programme of operations being in all cases extremely improbable.

DR. NACHTIGAL's return to Germany has been commemorated by numerous public and private demonstrations of respect and sympathy. In his native town of Stendal the preparations for his festive reception were in progress long before his arrival, and at Berlin the Imperial Geographical Society entertained him at a grand banquet on June 2. In the course of the address in which Dr. Nachtigal replied to the laudatory and congratulatory speeches by which he had been welcomed, he gave a résumé of his travels from the moment when, in 1869, he started from Tunis, where he had held the post of physician to the Bey, and proceeded through Tripoli to the Court of Bornu, in order to present to the Sultan the gifts designed for him by the King of Prussia. Dr. Nachtigal referred with gratitude to the favourable reception given him by the Sultan, on his arrival in the summer of 1870 at Kuka, the capital of Bornu, where he remained till 1873, by the request of that monarch, until the war then raging between Bornu and Wadai had come to an end, and his progress through the country had been rendered somewhat less dangerous. After briefly describing the various ways in which he had endeavoured to turn to good account his enforced residence at Kuka, by making excursions into contiguous districts and neighbouring states, he narrated the result of his adventurous visit to the lands of the bloodthirsty Wadains, his escape from the snares set by the Sultan of the country, and his success in penetrating far beyond Wara into regions never trodden by any European but himself. More fortunate than his countrymen Vogel and Von Beurmann, Dr. Nachtigal has escaped with life from the boundaries of the Wadai-lands, and has now, at the comparatively early age of forty, returned to his own country with restored vigour after having endured for years the perils and privations of Central African exploration under its most exceptionally severe form.

NOTES OF A TOUR IN THE CYCLADES AND CRETE. VII. Naxos and Ios.

We were now (April 2) about to enter on the third portion of our expedition, that is, to visit the southern Cyclades, and the neighbouring Sporades. Accordingly, having hired a tolerably large and partly decked boat, which would safely make the voyage to the outlying islands, with three sailors to manage her, we started in most lovely weather, a continuance of which our boatmen augured from the porpoises (deλçive) which were playing about us. It was a dreamy, hazy day, and for some hours, during which we were becalmed and had to use our oars, the heat was great; late in the afternoon a fresh breeze sprang up, and sped us on our way towards Naxos. As we approached the northern extremity of Paros, a long line of mountains rose in front of us from the water, while the main chain of that island lay behind; in one part the coastline retires, and forms the deep and safe harbour of Naussa, with sloping ground about it, and a town in its recesses: in ancient times this was a "closed harbour, the entrance having been defended by chains or other barriers. The town of Naxos, which lies on the north-western shore of that island, was visible for some time before we reached it, but the object towards which we were directed to steer was a conspicuous monastery of St. John Chrysostom on the hillside above. In the central chain of the island two peaks, both over 3,000 feet, especially attracted the eye-towards the north that of Coronon, and in the centre that of Zia; both which names, like many others in this island, have an ancient sound; possibly the latter may be a corruption of Dia, one of the classical names of Naxos. A youth in the town the next day, with a touch of pedantry which is not un

common among Greeks, called it to me "the mountain of Zeus" (Tò ẞovrò Tov Stóç). We landed first on the island of Palati, which is separated from the mainland by a channel about fifty yards wide, having been formerly joined to it by a mole, of which only parts now remain, as it has been broken by the sea. At the highest point of this

little island, which rises gradually toward the open sea, on which side it falls in precipices, are the remains of a temple, supposed to have been dedicated to Dionysus, who was the patron god of Naxos. Some steps at the entrance of the temple have been excavated, and at the opposite marble not being of the purest kind-not Parian, end there are drums of white marble columns, the that is to say, but such as is still found in Naxos itself. But what makes the ruins remarkable is the portico, which stands erect, and is a very conspicuous object. The monolithic piers are from twenty to twenty-five feet high, and the entablature which they support has two large bosses projecting from it; these three stones stand alone, everything else having fallen. From the idea that they formed part of a palace, the island is called Palati. The view of the town is picturesque, as seen through this stiff frame, and the white marble is beautifully contrasted with the blue of the sky.

