: them, which lurcheth all provisions, and maketh | front. And in all the four corners of that court, fair every thing dear; where a man hath a great living staircases cast into turrets on the outside, and not laid together, and where he is scanted: all which, within the row of buildings themselves: but those as it is impossible perhaps to find together, so it is towers are not to be of the height of the front, good to know them, and think of them, that a man but rather proportionable to the lower building. Let may take as many as he can and if he have several the court not be paved, for that striketh up a great dwellings, that he sort them so, that what he want-heat in summer, and much cold in winter: but only eth in the one, he may find in the other. Lucullus answered Pompey well, who, when he saw his stately galleries and rooms, so large and lightsome in one of his houses, said, "Surely an excellent place for summer, but how do you do in winter ?" Lucullus answered, "Why, do you not think me as wise as some fowls are, that ever change their abode towards the winter ?" To pass from the seat to the house itself, we will do as Cicero doth in the orator's art, who writes books "De Oratore," and a book he entitles "Orator:" whereof the former delivers the precepts of the art, and the latter the perfection. We will therefore describe a princely palace, making a brief model thereof. For it is strange to see, now in Europe, such huge buildings as the Vatican, and Escurial, and some others be, and yet scarce a very fair room in them. First therefore, I say, you cannot have a perfect palace, except you have two several sides; a side for the banquet, as is spoken of in the book of Esther; and a side for the household: the one for feasts and triumphs, the other for dwelling. I understand both these sides to be not only returns, but parts of the front; and to be uniform without, though severally partitioned within; and to be on both sides of a great and stately tower, in the midst of the front; that as it were joineth them together on either hand. I would have on the one side of the banquet, in front, one only goodly room above stairs, of some forty foot high; and under it a room for a dressing or preparing place, at times of triumphs. On the other side, which is the household side, I wish it divided at the first into a hall and a chapel, with a partition between, both of good state and bigness; and those not to go all the length, but to have at the farther end a winter and a summer parlour, both fair: and under these rooms a fair and large cellar sunk under ground; and likewise some privy kitchens, with batteries and pantries, and the like. As for the tower, I would have it two stories, of eighteen foot high apiece, above the two wings; and goodly leads upon the top, railed, with statues interposed; and the same tower to be divided into rooms, as shall be thought fit. The stairs likewise to the upper rooms, let them be upon a fair open newel, and finely railed in, with images of wood cast into a brass colour; and a very fair landing-place at the top. But this to be, if you do not appoint any of the lower rooms for a dining-place of servants; for otherwise you shall have the servants' dinner after your own: for the steam of it will come up as in a tunnel. And so much for the front. Only I understand the height of the first stairs to be sixteen foot, which is the height of the lower room. Beyond this front is there to be a fair court, but three sides of it of a far lower building than the some side alleys, with a cross, and the quarters to graze, being kept shorn, but not too near shorn. The row of return on the banquet side, let it be all stately galleries; in which galleries let there be three, or five, fine cupolas, in the length of it, placed at equal distance; and fine coloured windows of several works. On the household side, chambers of presence and ordinary entertainments, with some bed-chambers; and let all three sides be a double house, without thorough lights on the sides, that you may have rooms from the sun, both for forenoon and afternoon. Cast it also, that you may have rooms both for summer and winter; shady for summer, and warm for winter. You shall have sometimes fair houses so full of glass, that one cannot tell where to become to be out of the sun or cold. For imbowed windows, I hold them of good use, (in cities, indeed, upright do better, in respect of the uniformity towards the street,) for they be pretty retiring places for conference; and besides, they keep both the wind and sun off; for that which would strike almost through the room, doth scarce pass the window. But let them be but few, four in the court, on the sides only. Beyond this court, let there be an inward court, of the same square and height, which is to be environed with the garden on all sides: and in the inside, cloistered on all sides upon decent and beautiful arches, as high as the first story: on the under story, towards the garden, let it be turned to a grotto, or place of shade or estivation: and only have opening and windows towards the garden, and be level upon the floor, no whit sunk under ground, to avoid all dampishness. And let there be a fountain, or some fair work of statues, in the midst of this court; and to be paved as the other court was. These buildings to be for privy lodgings on both sides, and the end for privy galleries: whereof you must foresee, that one of them be for an infirmary, if the prince or any special person should be sick, with chambers, bed-chamber, antecamera and recamera, joining to it. This upon the second story. Upon the ground-story, a fair gallery, open, upon pillars; and upon the third story, likewise, an open gallery, upon pillars, to take the prospect and freshness of the garden. At both corners of the farther side, by way of return, let there