idea of what has probably been lost. He also clearly explains by example the difference between pure Rommany and the broken dialect or half-English such as is commonly spoken on the roads, and such as is set forth by Mr. George Borrow in his different works, and by myself in The English Gipsies. For within the past generation Gipsydom has broken up with startling rapidity; the dark full blood has almost disappeared into the posh-an-posh, or half-breed, its old customs. are well-nigh gone, the current language is a mere jargon, and there are perhaps as many men English born who can converse in pure Hindi itself as in pure Rommany. It is but two days since I listened to the lament of a gipsy woman who is now nearly a hundred years old, but still very intelligent, over the decay of her race in England, the disappearance of Gipsy faith to one another and the increasing dishonesty of "the people" to those gorgios or gentiles who allow them to camp on their lands. "It is all gone-gone!" she said. "Our people have gone with their truth." I seemed to be listening again in America to some old Red Indian speaking of his tribe. A few years ago a friend of mine found in a remote glen of the far West a venerable old chief living alone. "Where are your friends, your family, your tribe?" enquired the American. Lifting his finger with an air of great dignity and pathos, the old man exclaimed: "One."

This Indian was the sole representative of a language, and in this respect the AngloRommany tongue resembles it by being often preserved as to many words by a single person. It is true that there are many wealthy and well-educated people, especially in America, who, while concealing a Rommany descent, have kept the language with great care. Many of them possess vocabularies. But with this knowledge they invariably inherit an intense repugnance to have it made public property, for if the Gipsies had a Decalogue its first commandment would be: "Thou shalt not teach Rommany to any Gorgio." This feeling was derived from India, where all the different kinds of Gipsies have their secret dialects, and is intensified among our highclass of crypto-Rommanis, who are even more averse to having their tongue made known than are the Gipsies of the tent and

the road.

Dr. Smart and his colleague have very honestly given as much of the grammar as they could collect, but they do not seem to suspect that anything has escaped them; in fact, if there be a fault in this otherwise excellent book, it is the manifest and complacent faith of the writers that their resources are exclusive and perfect, and that their knowledge of the language-or at least that of their teacher is all-embracing. This is sufficiently evident from their naïve boast that no one ever published such "deep Romanes as they-the truth being that no one before them ever professed or pretended to teach" deep" or grammatical Rommany at all, reminding us of the little Indian boy

of Harvard in the olden time, who boasted that he was at the head of his class-when he was the only one in it. They have, however, done their work well, though had they

gone a little beyond their guru Bosville, they might have done better. Thus Dr. Thus Dr. Smart has given us the Anglo-Rommany conjugation of shom, "I am," as (sing.) shom, shan, see; (plural) shomas, shanas, sas, which he compares with the Turkish Gipsy isom, isan, isi, isomas, isanas, isas, not appearing to have known that there are in England Rommanis who conjugate this tense almost exactly in the Turkish-Rommany form, e.g.,

sum, san or sun, see; sumas, san or sun, sas

or sus, as I myself noted it down long ago, without a thought of Turkish-Gipsy, it being the very first conjugation ever taught me by an English Rom. Nor does Dr. Smart appear to suspect that the occasional prefix of kam, i.e. "will," to portions of verbs in England is not merely a chance combination of one verb with another, but much more probably the remains of a future tense similar to that found in the Continental dialects. He tells us truly that kairdús (he made) is a contracted form of a past participle, as hairdo + see (he made). I have, however, heard and noted down "Huv (i.e. yuv) sī kérdo"-(he did it), a form which was certainly worth preserving. Nor does he mention that abstract nouns are often formed by adding is or us. It is true that he sets os and us down as Class V. of general terminations, but does this declaring that this ending, which is really of Indian origin, is apparently merely a cant form. But even cant contains much pure Rommany which has been abandoned by the Gipsies as soon as they found it was known to Gorgios-which gradual impoverishment has been a great cause of the decay of the language. It would have been worth observing that moro (our) sometimes occurs as morni, and that tiro (thine) occasionally takes the form turo. These variations should be carefully studied, since instead of being corruptions from a Turkish Gipsy source, they are more probably pure Indo-Persian. Thus Dr. Smart gives the Turkish gipsy tam (blind) as the original of tamlo (dark), and thinks that according to the common identification of opposites, tamlo (sunny) is a corruption of kamlo (sunny), when the real origin of both is to be found in the Hindu tam (shade or gloom). He observes the existence of this combination of contrary meanings in one word, but does not explain it as he easily might by referring to the Hindu originals. Thus in Hindu kal is both yesterday and to-morrow, as it also is in Rommany with the addition of the genetival ko, e.g. kaliko.

