Orientale" (of which the tirage à part forms an octavo volume of eighty pages, 1872), but who says not a word of my work of 1849. This is an omission such as the most conscientious savants sometimes make; and I do not intend to address a reproach to the learned professor of Leyden, whose work must besides have all the superiority belonging to a deep study made twenty-five years later by a most competent Orientalist. But since the question of priority upon this subject has been raised in your paper, you will, I think, perceive, in perusing what I wrote in 1849, which I send you with this letter, that I have a right not to be completely forgotten, especially when it concerns an interesting point in the history of the Gipsies upon which I have hitherto published only some fragmentary works, but to the study of which I have devoted so many years.

My letter is already long: allow me, nevertheless, to add yet a few more words. Although I have in my possession the work of Professor de Goeje (the author has had the kindness to send it to me), I cannot say that I am acquainted with it, because I cannot read Dutch, and have not yet found an opportunity of having it translated, which I doubly regret under the present circumstances. I think, however, that I may say that the point treated by the professor of Leyden, and twentyfive years ago by myself, although it be already sufficiently complex, is only one side of the very much more complicated question of the origin of the Gipsies, considered in all its bearings. I hope to be able to show that the historical documents

of Eastern Europe, of Western Asia, and of Egypt itself, furnish very important data, hitherto very insufficiently considered, upon the question. I think I have also the means of giving an explana tion of the word tsigan, and of the other names approaching to it, more certain and more interesting than those proposed by Professor de Goeje and by Mr. Burton.

It is not the less interesting to examine any point of the very complex question of the origin of the Gipsies, and especially one so important as this appears to be of their connexion with the Jats or Djatt. But this point itself has, so to speak, several faces. There is the part belonging to erudition in the strict sense, and I think that Professor de Goeje has treated it very ably; but there is the ethnological, anthropological and even the linguistic part of the subject, which does not appear to me to be very far advanced up to the present time. It is this part that Mr. Burton has handled, and as he has lived in the midst of the Jats, he was in some respects in the best condition for throwing great light upon it; but, on the one hand, he ought perhaps to have been better acquainted with the Gipsies, and, on the other, it does not appear that the connexion be tween the Gipsies and the Jats has occupied him much. He has perceived a probable relation be tween these two tribes of men, and he has expressed it in half a page; but this is not suffi cient. No doubt in occupying himself specially with the Jats, in giving in 1849 a grammar of their language (of which I cannot appreciate the value, but which did not prevent Professor Pott, in 1853, from saying that we were wanting in information respecting this idiom), in collecting some very summary data concerning their division

convince the reader of this. From Accad, too, came in large measure the theology and mythology of the Semites, and while the transparent character of the proper names in the agglutinative language of Babylonia affords an important verification of the much-abused "solar theory," the science of religion has been enabled by means of its decipherment to penetrate to the very origin of some of the historical creeds and dogmas of the West.

It is upon the philological side, however, that the new language so strangely recovered from the cuneiform records is likely to be most fruitful in results. Comparative researches into the Turanian or Ural-Altaic idioms have been grouping them into a family, and all that was needed was their Sanskrit some ancient form of Turanian speech and literature to which the words and ideas of the modern dialects might be traced back. This has now been found in the Accadian, and many of the obscure problems of language to which the flexional idioms can give no answer or else a misleading one, may now receive their solution. The value of the key has been recognised in France, in Germany, and in England, and the band of workers, though still small, is active and increasing. Short as is the time since the Accadian language was first introduced to the notice of European scholars, it has seen a whole literature arise upon the subject; and the simultaneous appearance of the two works at the head of this article is a significant indication of the direction which linguistic and ethnological research is at present taking.

A. H. SAYCE.

MINOR SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.