In front of the little port stands an ancient mole, corresponding to that which reaches to the island, and between this and the shore the water was so shallow that we had some difficulty in making our way through it. When at last we landed we were surrounded by a crowd, with a rudeness very unusual among Greeks, and to escape them we made our way round the outside of the town, but some followed us far into the country. On our return we asked for the fountain of Ariadne, and were shown a remarkable source at the back of the town, covered in with a large erection of masonry, in the flat roof of which are two openings with marble about their mouths for buckets to be let down, and the extensive pool may be seen some distance below. All the antiquities here are associated with Dionysus, and even the wine is called after him; this is white, and agreeable to the taste, though slightly resined. The town of Naxos, though unimposing in its appearance, has an especial interest as the former head-quarters of Italian influence in the Aegean. After the conquest of Constantinople, at the time of the fourth Crusade, the Venetians found it convenient to allow individual nobles of their own body to hold certain parts of the Eastern territory that fell to them, as fiefs of the Republic. In some such relation, though very undefined, to Venice, Mark Sanudo held the office of Duke of the Archipelago or of Naxos, having been invested with it by the Latin Emperor of Constantinople. He rebuilt the ancient town of Naxos, constructed the mole, and erected a tower in the citadel; then, having confined the city to the Latins, he obtained a bishop from the Pope, and built a cathedral. The government continued in his family, and in that of Crispo, which was related to it, until 1566, when it was finally brought to an end by the Turks, after having existed 360 years. Though the Dukes were in reality independent, they were always supported by Venice for the sake of commercial influence. Their occupation was a great curse to the natives. At the time when the duchy was established, these islands were in a prosperous condition; but by the Venetian monopoly of trade, the seizure of lands by the conquerors, and other forms of oppression, they were gradually ruined. We are apt to be dazzled by the splendour of Venice, and occasionally roused to admiration by the grandeur of her policy; but her treatment of her dependencies was systematically selfish, and her influence in the East has been second only to that of the Turks in its injurious effects.

The following morning we made our way towards the upper town through steep and tortuous streets; and, passing through a gateway, entered the Venetian Castro, the original city of Sanudo.

This forcibly reminded me of the small Italian towns of the Riviera; in some places the projecting buildings almost met above one's head, and it would have been literally possible to shake hands across the street; in other places the way for some distance was arched over. We saw numerous

pieces of Hellenic marble, and over one house a fine coat of arms was carved, which, as we were informed, was that of the Barocci family. The inhabitants of this quarter, though they speak Greek and consider themselves Greeks, are of the Latin Church, and of Italian extraction, being descendants of the original occupants. One family is that of Sommaripa, whose ancestors for a long period were the rulers of Paros. Historic names are not uncommon in these regions; two days before, in the Roman Catholic quarter of Syra, I asked a youth to lend me the rattle with which, according to custom, he was expressing his aversion to Judas Iscariot, and on it I found his name inscribed - Manuel Palaeologus. The people whom we met looked superior to any whom we had seen elsewhere in the islands, especially the ladies, who wore black gauze veils. The boys, too, were goodlooking; and their pale complexions and light hair and eyes rendered them a great contrast to the Greeks. There is a Lazarist and a Capuchin church, and the Archbishop is not a native, but sent from Rome. The highest point of the town is occupied by a heap of ruins, where a fort-probably that of Sanudo-seems to have stood; from this the view was fine over Myconos, Delos, Rheneia, Tenos, and Syra to the north;

Paros to the west; and Sikinos and Ios to the south; while in front, the portal of the temple of Dionysus on its island formed a conspicuous object. Herodotus (ii. 97), with his usual keen observation of geographical features, compares the islands of the Aegean to the Nile in inundation, when the cities alone are seen above the surface of the water.

We started again on our southward course with a favouring north wind, which carried us rapidly over the blue water through the channel which separates Naxos and Paros. This was the scene of an engagement between the Athenian fleet under Chabrias and the Lacedaemonians. Naxos shows to greatest advantage in the morning light, for then the separate ranges of the interior are brought out distinctly, and all the rich land along the levels and hillsides is seen. It is not a mere rocky ridge, like Tenos, for we could see deep valleys running inwards, and giving evidence of fertile districts between the mountains on the coast and the higher peaks behind. In ancient times it was regarded as the most opulent of all the islands (Herod. v. 28), and at the present day it is very prosperous. The emery, which was already famous in Pindar's time (Nažia irpa, Isthm. v. 107), is still its principal export. Tournefort, writing nearly two centuries ago, describes its abundance by saying, "the English often ballast their ships with it." On the opposite side of the strait we passed the town of Marmara, near the shore of Paros, the highest point of which island, Mount Marpessa, the seat of the famous marble quarries, rose above.

