CONTENTS. PAGE Slavery among the Jews-Two different classes-Status of slaves-Value of slaves-Public and private slaves- Slavery in Egypt-Evidence of its early existence-Negro slaves-Sources of Egyptian slavery-Prejudice of color -Eunuchs-Rigorous treatment-Transition to castes- Slavery in India-Castes-Sources of slavery-Unlimited - - Mohammedan slavery-Rules regulating it-Emancipation-Effect of British rule as to slavery-Negro slaves-Slave-trade Slavery in the East-In Assyria-Among the Medes and Persians-Unlimited power of master-Revolts-Customs -In other countries-In China-Early existence in China-Sources of slavery-Hereditary slavery-Treat- ment of slaves-Enfranchisement-Effect of Grecian and Roman conquest-Of Mussulman rule-Negro slaves- Slavery in Greece-Apparent paradox-Early existence- Frequent reference in its literature-Ante-Hellenic period -Transferred to their gods-Mercury-God of the slave -Sources of slavery-Enslavement of debtors-Relief law of Solon-Enslavement of the Heathen-Slave-steal- ing expeditions-The swineherd Eumaus-Piracy- Hereditary slavery-Effect of concubinage-Metics- In expiation of crime-Agrestic and domestic slaves- Origin of each-The Helots-Their treatment-The Penesta of Thessaly-The Klarota of Crete-Public and domestic slaves-Slave-markets-Negro slaves-Value of slaves-"White" slaves not favorites-Eunuchs-Num- ber of slaves-Profitableness-Fugitives-Branding- Treaties as to fugitives-Insurance against escapes-Con- dition of slaves-Familiarity with master-Fidelity- Feasts and holidays-Affection of masters-Protection of the law-Places of refuge-Homicide-Marriage relation -Appearance in court, as a suitor, as a witness CHAPTER VI. Slavery in Rome-Very partial in early days-The elements of slavery-Paternal power-Exposure of childrenSale for debt-Difference between these and ordinary slaves-Children of debtor-Its final abrogation-Sale for crime-Conquest-Slave-dealers-Piracy-Taxation -Voluntary slavery-Source of revenue-Slave-martsCustoms incident to the sales-Terms of sale-Frauds of slave-traders—Characteristics of different nations-Slavedealing considered degrading-Negro slaves-Their early introduction-Originally all personal slaves-Public and private slaves-The difference in their condition-Treatment of convict-slaves-Rustic and city slaves-Distinctions from occupations-Number of slaves-Large number of domestics-Their names-The dotalis, or confidential slave-Preference for negroes-The literary slaves -Gladiators-Insurrections-Prices of slaves-Legal status-Disabilities-Master's power and rights-Constitution of Antonine-Cruel treatment-General treatment -Discussions of moralists-Union with master in feasts, &c.-Peculium-Their riches-Places of refuge-Fugitives-Feasts and holidays-Intimate relation between master and slave-Instances of cruelty-Punishments of slaves-Protection of master's life-Manumission-Condition of freedmen-Duty to patron-Libertini, Liberti, and Ingenui-Effect of manumission as to citizenshipDedititii-Instances of freedmen acquiring distinctionExtinction of slavery in Rome-Its causes-Effect of Christianity Discussion of slavery by Roman moralists -Later opinions, PAGE lxxiv CHAPTER VII. Slavery in Europe in middle ages-Universal prevalenceDifficulty of distinguishing between freemen and slavesCauses and sources of slavery-Not the result of Roman conquest-Extended sometimes to entire districts-Aer efficit servilem statum-Wales infected-Names of slaves in different states-Slavery in Germany-Mild in its character originally-Familiar intercourse-Custom of burning slaves on funeral pyre-More rigorous subse- quently-Fugitives-Extent of master's power-Distinc- tion in dress and ornaments-Gaming a source of slavery -Punishments of slaves-Different from those of free- men-Not allowed as witnesses-Marriage relation- Excluded from offices-Punishment of fugitives, and those aiding them-Delivery of fugitives-Manumission -Effect thereof-Amelioration of condition of German slaves-Causes assigned-Effect of Crusades-Of Chris- tianity-Teachings of fathers-Practice of the Church- Condition of German peasantry at the present day- Slavery in Gaul-Extent of feudal system-Of frequent conquests-Condition of slaves-Opinion of Gibbon- Of Michelet-Condition of Rustic serf-Treatment by masters-Sales-Mainmorte-Origin of-Slaves of re- ligious houses-Disposition of the children of slaves- Right of prelibation-Torture-Insurrections-The Ba- jaudan conspiracy-The Jacquerie-Names of slaves- Slave-trade-Enfranchisement of serfs-Continuation of feudal system-Slavery in Sicily-Italy and Venice-In Poland-In Russia-Condition of Russian slaves-Eman- cipation-Effects-Slavery in Turkey-Present condition РАСЕ Slavery in Great Britain-But little known of the social PAGE villanage only modified slavery-Condition of villain— Transition to privileged villanage-Relics of this at present day-Statutes to compel laborers to work-Slavery in Scotland-Colliers and salters-Slavery in IrelandTheir voluntary relinquishment of it-Present condition of laboring classes in Britain-The problem of misery,. cxxii CHAPTER IX. Negro slavery and slave-trade-Early existence of negro slavery-Its cruelties in their native land-Commencement of slave-trade in A. D. 1399-Certainly in A. D. 1442-Early horrors of the traffic-Success of early expeditions-Missionary pretext-Impetus to trade from discovery of America-Religious zeal the avowed object of each-Instructions to Columbus-Enslavement of Indians Their sufferings and extinction-Recommendation of Las Casas Negroes introduced in America in A. D. 1501-First patent granted to individuals by Charles V -Decrease in Indian population of Hispaniola-Demand for negroes-Their superiority as slaves-Cardinal Ximenes and the trade-Early revolt of negroes-English participation in the trade-Introduction of negroes into England-Sir John Hawkins-Partnership with Queen Elizabeth-Cruelty toward negroes-Chartered companies-Royal African Company-The King a partnerIts history-Negroes declared "merchandise"-Participation of France-Assientoes-The Spanish King and British Queen partners-Contents of the Treaty-Provisions for transportation-Sanitary regulations-War of A. D. 1739-Acts of Parliament regulating and encouraging the trade-Negro slaves in England-The Portuguese and Dutch participation in the trade-BountiesIntroduction of negro slaves in Virginia (A. D. 1620)Introduction of cotton-plant (A. D. 1621)-Participation of New England-Rules regulating the trade-Massachusetts laws-Slavery in Connecticut-In Rhode Island -In New Amsterdam-In New Netherlands-Bounty offered in New Jersey-Slavery in Pennsylvania-In |