A Treatise on Magnetism, General and Terrestrial. By Humphry Lloyd, D.D., D.C.L., Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University. (Longmans.) Dr. Lloyd is well known as a skilful mathematician, and as the author of a treatise on the Wave-theory of Light. In the volume before us he discusses the determination of the elements of the magnetic force of the earth, at different points of the earth's surface, together with the various laws which regulate their changes of magnitude with change of place; and further, the variations which the elements themselves undergo during different intervals of time at the same place. The principal methods of observation employed are but slight modifications of those suggested by Gauss and Weber, and the instruments (which have been employed in the Dublin Observatory since 1838) were devised by Dr. Lloyd, and have been adopted by magnetic observatories all over the world. The first part of the work gives an account of the general phenomena of magnetism—artificial magnets, polarity, induction, methods of magnetisation, coercitive force, and the laws of attraction and repulsion. The second and larger portion treats of terrestrial magnetism. In the chapter which treats of coercitive force we find some interesting details concerning the influence of different substances upon the coercitive force of iron :

"The circumstances upon which the coercitive force chiefly depends are hardness, and the presence of foreign ingredients in the iron. Steel owes its coercitive force to the carbon which it contains; and it has been found that similar properties are imparted to iron by the combination with it of phosphorus, sulphur, and arsenic in small quantities. When these foreign elements are combined with the iron in large proportions, they resist altogether the development of magnetism by any ordinary means. It is stated by

Dr. Matthew Young that the magnetism of iron is wholly destroyed by the admixture of antimony, even in a very minute proportion; and nickel is deprived of its magnetic quality by the addition of arsenic." at p. 110, which, however, might with advantage A capital map of isodynamic lines will be found

have been continued above 60° N lat. In a second

edition, chapter viii. will be rendered far more useful if it be supplied with plates or photographs representing the various forms of apparatus described. In regard to magnetic disturbances (chap. xiii.), it is stated that the first important discovery in this direction was that of the simultaneity of the disturbances at very different places. Thus, as early as 1818 a considerable disturbance in the movement of suspended magnets was noticed simultaneously in two places forty-seven degrees of longitude apart. The days of disturbance are found to vary considerably in different years; thus in 1841 there were fifty-seven days, in 1846 forty-three, and in 1843 only sevenAn appendix contains among other things a mathematical treatment of the theory of the dipping needle, and Gauss's theory of terrestrial magnetism. The work is a valuable addition to our scientific literature, and will be welcomed by scientific men in general, and by magnetic observers in all parts of the world in particular.

teen.

Brinkley's Astronomy.-Revised and partly rewritten, with additional chapters by G. W. Stubbs, D.D., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Dublin, and Francis Brünnow, Ph.D., late Astronomer Royal of Ireland. 2nd Edition. (Longmans.) This book, written by Bishop Brinkley more than sixty years ago, has since 1808 been used as a text-book by the students of Trinity College, Dublin. Till now it has been almost unaltered, and it was high time that Dr. Stubbs and the present Professor of Astronomy should take it in hand, and make it en rapport with the astronomy of to-day. When it was written only four asteroids were known, now there are more than one hundred and twenty. The Bishop little dreamt of the Clios, Julias, Calypsos, and Angelinas which were to follow in the train of Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta. New additions have been made, and an account has been given of spectrum analysis, solar spots, and the most recent discoveries. The book is a dry and technical college class-book, scarcely suitable for the general reader.

Sun and Earth as great Forces in Chemistry. By Thomas W. Hall, M.D. (Trübner.) This is a very ill-considered and ill-written book, and we cannot commend it either to the general or to the scientific reader. We will let it speak for itself:

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potassic throb-size, for our sun through the potassic Nor can our earth over-cool or over-contract the heat constitution will not allow it, hence the potassic throb-size under usual circumstances remains the same, and has during expansion enough of density of matter in it to give the resistance and coherence called solidity."

And again, p. 89:—

66

But there exists an organic territory on the earth, and of this territory carbon is the latent-heat equili brium centre, and hydrogen the multiplier, modifier, and transmitter of heat-discharges, and the distant equable sun, through oxygen and nitrogen the sole heat-source."

We recommend the author before he attempts to found a new theory to at least express himself in language which the scientific man can understand, and secondly to assure himself that his own scientific facts are sound.