Dr. Smart has had two great impediments in his way, either of which would effectually prevent a critical analysis of the language which he discusses, the one being the narrow limit of his vocabulary, the other his full belief that all English Gipsy is contained in and was derived from the Turkish Rommany. No old-fashioned orthodox scholar was ever apparently more convinced that Latin and Greek were derived from Hebrew, and that the latter was the original tongue in Eden, than our author is that there is no Rommany save Turkish, and that Paspati is its prophet. So far as the principal outlines of the grammar are concerned the parallel with Turkish Gipsy is not unreasonable. But when we come to the origin of Anglo-Rommany words, and the curious and often delicate sources

of their derivation, most of our aid must be derived from Hindi, Persian, and their affinities. And here Turkish Gipsy is of little aid. Thus in English Rommany we have gudlo, meaning "the brain, kernel, or marrow, a riot, a row, sweet, and cruel," while in Hindu the separate originals of these are very evidently guda, "brain, marrow, and kernel,” gudal, "a tumult," &c., and gur, "molasses or coarse sugar; gur, it is true, departs widely from gudlo, but the latter word is in other countries given as gu'lo and gurlo. The reader may possibly recall Mr. Borrow's Hungarian gulo rai, or "sweet gentleman."

The best part of this book, especially for the general reader, is its illustrations of the language, consisting of stories, dialogues, anecdotes, and letters. I except from these the translations from Esop's fables and the Bible, because they seem stiff and forced and foreign to the habits of Gipsy thought. It is most decidedly to be hoped that a certain Gipsy's "Remarks on Mixed Mar riages,' as well as his "Practical Joke," which the writer has not dared to translate, will be omitted from future editions. Their presence is probably due to some of "the infusion of fresh blood" and "zymotic activity," which, we are assured in the introduction, "have led to combined and successful efforts to obtain further facts to fill former vacancies." The readers of the ACADEMY will probably be unanimously of opinion that this particular vacancy had better remain unfilled. The danger of following implicitly a single informant is shown by the spelling through out this book, which is such as could not have been adopted had the authors carefully sought to attain the standard which really exists. The English o (as in kosht) is but a coarse rendering of the a, which assimilates to the continental Rommany and Hindu; oo (as in poos, pootch) is more prolonged than the true sound ú, and aw as a plural is less refined and less accurate than ia or ya, while gaujo (Gentile), even though it resembles the Turkish Gipsy, gajo, is gene rally pronounced gorgio, after its probable original goraje, i.e. "master white man." The same word is effectively found in the common English Rommany goro or geero, “a person.' Apart from these trifling failings the work is admirable. It is unfortunately the lot of every pioneer to have the hardest work, encounter the hardest knocks, and get the least reward. The world is slow to appreciate the value of novelty, while the defects of the labourer are invariably apparent. I would therefore urge the more earnestly that this first attempt to preserve in its purity a very beautiful and musical dialect peculiar to England should not be judged by its few faults, but by its many merits. It has been very honestly done, with great labour-that labour which always, in philology, attends the derivation of knowledge from original sources.

CHARLES G. LELAND.

KANT AND COMTE.