Greek sailors are usually an interesting study, and our present crew were no exception to the rule. Our headman, Captain Constantine-for this title he bore in our boat's papers, which were inspected at every island-was a strange being. A Silenus in figure, for his punchy frame was nearly as broad as long; a Cyclops in face, for he was one-eyed and very ugly; distinguished rather for grasping and cunning than for virtue; he nevertheless was good at his oar, an excellent sailor in an emergency, and thoroughly well acquainted with the winds of the Aegean and the shores and harbours of the islands. "Plenty of sail, plenty of way” (πολλὰ πανιά, πολὺς δρόμος) was his answer, when his companions strated at the amount of canvas we were carrying. His views of the medical faculty were worthy of Molière-"When I go to the doctor, I

remon

get ill; as long as I keep away, I am well: when I eat much, I am well; when little, I am ill." The second, Yanni (Jack), whom we surnamed "the Conspirator," was a handsome man, with soft eyes and a thoughtful expression, but silent, and gifted with a will of his own, so that, whenever a difference arose between us and them about starting or stopping or changing our course, he was always the least disposed to yield. The third, George, who had accompanied us on our expedition to Delos, was a capital good-humoured hard-working lad, whose complexion and hair betokened some negro blood. They strongly resembled the old Greek sailors in their vivacity, talkativeness, readiness in action, freedom in giving an opinion, and indisposition to obey any one leader. Many of their nautical terms were from the Italian, as Márka "let go" (lascia), Tipór "rudder" (timone), ragarri "rolling" (caratare, "to balance"): others, like sailors' terms everywhere, were difficult to explain. In particular, the words for "easy" (a póxa) and "hard" (a oa), are very difficult of derivation; that ja póra is cia pála, as some have suggested, is impossible, and in the passage quoted from Aristophanes (Pax., 460), where those words are used in hauling a rope, they clearly mean " pull hard: " ta Nega sounds very like the Egyptian boatmen's cry "Aleysah," but here again there is no evidence of any connexion.

When we emerge from the channel between Naxos and Paros, we see on our left Heracleia and several other small islands; to the southwest Anaphe lies like a shadow on the horizon; Nio (Ios) and Sikino are comparatively near in front; and to the right appear Pholegandro, Siphno, Antiparo, and others less important. Again, as we enter the strait that separates Nio from Sikino, the twin peaks of Melo are faintly visible in the far west, and at last Therasia and Santorin, the southernmost of all, complete the number. We were more and more struck by the size of the islands, and their apparent distance from one another. We are now entering the Sporades, though from the vague way in which the term Cyclades was used, these outliers are sometimes included in that group. A few generations ago Heracleia was commonly called Raclia, Anaphe Naphio, and Naxos Axia, and this last form we ourselves heard used on Tenos; we observed, however, that our sailors regularly employed the correct forms. It seems almost a parallel to the prefixing and omission of the h in English, when we find n prefixed in Nio, as in many other modern Greek names, but omitted in Axia. As this word, however, signifies "the Worthy," it is probably an instance of the fondness of the Greeks for changing the form of a name so as to give it an intelligible meaning.

The appearance of Ios is very rugged, as seen from the sea; but when we turned into the landlocked harbour on the west coast, passing a small lighthouse at the entrance, a smiling view awaited us, for the sloping hillsides are formed into terraces, which are very productive, and the vegetation of which is forward owing to their western aspect. The picturesqueness of the little bay is increased by a handsome church of St. Irene, which stands on a rock above the shore, having a Byzantine cupola and an Italian bell-tower with tiers of arches-a style of building which seems to prevail in these parts: at the landing-place there are a few houses, but the town is built high above, and is reached by a steep ascent of half-a-mile. We took up our quarters at the port, and then ascended to the town, where there are a few good-looking houses, while the rest are huddled together in the same way as at Naxos. The numerous small palm-trees that we saw there remind us that the island was once called Phoenice, and that the palm was inscribed on its coins; but, as a matter of fact, this tree will grow wherever it is cultivated in the Cyclades.

It is well known that in ancient times Ios claimed to be the burial-place of Homer, and in

into his precincts; thus, as far as we were concerned, this relic of Pasch van Krienen's investigations, like the rest, passed out of reach of discovery.

Above the highest part of the town rises a steep mass of granite, of which stone this portion of the island is composed. We found the summit blue with innumerable small irises (Iris sisyrinchium), and the view of the town below was curious from the flat roofs of the houses-a feature which is found in most of the islands and in Crete and the numerous churches interspersed among them. But what most attracted our attention was Santorin, into the strange basin of which we now looked for the first time; and, softly delineated as it was, with the lofty peak of Hagios Elias behind, and in front the calm sea streaked with lines of currents, it looked to me a sort of Promised Land, after having been the subject of so many expectations. A gentleman of Nio, who came to visit us at the landing place, described how he had seen it in eruption from that point (the distance to the new crater is about twenty miles), and said that the effect was very striking. They do not feel the earthquake much here, as we should expect they would; as it is more felt at Melos, it would seem that the wave of movement passes in that direction. II. F. TOZER.