The Chemistry of the Breakfast-Table: a Popular Description of the Constituents of Food. By F. R. Eaton Lowe. (Simpkin and Marshall.) This pamphlet does not appear to possess any advantages over the works already published, not only on the same subject but with the same title, such, for example, as the works of Johnstone and Bernays. It is small and compact, and if always kept ready

at hand might sometimes be of service to Paterfamilias.

An Elementary Treatise on Practical Chemistry and Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. By Frank College. (Churchill.) This work is well adapted Clowes, B. Sc., Science Master at Queenwood

tables, and has the merit of giving the equation for use in school-laboratories, it is full of useful for the simplest chemical reaction. It is, we think, a little too elaborate and full of detail for boys who are beginning chemistry, but it may be used with advantage after such a book as the Owens College Junior Course of Practical Chemistry. We hope that the appalling list of Corrigenda will quite disappear from a second edition. A few more illustrations might be added with advantage.

Rudimentary Treatise on Clocks, Watches, and Bells. By Sir Edmund Beckett, Bart. (late E. B. Denison), LL.D., Q.C., F.R.A.S., President of the British Horological Institute. Sixth edition, re(Lockwood.) vised, enlarged, and illustrated. This work (which originally appeared as one of "Weale's Series ") contains an accurate and interesting account of watches and clocks from their first introduction, and at the end an imperfect account of bells. As the designer of the great Westminster clock, Sir Edmund is careful to give us a detailed account of that mighty and most accurate instrument. The history of the subject is scarcely so successful as the actual details of practice. Thus he tells us that Galile made his discovery of the isochronism of the pendulum "in a church at Florence," and that the first pendulum clock was made for St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in 1621, by Harris, "though the credit of the invention was claimed also by Huyghens himself, and by Galileo's son, and Avi

cenna, and the celebrated Dr. Hooke." What sort of order is this? Huyghens was born in 1629, Vincenzo Galileo in 1606, Avicenna 980, and Dr. Hooke in 1635; while Harris put up his pendulum clock in 1621! (p. 28.) However, when our author gets on to "dead-beat escapements" and epicycloidal teeth, he is quite at home, and the new edition of his work will be welcomed by the Horological Society and no small circle of outside readers.

A Manual of Metallurgy. By W. H. Greenwood, F.C.S. Vol. I. Fuel, Iron, Steel, Tin, Antimony, Arsenic, Bismuth, and Platinum. (William Collins & Co.) This work forms one of Messrs. Collins' "Advanced Series," and will be succeeded by a second volume in the course of the year, which will embrace the metallurgy of copper, lead, zinc, silver, mercury, nickel, cobalt, and aluminium. The order is the same as that followed by Dr. Percy in his exhaustive treatise, his old master. and the author expresses his acknowledgment to The metals are discussed in detail, their principal properties described, and the methods of extracting them from the earth. New inventions and processes are fully described-such as Siemens' gas furnace and Bessemer's process for making steel. The work is admirably suited for the purpose for which it is designed-viz., as a text-book to be used by the South Kensington Science Classes.

The Intermediate Geography, Physical, Indus trial, and Commercial. By the Rev. Alexander Mackay, LL.D. (Blackwood.) A comprehensive little book well suited for junior classes in schools. A noticeable and useful feature is the introduction of the names of places to be found on the same parallel as the principal place discussed.

Thus:

has been long out of print. The present work has been considerably enlarged, and new illustrations have been added. It contains an introduction, and four long_chapters which treat respectively of Mosses, Lichens, Fresh-water Algae, and Fungi. The last chapter is specially interesting and instructive; it discusses the various forms of fungi edible and non-edible which exist in Europe, and the whole is interspersed with stories concerning the mode of growth and properties of this curious form of vegetable life:—

In many of their properties, the Fungi are closely allied to some members of the animal kingdom. They resemble the flesh of animals, in containing a large proportion of albuminous proximate principles; and produce in larger quantity than all other plants, azote or nitrogen, formerly regarded as one of the principal marks of distinction between plants and animals.