Kant und die Positive Philosophie. Von Robert Zimmermann. (Wien, 1874.) THE question whether Comte was acquainted with Kant's philosophy, or in any way dependent on the results established by the

two tones are within beating distance the beats are heard also as a separate effect, disposes of the old theory of Young.

Third law, of Composition. Musical notes are heard in the ear as if they consisted of all the tones whose vibration numbers are as successive integers. It was shown that the note of a tuning-fork was composite, by presenting it successively to resonators tuned to the fundamental and octave, both of which were sounded by it. Any simple tones which belong to the harmonic series may be added to a note, and will produce only a change in the quality of tone without disturbance or beats. When composite notes are added instead, there is a difference which is inappreciable so long as the tuning is perfect. The effect of just chords thus constructed was shown on a harmonium; the full rich tone formed a great contrast to the ordinary effect of these instruments.

If the notes thus introduced do not belong to the harmonic series, there will be pairs of tones here and there within beating distance, and beats will arise. These beats of imperfect concords were illustrated by examples. It was also shown that, by using notes deprived of their fifth partials, a major third could be formed quite out of tune, which yet gave no beats.

The principal temperaments were then enumerated, viz., the equal temperament, the mean tone, the Greek, and the Arabic; this last is derived from the Greek by substituting Db for C# in the chord of A. Examples were played on concertinas tuned according to these temperaments, and the contrasts came out very markedly. The influence of the question on music was alluded to, and it was remarked that few musicians have ever heard a chord in perfect tune.

A member of the Association then remarked that De Morgan had formulated the second law on the supposition that the vibration number of the resultant tone was the greatest common measure, and not the difference of those of the primaries. The chairman pointed out that in this case there could be no resultant tone if the primaries were incommensurable, but as a matter of fact there is. Mr. Ellis observed that De Morgan's paper was written before Helmholtz's researches were known, and that the whole subject had since that time received thorough investigation.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE (Tuesday, June 8). COLONEL A. LANE Fox, President, in the Chair. -Captain Richard F. Burton, H.M.'s Consul at Trieste, read two papers on Ancient Remains in Dalmatia, viz.: The Long Wall of Salona" and "The Ruined Cities of Pharia and Gelsa di Lesina." Salona was the Roman metropolis of Dalmatia, of which southernmost province of Austria Spalato is at present the natural, and Zara the artificial and political capital. The "long wall" was of doubtful and debated origin, and references to numerous ancient and a few modern writers on it were cited to show the obscurity in which it still remains. The author gave an account of his explorations with detailed measurements of the ancient structure, called by Cyclopean," and especially pointed out the great variety of stone-dressing it presented, which would afford valuable evidence in determining the style and perhaps the date of the work. His conviction that the long wall of Salona was Greek and pre-Roman rested very much upon the fact that similar constructions exist in the neighbourhood. In the island of Lesina, the two ruins visited and described by Captain Burton presented a remarkable resemblance, amounting almost to identity, to the long wall of Salona, and suggested that they were all the work of a single people, and that people not the barbarous Illyrians but the comparatively civilised Greeks. Only two flint implements had been found, and those were discovered at Salona, near Spalato. The exploration of the Dalmatian islands was attended with much

some

66

difficulty: the scarcity of water was an evil to be met, and a Slavic guide was necessary unless the traveller could himself speak Slavic, for the inhabitants all belonged to that race. The islands never having been previously explored (as far as the author was aware) by Englishmen, there was a large field of research for the antiquarian as well as the more general anthropologist. It was announced by the President that at the next and last meeting of the session, original papers would be communicated by Mr. Herbert Spencer, "The Comparative Psychology of Man; by Mr. J. Forrest, on "The Central Tribes of Australia;" and by Captain J. A. Lawson, on "The Papuans of New Guinea."

on

ROYAL SOCIETY (Thursday, June 10).