modern days the question of the discovery of the sepulchre has raised a warm controversy. The story, which is a most curious one, can only be briefly alluded to here. In the year 1771, when the Aegean islands were in the hands of the Russians, Count Pasch van Krienen, a Dutch nobleman in the employ of that power, who afterwards wrote a book entitled Breve descrizione dell' Arcipelago, containing much valuable information about the state of these countries at that period, professed to have found the tomb at a place called Placoto, on the north-eastern side of this island. The discovery was the result of a month spent in excavation, and the account of it is embellished with semi-mythical details of a sitting figure being seen within at the moment of opening, which immediately crumbled to dust. To this is added minute information relating to the objects found there, and copies of inscriptions which identified the spot. The professed discovery naturally aroused great interest at the moment, and its reality was much debated by Heyne and others, but the controversy soon died out, and was not revived until 1840. Pasch van Krienen then found a fresh advocate in the eminent traveller Ludwig Ross, while Welcker, in an elaborate essay on the subject (see his Kleine Schriften, vol. iii.), has endeavoured to show that the whole thing was a forgery, and this he is generally thought to have proved. The facts which remain are these: that Ross found at Placoto a tolerably circumstantial tradition remaining of the place having been excavated by a stranger; that abling the authorities of Sion College so to deal Biörnstahl, the Swede, saw at Leghorn the pack- with their property as to render it more producages, though as yet unpacked, in which Pasch van tive, either by granting leases or by selling any Krienen had brought over the inscriptions he had portion of it. The powers for which they ask collected in Ios and other islands; and from that will, if granted, extend to the buildings of the time Pasch van Krienen wholly disappears from College itself and the ground on which it stands, sight; and, like a character in a child's story, was so that, in the event of the bill passing, we may never heard of afterwards," neither himself nor before long have another example of the way in his inscriptions, until a few years ago two of the which localities are constantly being robbed of latter, including one from Ios (unfortunately, of their old associations. We have seen the Charterno great importance), were discovered in the base-house carried off into the middle of the next ment storey of the British Museum, where they

66

are still.

Among these amusing elements of uncertainty one fact remains undisputed, viz., that on a stone slab which was used as a bench in front of a church of Hagia Caterina, in the town of Ios, Pasch van Krienen found a genuine inscription which he copied and published in his book; for this was seen by Ross in the same position, and though it had been greatly defaced by exposure, there was enough remaining to identify it with Pasch van Krienen's copy. It consists mainly of a long list of names; and as the introductory lines seem to contain a reference to Homer, it is Welcker's opinion that there existed in Ios a Homeric school, and that a number of its members had inscribed their names on this stone. As nearly forty years had elapsed since Ross's visit, we were desirous to know whether the inscription still existed, and with this view we enquired for the church of St. Catherine. From a dirty but civil man who offered to be our guide, we dis

covered that there were two dedicated to that saint, a circumstance that illustrates the extraordinary number of little churches with which this town swarms; for, as our native remarked with a tone of enlightenment, "in the Middle Ages, when persons were ignorant, the priests persuaded them that it was a pious thing to build so many churches." Some of these were simply a tiny dome supported by four walls, almost resembling the tombs of sheikhs which are seen in Turkey; but, except in some five regular churches, service is performed only three or four times a year. One of St. Catherine's shrines was in the lower, the other in the upper part of the town, but at neither of them could the stone be found; at the latter, however, a woman said that there had been an inscribed stone in the position we described, but that it had been removed by the bishop to his house, probably to preserve it. The bishop unfortunately was absent, and we could not obtain admission

SION COLLEGE.

THERE is now before Parliament a bill for en

county. Sion College will never be so great a traveller as that, since it is to be limited to a radius of a mile and a half from its present site in its search after a new settlement. Still, should it be moved at all, it will be missed. For nearly two centuries and a half it has stood where now it stands, a sort of protest against the moneymaking whirl by which it has been surrounded. But now we must not be surprised to see warehouses and offices spring up on the spot which has

hitherto afforded a retreat for the student and a refuge for the aged.