. . By chemical analysis, they are found to con

tain, besides sugar, gum, and resin, a yellow spirit like hartshorn, a yellow empyreumatic oil, and a dry volatile crystalline salt, so that their nature is eminently alkaline, like animal substances extremely

prone to corruption."

Again, they resemble animals in the fact that some species are beautifully phosphorescent, so much so that a few plants of a certain Brazilian fungus will enable one to read in a dark room. They also evolve a high temperature, and unlike most other plants are almost insensible to light, indeed we know that they prefer a damp dark locality to any other. The rapidity of their growth is marvellous; they sometimes form twenty thousand new cells every minute, and the giant puff-ball has been known to increase from the size of a pea to that of a melon in a single night. Mr. Ward saw a fungus grow at the rate of three inches in twenty-five minutes. The force developed during growth is considerable. Bulliard enclosed a fungus in a glass vessel, and the plant expanded so rapidly that "it shivered the glass to pieces, with an explosive detonation as loud as that of a pistol;" again, Dr. Carpenter mentions that a paving-stone weighing eightythree pounds was raised an inch and a half from its bed by a mass of fungi beneath it, and we know the story of the man who, having put aside a cask of sweet wine to mature in an empty cellar, found at the end of several years that the cellar was quite full of fungi from floor to ceiling, while the empty cask was hoisted on their shoulders until it reached the ceiling. We ordinarily come in contact with some dozen or twenty different kinds of fungus, and it is surprising to learn that the British species alone number 368 genera, each including some eight species. Some of these contain most potent principles; some act as narcotics, others as irritant poisons like arsenic. If the common puff-ball be burnt and the smoke inhaled, it deprives the patient of speech, motion, and sensibility to pain, while he is conscious of everything that passes around him; if the inhalation is continued, convulsions and death ensue. Mr. Macmillan's book is pleasantly written and well illustrated, and will be welcomed alike by the botanist and by the general reader.

have obtained the knowledge of geometry, algebra, and trigonometry which most elementary books on the subject presuppose." Mr. Willson's work on Dynamics is more abstruse, and is fitted for the University student at the commencement of his course. The treatment of the subject of accelerated velocity seems to us very unnecessarily complex, and certainly puts the book out of the reach of schoolboys. The same remarks apply to the treatment of pulleys, and the relation between their power and resistance. Mr. Ewers' little book on Applied Mechanics will be found very useful when the principles of machinery have been mastered. There is a good deal of original matter, but the value of the arrangement is in some places questionable. Consecutive chapters treat of Woods; Metals; Water; Riveting and Strength of Materials; Common Tools; Machines worked by Water; Machines; Blowing Machines; Cranes; Machine Tools. Why, again, should the safety lamp be discussed in the same chapter with levers, pulleys, clocks, expansion joints, and moderator lamps? A little rearrangement of matter will improve the second edition of a book which is sound in matter, and not ill-written. G. F. RODWELL.

SCIENCE NOTES.

METEOROLOGY.

Meteorological Observations for Travellers.-In the new German Manual of Scientific Enquiry,* already noticed in a general way in our columns, the portion specially relating to meteorology is by Dr. Hann, and it does not aim at affording minute instructions for the observations and the management of instruments, such as are contained in some parts of our own Admiralty Manual, but gives a clear and concise account of the general class of phenomena which can be advantageously observed by travellers, and of the particular points way of gathering all the information they can to which they should direct their attention in the from residents in foreign settlements, or even from natives as to the periodicity of their seasons, &c. Dr. Hann is eminently fitted for the task of preparing such hints as those mentioned, inasmuch as of late years he has done more than anyone else to elucidate the climate of distant stations.