MR. W. SPOTTISWOODE, M.A., Treasurer R.S., gave an account of his "Experiments on Stratification in Electrical Discharges through Rarefied Gases," the substance of which was as follows:When an induction-coil with an ordinary contactbreaker is employed to produce stratified discharges in tubes containing rarefied gases, the striae are often unsteady in position and irregular in their distribution. The author's experiments led him to the conclusion that these irregularities are due chiefly to instrumental causes.

The induction-coil used was an "18-inch" by Apps, worked usually by ten or twenty small Leclanché cells. A new feature in this coil was its contact-breaker, which consisted of a steel rod as vibrator, having a small independent electrothe influence of the battery current and electromagnet for maintaining its action. When under magnet it vibrated from 700 to 2,500 times per second. The amplitudes of vibration were small, not exceeding 0·01 of an inch, and to this fact, coupled with the extreme rapidity and consequent decision of make and break, was mainly attributed the steadiness of the results.

a

With this contact-breaker (called by the author that in a large number of tubes (especially hydro"high break") in action, it was observed carbons), the striae, instead of being sharp and flaky in form and irregular in

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY (Wednesday, June 9). J. EVANS, Esq., V.P.R.S., President, in the Chair. Seven technical papers on palaeontological subjects were read at this meeting. Professor Owen, who was absent through indisposition, contributed a paper" On Prorastomus sirenoides," in which he gave his views on the evolution of the Sirenia. Mr. Miall read a paper "On the Structure of the skull of Rhizodus." This is a Carboniferous genus Megalichthys. Mr. Hulke described a bone which of ganoid fish, standing near to Holoptychius and was originally regarded by Mantell as the scapula of Iguanodon, and afterwards taken by the author for an ilium; but a recent examination of Mr. Fox's collection in the Isle of Wight had shown that it is probably a pubic bone. We are, there-tribution, were fore, now acquainted with all the pelvic elements in Iguanodon, and Mr. Hulke pointed out the Mr. relation of this pelvis to that of the ostrich. Walter Keeping contributed some "Notes on the Palaeozoic Echini," in which he suggested the following classification. Dividing the order Echinoidea into two groups, the Echinidea and the Perischoechinidea, he subdivided the former into the Stereodermata and the Echinothuridea, while the Stereodermata in turn was divided into the Endocyclica and the Exocyclica. On the other hand the Perischoechinidea was separated into the Tessellata and the Lepidermata. The EchinoImbricata. Professor Duncan described some fossil thuridea and the Lepidermata form the group Alcyonaria from tertiary deposits in Australia and in New Zealand, and some fossil corals from tertiary beds in Tasmania.

PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN (Wednesday, June 9).

MR. SERJEANT Cox, President, in the Chair. Sir J. Heron Maxwell, Bart., and Mr. Epps were elected members. Mr. Sprague, of New York, was elected an honorary corresponding member. Several communications of psychological facts and phenomena were read. Mr. Serjeant Cox read a paper on "The Duality of the Mind." He said that the fact of the duplicity of the brain, first asserted by Galt, and afterwards by Dr. A. Wigan and Sir Henry Holland, was now confirmed by Brown-Séquard, all of whom deduced from this brain-structure that the mental faculties are duplex, that we have, in fact, two minds. This explained a multitude of mental phenomena otherwise inexplicable, especially Dr. Carpenter's "Unconscious Cerebration," and if true, was of incalculable importance to psychology. Many instances were narrated of total destruction of one hemisphere of the brain attended by only partial loss of mental power. An animated discussion followed, by Sir J. H. Maxwell, Rev. W. Moses, Major Owen, Mr. G. Harris, Mr. Coffin, and others. In closing the session, the President congratulated the Society on the great success it had found, and the interest taken in its proceedings both at home and abroad, and especially in its communications of psychological facts. The A

second session would commence in October. vote of thanks to the President was proposed by Sir J. H. Maxwell.