In 1329 William Elsing, a citizen of London, founded a hospital, which he called Elsing Spital, for the maintenance of a warden, a priest, and a hundred blind paupers. This was afterwards developed into a priory of canons regular, under the name of the Priory of St. Mary of Elsing. At the time of the dissolution of the monasteries and religious houses the priory fell into the hands of Lord Williams of Thame, Master of the King's Jewels, by whom it was converted into a residence. The churchyard became a garden, the cloisters a gallery, and the lodgings of the blind paupers stables. On Christmas Eve, 1541, the whole place was burnt down; but it was rebuilt by Lord Williams' daughter, who afterwards sold it to Sir Rowland Hayward, Lord Mayor of London. The property then passed through several hands until it came into the possession of the executors of Dr. Thomas White, Vicar of St. Dunstan-in-the-West. Fuller tells us that Dr. White, who was accounted a good preacher in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was accused of being a great pluralist, "though," says Fuller, "I cannot learn that at once he had more than one cure of soules, the rest being Dignities." He was best known by his charities, which were numerous. In 1613 he built and endowed a hospital at his birthplace, Bristol, and by his will he left 3,000l. to be expended in the purchase of a house to be used as "a College of the Ministers,

Rectors and Vicars, Lecturers and Curates within the City of London and the suburbs thereof" (or, as Fuller expresses it, "to be a Ramah for the sons of the Prophets in London"), and also an almshouse "fast by the College for ten men and as many women to dwell in." He also devised real estate of the yearly value of 1607., of which 1201. was to be devoted to the almshouse, and the remaining 401. to the college. Out of the latter sum the clergy were to be provided with four dinners a-year, on which occasions their appetites were to be whetted by a Latin sermon. In pursuance of these directions Dr. White's executors purchased the premises which then occupied the site of Elsing Priory, and proceeded to adapt them to their new purpose. The library, which may now be considered the most valuable portion of the institution, was no part of the original benefaction, Dr. White having bequeathed his own library to the Chapter of Windsor, but was the sole gift of the Rev. John Simson, one of the executors. Fuller speaks very enthusiastically of Mr. Simson:

"Now, as Camillus was counted a second Romulus, for enlarging and beautifying the City of Rome, so Mr. John Simpson, Minister of St. Olave's Hart Street, London, may be said a second White, for perfecting the aforesaid Colledge of Sion, building the Gate-house with a fair case for the library, and endowing it with threescore pounds per annum."

In 1631, eight years after Dr. White's death, King Charles I. granted letters patent for giving the College a legal existence as a corporate body, under the name of "The President and Fellows of Sion College within the City of London." It was to consist of

"all and singular the Rectors and Vicars of churches, Lecturers and Curates within the City of London and the suburbs thereof, who should have been, or thereafter be canonically instituted in any of those churches, and should for the time being have authority to preach from the Bishop of London, and be resident there and duly constituted priests."

Of these members one was to be the President, two others Deans, four others Assistants, and the rest Fellows. The almshouse, in which ten poor men and ten poor women were to reside, was to be called "the Hospital of the President, Deans and Assistants of Sion College within the City of London." The letters patent authorised the college, notwithstanding the statute of mortmain, to hold the real estate devised to it by the testator, as well as the endowment of 607. bestowed upon it by Mr. Simson, which was also derived from real property. The management of the almshouse was committed to the President, Deans and Assistants of the College, who, in the following year, adopted for their common seal the device of the Good Samaritan, with the motto "Vade et fac similiter." In 1647 the library was enriched by the addition of a large number of books which were transferred to it from Old St. Paul's, but in the great fire of 1666 a considerable proportion of the books, as well as of the college buildings, was destroyed. Subsequently the premises were entirely rebuilt, and the library was soon restored to more than its former glory by gifts and legacies. It is not unnatural that what has now become such a very fine collection of books should attract more attention from outsiders than the strictly charitable portion of the institution, notwithstanding that the College, by its seal, puts the latter forward as its main feature. Of the twenty tenants of the almshouse, who must be unmarried and over fifty years of age, four are nominated by the city of Bristol, where Dr. White was born; six by the parish of St. Dunstan, of which he was vicar for forty-nine years; two by the parish of St. Gregory, where he lived for twenty years; and the remaining eight by the Merchant Taylors' Company.

We are in the habit of taking it for granted that any institution with an endowment a century or two old must have more money than it knows what to do with; but such is not the case with Sion College. On the contrary, its ordinary re

venues have to be supplemented by annual subscriptions, not only from the Fellows, but from other clergy besides. We cannot, therefore, be surprised at the promotion in Parliament of the present bill, which, if it becomes law, will enable the President and Fellows to render the College property more productive, and to provide better accommodation as well for their very valuable library, which has quite outgrown its present quarters, as for the recipients of the charity which they administer. A. HARRISON.

SELECTED BOOKS.

General Literature and Art.

BRIEFWECHSEL zwischen Varnhagen u. Rahel. 5. u. 6. Bd. Leipzig: Brockhaus. 12 M.

BUTLER, W. F. Akimfoo: The History of a Failure. Low & Co. 16s.