Theory of Cyclones.-A new opponent to M. Faye's theory of the descent of the air in cyclones has arisen in M. Cousté, who had published his views on the origin of these storms in the Comptes Rendus, December 14, 1874, previously to the appearance of M. Faye's paper in the Annuaire of the Bureau des Longitudes. M. Cousté (C. R., April 26) argues :-(1) That the theory of descent does not account for the fall of the barometer in

cyclones; (2) that both trombes and cyclones, if generated as M. Faye supposes, would be deficient in mechanical force, and could not advance from place to place. Their action on the atmosphere would not be greater than that of an aerolite.

Colding's Theory of the Motions of the Atmosphere. The last two numbers of the Austrian Journal for Meteorology are mainly taken up with ing's two papers on this subject, which appeared a condensation, by Dr. Hann, of Professor Coldin the Proceedings of the Danish Society for 1871 and 1872. The views of the author have been well ventilated in this country, but it will be a convenience to most meteorologists to find an

account of them in German instead of in the original Danish.

the Meteorological Society is mainly composed of THE new number of the Quarterly Journal of the President's Address and Report of Council, but contains also the Report of the recent Conference on the Registration of Natural Periodical

Phenomena, which was held at the suggestion of the Society, and which it is hoped will tend to organise on a systematic basis these important

observations, which have been carried on for years in Austria and Belgium, and which were instituted in 1845 in this country by a committee of the British Association, but were in great measure discontinued in a very few years.

Climatic Character of the Winds.-In the fourth volume of the Repertorium für Meteorologie which has just reached us, M. Köppen has published a very interesting paper on the dependence of the climatic character of the winds on their origin. He discusses the observations at St. Petersburg,

taking four cases, according as that station lies— 1. Within the influence of a cyclone. 2. Within the influence of an anticyclone. 3. When the isobars over it are straight, showing no curvature.

4. When it lies at the centre of anticyclone. The converse case to (4), when St. Petersburg lay at the centre of a cyclonic area, was too rare to

be noticed.

half-years of winter and summer, and the general result is that in case (3) the axis of the thermal windrose is nearly at right angles to the isotherm of St. Petersburg, and the wind shows its own origin very correctly. In this case, too, the contrast between the qualities of the wind from the extreme directions is most marked.

The calculations are carried out for the two

If the motion is cyclonic the pole of the thermal windrose lies, in winter 40°, in summer 14°, to the left of the normal to the corresponding isotherms. If it be anticyclonic the poles lie respectively 31° and 20° to the right of the same normals."

in the case of straight isobars embraces the points It appears, further, that the equatorial current from S. to W., of a cyclone from SE. to W., and of an anticyclone from SW. to NW.

The paper then shows how, without a change in the direction of the wind, the latter may change its characteristic properties entirely, according as a cyclonic system approaches the station in succession to an anticyclone, or the contrary.

In a preface to the paper Professor Wild maintains the view that such discussions as Köppen's of Synoptic charts will entirely supersede the publication of Windroses for different stations.

Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure in Russia. -In the same volume of the Repertorium Captain Rikatcheff publishes a paper on the distribution of barometrical pressures in Russia, in which he

sets out with the remark that Buchan in his well

known paper on the "Mean Pressure and Prevailing Winds" has been led into serious error about his Russian data, from the idea that the altitude of the stations in that empire has been determined. Captain Rikatcheff says that there is not a single station in Siberia whose height above the sea-level is known.

He gives monthly charts and an annual one, for which he claims that they afford a probable accuracy of 1 millimètre in the determination of the mean pressure for Eastern Russia for the month and for the year; for Western Russia the accuracy is 0-2 millimètre for the year, and 0·5 millimètre for the month.

humidity explains the high pressure over Asia in The monthly distribution of temperature and

winter and its translation westwards in summer, but does not explain the deficiency of pressure in high latitudes.

Lastly, the configuration of the coast and the contour of the surface exercise an influence on the course of the isobars.

General's Reports, published in the Times, have The Severity of Last Winter.-The Registrarlately afforded us some particulars as to what we have had to endure in the way of protracted cold weather during last winter, and it is interesting to examine similar statistics from other parts, in order to see how they too fared.

It has generally been supposed, following Dove's opinion, that the climates on the two sides of the Atlantic were usually more or less complementary