dis

soft and rounded in out

line, equidistant in their intervals, and steady in proportion to the regularity of the contactbreaker. To any sudden alteration in the action of the break (generally accompanied by an alteration in sound) there always corresponds an alteration in the striae. These discharges are those produced by breaking contact, but often the current produced by making contact is strong enough to produce a visible discharge. This happens with the ordinary as with the high break; but in the latter case the double current presents the remarkable peculiarity that the striae of one current are so arranged as to fit exactly into the intervals of the other, and further, that any disturbance affecting the column of striae due to one current affects similarly, with reference to absolute space, that due to the other.

The column, moreover, is frequently susceptible of a general motion or "flow," either forwards (from positive pole to negative) or backwards. This flow may be controlled both in velocity and direction by resistance introduced into the circuit, or by placing the tube in a magnetic field. The resistance may be introduced either into the primary or secondary circuit, and in either case the law appears to be established that, the striae being previously fixed, an increase of resistance produces a forward flow, a decrease of resistance a backward flow. A variation of three or four ohms (in the primary) is generally sufficient to produce this effect. When the striae are flowing they preserve their mutual distances and do not undergo increase or decrease in their number. Usually one or two remain permanently attached to the positive electrode, and as the moving column advances or recedes, the foremost stria diminishes in brilliancy, until after travelling over a distance less than the interval between two striae it is lost in darkness. The reverse takes place at the rear of the column. The rate of flow may vary considerably. In most cases, the true character of the discharge and the direction of the flow may be distinguished with the aid of a revolving mirror.

These phenomena may be produced with the Holtz machine, provided it be furnished with the usual Leyden jars, and a high resistance (usually a piece of wetted string) be interposed in the circuit. An increase of speed of the machine is equivalent to a diminution of resistance and produces a backward flow: a diminution of speed is equivalent to an augmentation of resistance and produces a forward flow. Hence the phenomena

of flow produced by the machine agree with those produced by the coil.

Ordinarily, if air resistance be included in the circuit, all trace of stratification disappears and the discharge is continuous. If, however, the interval of air be very small, the two kinds of discharge may be seen co-existing; a narrow column of the continuous discharge extends along the tube, and on it the striae appear to be strung.

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES (Thursday, June 10). MR. WOOD gave an account of the excavations which were conducted by him on the site of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. When he unwillingly abandoned the work in April, 1874, he had examined the site of the temple and of the platform on which it stood, except a portion at the east end, in which he expected to find remains of great importance. Some of the sculptures which he discovered have been for some time on view in the Elgin Room at the British Museum; but the larger portion are concealed from public inspection in the sheds which disfigure the portico, and in the basement. Among these stones there are between 400 and 500 inscriptions. Mr. Wood is very anxious to return and continue his investigations. Mr. Freshfield exhibited some stone implements found by him near the Gygean lake in Asia Minor, with views and photographs of the neighbourhood.

ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY (Friday, June 11). PROFESSOR ADAMS, President, in the Chair. A paper by Mr. Knobel was read, giving some results of measures of magnitudes of stars with his astrometer, described in a previous paper, the principle of the instrument being to reduce the aperture of the telescope by means of a variable triangular diaphragm till the star disappeared. Mr. Knobel pointed out several discordances between his results and the magnitudes given by Argelander in his Uranometria, though those of the Bonn Durchmusterung agreed better. Mr. Marth called attention to approaching phenomena of the satellites of Saturn, the most important of which, however (those of Titan), would only be visible in Australia and in the United States, the period of revolution being very nearly sixteen sidereal days, so that occultations and transits of this satellite would take place at the same sidereal hour for many successive periods, and at these times Saturn would be below our horizon. Mr. Marth expressed a hope that the great Melbourne reflector might be used for these observations, and Mr. Russell promised that he would employ the 11-inch refractor of the Sydney Observatory for this purpose. Captain Abney, R.E., gave a description of his Diaphanometer, an instrument which he had devised primarily for measuring the opacity of photographic films after exposure to light under different conditions, and which he had since applied to other questions in photometry. In this instrument the collodion film was compared with a graduated wedge of smoke-coloured glass. Captain Abney also exhibited an ingenious form of spectroscope in which the brightness of any part of the spectrum of a star could be compared with that of the spectrum of a standard source of light, the two spectra being brought one above the other in the same field by means of reflection prisms. Some other short papers of a purely technical character followed, after which a note by Mr. Proctor on "Photography in the Transit of Venus" was read, to which Mr. Russell, Mr. De La Rue, and Mr. Christie replied, and Mr. Neison mentioned, as bearing on the question of the atmosphere of Venus (which Mr. Proctor had incidentally referred to), that Professor Lymans had observed Venus as a bright ring five hours before the commencement of the late transit.

NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY. (Friday, June 11). F. J. FURNIVALL, Esq., Director, in the Chair. A paper was read by Mr. Henry B. Wheatley, "On the Originals of Shakspere's Plots," in which an attempt was made to arrange the materials collected by a long succession of laborious commentators so as to cause them to throw light upon the poet's mode of work. The paper was divided into three parts. The first part consisted of an account of the various books Shakspere used, and was, in fact, a catalogue of his supposed library, which must have consisted of histories, poems, plays, novels, translations cf classics, travels, &c., all of which were placed under contribution in various degrees, sometimes a bright passage only being transferred from a dull book. In the second part the plays dealt with were divided into classes, and the points of likeness or dissimilarity were discussed. It was stated that the plots of only five of the plays are still untraced, but that those of some others are not certain. The third part was a résumé of what had gone before, more particularly in regard to the dramatis personae; and it was shown that Shakspere had some authority, however slight, for his serious characters, but that nearly all his comic ones were entirely the emanation of his own brain. The prototype of Isabella in Measure for Measure is Cassandra in Whetstone's Promos and Cassandra; the germ of Portia in the Merchant of Venice is to be found in the Widow of Belmont in the Italian novel Il Pecorone, and Juliet was a character before Shakspere made her what she is; but one has yet discovered any hint of Falstaff, Mercutio, Gratiano, Benedick, or the host of other brilliant beings that people Shakspere's comedies. In the discussion, Mr. Furnivall, Mr. R. Simpson, Mr. Hales, Miss L. Toulmin Smith, and Mr. ÊÈ. H. Pickersgill took part.

FINE ART.

THE ROYAL ACADEMY EXHIBITION.

(Fifth Notice.)

no

Portraits.-This section of the exhibition in

cludes a few of the best pictures of the year. We will take first the portraits sent by Messrs. Watts, Millais, Ouless, Orchardson, Sandys, and Cameron.

The officers of the Royal Artillery may congratulate themselves upon having obtained from Mr. Watts the portrait of Sir Edward Sabine; one of the most interesting and dignified treatments of an aged thoughtful face that we have seen this long while. F. W. Walker, M.A., Head Master of the Manchester Grammar-School, is a steady intelligent face, rather blunt of feature, well painted; a good specimen of the artist's quiet about ten years, holding a fiddle. Her face is full manner. The finest of all is Blanche, a girl of of meaning, and of the budding of beauty; her eyes are greyish-brown, her cheeks pink-tinged but pallid in the half-light of the room; her dress is grey, harmonising with all the other elements in the scheme of colour. The great example of Mr. Millais is Miss Eveleen Tennant, youngest daughter of the late Charles Tennant, Esq., of Cadoxton Lodge, Neath; which is, indeed, so striking and salient a masterpiece as no one is likely to supersede in a hurry. The painter has wrought throughout for strength and brilliancy; as shown at once in the thin silk dress of intense red, with azure beads round the neck. Miss Tennant holds a basket of ferns, and stands between the banks of a close lane, with a thick summer growth of leafage. The face, under its black hat and ostrichfeather, is splendidly handsome, dark, brightcomplexioned, radiant with the perfect selfconfidence of a girlhood that has known little of sorrow, and less of constraint. The frank stare in the full brown eyes is perhaps rather in excess, and, indeed, Mr. Millais has on other occasions fallen into the mistake of making his blooming young beauties a trifle brazen: still, it gives the