BURGESS, J. Archaeological Survey of Western India. Report
of the First Season's Operations. Trübner. 42s.
DELSPIERRE, O. Tableau de la Littérature du Centon. Trübner.
FARCY, P. de. Sigillographie de la Normandie, (évêché de
Bayeux). 1er fasc. Caen: Le Blanc-Hardel. 12 fr.
GLENNIE, J. S. Stuart. Pilgrim Memories; or, Travel and Dis-
cussion in the Birth-Countries of Christianity with the
late Henry Thomas Buckle. Longmans. 14s.
GUHL, E., and W. KONER. The Life of the Greeks and Romans
described from Antique Monuments. Trans. F. Hueffer.
Chapman & Hall. 218.
HAUSSONVILLE, le Vicomte de. C.-A. Sainte-Beuve, sa vie et
ses œuvres. Paris: Lévy. 3 fr. 50 c.
LESSEPS, F. de. Lettres, journal et documents pour servir à
l'histoire du Canal de Suez (1854-5-6). Paris: Didier.
MAZADE, Ch. de. Portraits d'histoire morale et politique du
Temps. Paris: Plon.

OLLIVIER, E. Principes et conduite. Paris: Garnier.
SIBILIAN, P. C. Collection des Médailles grecques Autonomes
de son excellence Subhy Pacha. Trübner.
THACKERAY, Miss. Miss Angel. Smith, Elder & Co. 10s. 6d.

History.

CAPPELLETTI, G. Storia di Padova dalla sua origine sino al presente. Vol. I. Torino.

EIGENBRODT, A. De Magistratuum Romanorum juribus quibus

pro pari et pro majore potestate inter se utebantur imprimis de tribunorum plebis potestate. Leipzig: Hinrichs. 4 M.

MASPERO, G. Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient. Paris: Hachette. 4 fr.

OLIVARES, M. de. Historia de la Compania de Jesus en Chile (1593-1736). (Santiago.) Trübner. 40s.

ONCKEN, W. Die Staatslehre d. Aristoteles in historischpolitischen Umrissen. 2. Hälfte. Leipzig: Engelmann. 9 M.

ROGERS, J. E. Thorold. A Complete Collection of the Protests 42s. of the Lords, from 1624 to 1874. Clarendon Press.

Physical Science, &c.

KNY, L. Die Entwickelung der Parkeriaceen dargestellt an Ceratopteris thalictroides Brongn. Jena: Frommann. 9 M. LANDOIS, L. Die Transfusion d. Blutes. Leipzig: Vogel. 10 M. QUATREFAGES, A. de, et E. T. HAMY. Crania ethnica. Les Crânes des races humaines décrits et figurés. Livr. 1-3. Paris J.-B. Baillière. 42 fr.

WILLKOMM, M. Forstliche Flora v. Deutschland u. Oesterreich. Leipzig: Winter. 22 M.

Philology.

DEECKE, W. Corssen u. die Sprache der Etrusker. Eine Kritik. Stuttgart: Heitz. 1 M. 50 Pf.

symmetry, harmonious appearance and general artistic effect of the book. This is a peculiarity I have never seen in any other copy except in two leaves only of the beautiful copy of the Two Series in the Print Room of the British Museum

those, viz., containing "Holy Thursday," "Nurse's Song" and "The Echoing Green." All the ordinary copies are printed only on one side of the paper.

Thirdly, this copy is one of extraordinary beauty in regard to the colouring. Since I first edited Blake's Songs of Innocence for Mr. Pickering in 1866, I have seen many copies, but none to equal or approach this. It was executed for Samuel Rogers, the author of The Pleasures of Memory, to whose taste and discernment this early recognition of his brother-poet is highly honourable. From his collection through a relative and representative it is derived. It is wellknown that when Blake received a liberal commission, he would spare no labour to make the colouring as rich as it might be, and never does he seem to have exerted himself more happily than on the present occasion. Words are inadequate to describe the tender and delicate beauty of the tints. Each page is a picture that might be mounted and framed.

RICHARD HERNE SHEPHERD.

PYTHAGORAS.

Kensington: June 16, 1875,

In your issue of June 12 you say::-"Karl Blind's paper on Fire Burial among our Germanic Ancestors' contains the results of a good deal of reading, as well arranged as could be expected from a writer capable of suggesting that Pythagoras means Buddhagoras."

Allow me to observe that I did not make this suggestion. I simply alluded to a theory which had been started by others. Since Schlegel suggested a Hindoo origin for a Pythagorean doctrine, and since Colebrooke tried to show that the Indians were the teachers of the Greeks in philosophy, especially of Pythagoras, there have been other writers who endeavoured to make out a close connexion between Buddhistic and Pythagorean doctrines some going so far as to emit the hypothesis that Pythagoras, in his travels, received instruction perhaps from Sakya Muni himself; nay, that the very name of Pythagoras, in a Greek form, possibly pointed to the spiritual teacher of

the Far East.

All that I said was this: "Pythagoras was an enemy of cremation; a fact which may go to strengthen the view of those who regard him as the

récit de la Création (Genèse, ch. i.-ii. 4) suivi du texte du deuxième récit. Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher. GUERICKE, A. v. De linguae vulgaris reliquiis apud Petronium et in inscriptionibus parietariis Pompeianis. Leipzig: Kessler. 1 M. 50 Pf.

CORRESPONDENCE.

BLAKE'S SONGS OF INNOCENCE.

Brompton: June 14, 1875.

I have been favoured by Mr. Pearson, of York Street, Covent Garden, with a sight of the remarkable copy of Blake's Songs of Innocence purchased by him last week at Messrs. Sotheby's auction-rooms, and having carefully inspected it, I wish, for the sake of lovers of Blake, to note down a few memoranda concerning it.

First of all, this is one of the original copies issued in 1789, before the companion series of Songs of Experience was projected or contemplated. This is evident from the fact that three songs, "The Schoolboy," "The Little Girl Lost," and "The Little Girl Found"-afterwards relegated to the later series-here appear as Songs of Innocence,-making the total number of pages thirty-one, instead of twenty-seven, the usual number.

Secondly, this copy is printed off on both sides of the paper, with inestimable advantage to the

trines." This mere incidental reference to a view which I did not start should, therefore, not be treated as if it contained an "avròs epa” of mine. KARL BLIND.

AN ENGLISH VIEW OF M. DE RÉMUSAT. Kensington: June 14, 1875. If we desired to find a typical representative of the class of Immortal for whom clever men outside the Academy despise it, and for whom sensible men who value the Academy esteem it, we could hardly wish for a better representative than M. de Rémusat, who was a distinguished man of letters because he was an estimable man of affairs, just as if it had so happened that M. Thiers had prevailed over M. Guizot before the downfall of the Monarchy of July, he would have been a distinguished man of affairs because he was an estimable man of letters. There is something peculiarly French in the unreserved respect which is paid to such a career by all who are themselves respectable; and it may be added there was something peculiarly French in the kind of erudition to which he devoted himself after the final defeat of M. Thiers in 1840. He accumulated knowledge at first hand about Abelard and St. Anselm and English philosophers from Bacon to Locke to

His

bring them to the tribunal of a judgment which was an unusually favourable specimen of that class of judgments which commonly exercise themselves upon third-hand knowledge. criticism of Hobbes, for instance, is merely a wellturned appeal to commonplace good feeling. All his books come round to the question what is an upright judicious accomplished gentleman of the nineteenth century to think of the past, and he seldom gets beyond making the question intelligible; indeed, a cynic might think that the question has been made unfruitful in order to make it intelligible. M. de Rémusat was one of the generation who made the celebrity of the Globe, and like most of his collaborators he knew much better how to describe the conditions necessary to national well-being and well-doing than how to set about establishing them. He was always insisting how necessary it was to reconcile order and liberty, and faith and reason, and the like, and exhausting himself in ingenious statements of the difficulties to be surmounted, and he did not quite sufficiently remember De Retz's dictum that the rights of king and people agree best in silence, which is quite as true of the yet more important rights of knowledge and piety. M. Janet in the Revue des Deux Mondes for March 1 regarded it as M. de Rémusat's peculiar distinction that he did not like the other members of M. Cousin's school suppress the difficulties. This is perhaps true of his philosophy of religion and psychology, where in fact he sees the difficulties so well that

he is afraid to stir a step beyond first principles,

and is always laying the foundation over again in a fit of serious exhilaration because he hopes that it is really almost solid, when the natural man would have desired to see the superstructure completed or restored. But in politics he never even got to the bottom of his favourite proposition that England was a much happier country than France for men of character and education who take a strong interest in public affairs. One of the fullest and most judicious of his works is on the English public men of the eighteenth century; but he never really faces the fact that Walpole led the first two Georges to make a situation for their successors which it is hardly likely those successors will occupy for ever, and which no other dynasty that respects itself can be rationally asked to accept. But though the want of thoroughness which made M. de Rémusat inconclusive on speculative subjects made him unconvincing on practical subjects, there was something instructive, or at any rate elevating, in his rare combination of knowledge and earnestness and candour. He was buried in the cemetery of Picpus as a descendant of one of the victims of the Terror, but he was almost an apologist for the French Revolution, and maintained that it would have triumphed over Pitt if Napoleon had known how to leave off. He himself was in no danger of not knowing how to leave off. He was, if possible, more anxious to reconcile thought and positive religion (mere spiritual philosophy was not enough for him) than to reconcile liberty, or rather liberalism, with public order; but he was afraid to suggest anything beyond Channing. It is characteristic of the hopefulness which went with his timidity that he thought that as a stepping-stone or as a resting-place Channing would serve.