[JUNE 19, 1875.

character for which this picture challenges and will always enjoy a celebrity of its own. The greens of the vegetation are very dark, without any direct sunlight; the handling is most rapid and full of assurance. We cannot say that the other two portraits - those of a childish and of an almost infantine daughter of Mr. Evans Lees, of Woodfield, Oldham-stand on the same level of work with this of Miss Eveleen Tennant; they are, in fact, rather perfunctory performances, redeemed from commonplace by the pre-eminent genius of the painter, but not in themselves highly admirable. The younger child is the more pleasing and the better painted of the two. Mr. Ouless works much in the style of Mr. Millais; with less that is arbitrary and self-assertive, no doubt, less original power, and skill only a little inferior. His two best portraits are perhaps The Mayor of Newcastle on Tyne and J. W. Walrond, Esq.; the latter is a very "speaking" countenance. Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R.S., may remind the visitor to some extent of the profound and ponderous, albeit not beautifully moulded, head of another great natural philosopher, Galileo; this portrait has a certain tendency towards the style of Mr. Watts, in combination with that of Mr. Millais. Two portraits by Mr. Orchardson are highly noticeable; done with conspicuous ease, and an effect which might almost as well be termed slight as strong, though the strength tells out the more, as it should do. The sitters, a lady and a gentleman, are unnamed in the catalogue: the latter is represented with adjuncts proper to a virtuoso, and no doubt whoever knows the original is no whit less certain as to the portrait. The sitter to Mr. Sandys has been Mrs. Brand; the painter has produced a singularly elaborate work, in which a good deal of floral and other accessory is introduced. There is much special character in the handsome aged face; so much that one is tempted to describe it in detail, but this would not exactly be art-criticism. The gauzy black fan expanded over the crimped white habit-shirt is one of the numerous difficulties which Mr. Sandys has courted in order that he might conquer them. The other painter whom we have mentioned along with these distinguished men, Mr. H. Cameron, bears a name un

familiar to us.

He is the author of a head-andshoulders portrait of Mrs. Strahan (149), also a lady of advanced age; the pale face with its relaxed fleshiness, the black dress, and the white lace in the cap, are treated with most uncommon ability. Nothing is strained, nothing specially pictorial in itself; but we recognise here one more portrait-painter worthy to reapply, in all reasonable self-confidence, the lessons of which Mr. Millais is prime exponent.

Mr. Archer exhibits several portraits, not one of them undeserving of careful attention. We can only specify two: that of A Lady with a Moorish Shawl, a noticeable though not an absolutely attractive piece of colour-arrangement, with a whitish brightness in general, amid which the very brilliant variegation of the shawl forms a peculiar change of note; and Springtide, Little Miss Primrose, a nice childlike and somewhat humorous-looking little girl of five or six, habited in blue and with a lace scarf, recalling the costume of the Stuart time, holding a basket of daffodils, and accompanied by a large black and tan dog. This is a very carefully completed work, contrasting, and in some respects to its own decided advantage, with the more hurried masterliness of Mr. Millais's child-portraiture. Of Mr. Lehmann's Robert Browning we should have to speak in detail, had not this been already reviewed in our columns. The Early Post, by Mr. Sant, is a study in white, not unreminiscent doubtless of a picture exhibited a few years ago by Mr. Millais. It represents three girls in white, not wholly unvaried in tint, with a white tablecloth and white cat. The dark hair of the three sitters furnishes a contrast; and some of the accessories supply pink, grey, black, and gilt.