G. A. SIMCOX.

The EDITOR will be glad if the Secretaries of Institutions, and other persons concerned, will lend their aid in making this Calendar as complete as possible.

39

servators of old words, we have in the very degradation of the Indian Gipsies an apparent reason for the great antiquity of AngloRommany terms, most of which came from India at least five hundred years ago. Other tribes than the Doms doubtless contributed their share, for it is remarkable that there are in India two other kinds of Gipsies-the Nats, or musicians and dancers, and the Banjari, or itinerant pedlars. It is very probable that these may have been added to the Jats described by Captain Richard Burton in his late extremely interesting letter to the ACADEMY. It is certain that in Europe they have practised the arts of palmistry, blacksmithing and tinkering, music and tumbling, or dancing, flaying animals, peddling and basket-making, exactly as is done by the Indian wanderers. When we add to a very curious and copious stock of old Indian words from various sources, a large proportion of Persian, it will be seen that the element of philological interest is not wanting to Rommany. A Persian gentleman whom I often plied with it, more than once said of it: "What a strange language! all full of old forgotten vulgar Persian words, such as one hears from

peasant-grandmothers." And it is remarkable that English Gipsy abounds more in these antiques than other Rommany dialects, though as regards grammar it is simpler than any of them. Whether this simplicity is the result of decay, or whether it really presents some different stage or early formation of the language, is yet to be determined.

The Dialect of the English Gipsies. By B. C. Smart, M.D., and H. T. Crofton. Second Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. (London: Asher & Co., 1875.) IT is not impossible that at some distant day, when philology and ethnology shall have attained something like perfection, this work of Dr. Smart and his colleague Mr. Crofton will be pointed out as a curious illustration of the irregular manner in which industry was applied in these our days. For while Englishmen have gathered and garnered up crops of languages and dialects, sub-dialects India and the Andes, or the purlieus of will find that Rommany has no infinitive. and slangs, whether in the back-hills of By consulting Dr. Smart's work the reader Whitechapel, Anglo-Rommany remained al- As the abstract meaning of every verb is most unnoticed as to its grammar, until Dr. used in most languages as an imperative, so Smart many years ago published what he in Gipsy jin (Hindi jänna) becomes the imhad been able to secure in the little pam-perative jinav (know), which is used as an inphlet which formed the first edition of the finitive. Jinava, "I know," is also the future present work. And even now this book is the "I will know," on the principle which causes only one which presents the single conjuga- certain people to say "I go to London totion and sole declension known to this language of happy simplicity. As regards its vocabulary, English Rommany is still very imperfectly represented, both in the Lavo-lil of Mr. George Borrow, and in the volume before me.

APPOINTMENTS FOR NEXT WEEK. SATURDAY, June 19, 3 p.m. Siceethearts at the Prince of Wales's Theatre. Fifth Summer Concert, Crystal Palace (Acis and Galatea). Production of Auber's Haydée at the Gaiety Theatre. Asiatic: Major H. F. Blair on "Sculptures from the North

8 p.m. MONDAY, June 21, 3 p.m.

F. Pincott on "The Triśúla of Buddhist Sculpture."

morrow."

66

66

With an imperfect tense for all past times-e.g., jindom or jidom-and a participle, the verb is fully equipped for all its functions. To express an active agent, n or en is affixed to the noun, thus changing it into an adjective (often formed by the addition of ni or no), to which the syllable gro is added, making engro. Gro is probably the Persian gar with the common termination in o. Thus when engro is affixed to pir, i.e. "walk," we have piréngro " a walker." Engri, or engree, in like manner forms any thing derived, e.g., bosh, noise, music, or to fiddle, whence boshom-engri, "a fiddle." which is probably a post-position like ka or Eskro is the common adjectival termination, ki in Hindustani, e.g., wuh (yuv or yo, 66 of him,' or us-ki. Gipsy), “he," us-ka, Here we have a trace of the s. This is varied sometimes by the addition of ni or no to the primitive. It would be difficult to conceive a simpler language than this, yet nearly all, even of those who pretend to speak it well, make it much simpler by naïvely confusing eskro and engro, and otherwise wronging a grammar which has been already stripped almost to the skin.

Dr. Smart has not only restored much of the old grammar, but by comparing its forms with those of a perfect dialect gives us an