be two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily paved, richly hanged, glazed with crystalline glass, and a rich cupola in the midst; and all other elegancy that may be thought upon. In the upper gallery too, I wish that there may be, if the place will yield it, some fountains running in divers places from the wall, with some fine avoidances. And thus much for the model of the palace; save that you must have, before you come to the front, three courts: a green court plain, with a wall about it: a second court of the same, but more garnished, with little turrets, or rather embellish- | oaks, and such like. These particulars are for the climate of London: but my meaning is perceived. that you may have ver perpetuum, as the place affords. ments upon the wall; and a third court, to make a square with the front, but not to be built, nor yet enclosed with a naked wall, but enclosed with terraces, leaded aloft, and fairly garnished on the three sides; and cloistered on the inside with pillars, and not with arches below. As for offices, let them stand at distance, with some low galleries to pass from them to the palace itself. XLVI. OF GARDENS. double violet, which comes twice a year; about the middle of April, and about Bartholomew-tide. Next to that is the musk-rose; then the strawberryleaves dying, with a most excellent cordial smell; then the flower of the vines; it is a little dust, like the dust of a bent, which grows upon the cluster, in the first coming forth; then sweet-brier: then wallflowers, which are very delightful, to be set under a parlour, or lower chamber window; then pinks and gilliflowers, especially the matted pink, and clovegilliflower; then the flowers of the lime-tree; then the honey-suckles, so they be somewhat afar off. Of bean-flowers I speak not, because they are fieldflowers; but those which perfume the air most delightfully, not passed by as the rest, but being trod. den upon and crushed, are three; that is, burnet, wild thyme, and water mints. Therefore you are to set whole alleys of them, to have the pleasure when you walk or tread. And because the breath of flowers is far sweeter in the air, where it comes and goes, like the warbling of music, than in the hand, therefore nothing is more fit for that delight, than to know what be the flowers and plants that do best perfume the air. Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells; so that you may walk by a whole row of them, and find nothing of their sweetness: yea, though it be in a God Almighty first planted a garden: and indeed morning's dew. Bays likewise yield no smell, as it is the purest of human pleasures. It is the they grow; rosemary, little; nor sweet marjoram. greatest refreshment of the spirits of man; without | That which above all others yields the sweetest which, buildings and palaces are but gross handy-smell in the air, is the violet; especially the white works: and a man shall ever see, that when ages grow to civility and elegancy, men come to build stately, sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater perfection. I do hold it, in the royal ordering of gardens, there ought to be gardens for all the months in the year: in which, severally, things of beauty may be then in season. For December and January, and the latter part of November, you must take such things as are green all winter; holly; ivy; bays; juniper; cypress-trees; yew; pine-apple trees; fir-trees; rosemary; lavender; periwinkle, the white, the purple, and the blue; germander; flags; orange-trees; lemon-trees; and myrtles, if they be stoved; and sweet marjoram, warm set. There followeth, for the latter part of January and February, the mezere on tree, which then blossoms; crocus vernus, both the yellow and the gray; primroses; anemonies; the early tulip; hyacinthus orientalis; chamaïris; fritellaria. For March there come violets, especially the single blue, which are the earliest; the yellow daffodil; the daisy; the almond-tree in blossom; the peach-tree in blossom; the cornelian-tree in blossom; sweetbrier. In April follow the double white violet; the wall-flower; the stock-gilliflower; the cowslip; flower-de-luces; and lilies of all natures; rosemaryflowers; the tulip; the double piony; the pale daffodil; the French honey-suckle; the cherry-tree in blossom; the damascene and plum-trees in blossom; the white-thorn in leaf; the lilach-tree. In May and June come pinks of all sorts; especially the blush pink; roses of all kinds, except the musk, which comes later; honey-suckles; strawberries; bugloss; columbine; the French marygold: flos Africanus; cherry-tree in fruit; ribes; figs in fruit; rasps; vine-flowers; lavender in flowers; the sweet satyrian, with the white flower; herba muscaria; lilium convallium; the apple-tree in blossom. In July come gilliflowers of all varieties; musk roses; the lime-tree in blossom; early pears and plums in fruit, gennitings, codlins. In August come plums of all sorts in fruit; pears; apricots; berberries; filberds; musk melons; monks-hoods, of all colours. In September come grapes; apples; poppies of all colours; peaches; melo-cotones; nectarines; cornelians; wardens; quinces. In October, and the beginning of November, come services; medlars; bullaces; roses cut or removed to come late; holly For gardens, speaking of those which are indeed prince-like, as we have done of buildings, the contents ought not well to be under thirty acres of ground, and to be divided into three parts: a green in the entrance; a heath or desert in the going forth; and the main garden in the midst; besides alleys on both sides. And I like well, that four acres of ground be assigned to the green, six to the heath, four and four to either side, and twelve to the main garden. The green hath two pleasures; the one, because nothing is more pleasant to the eye than green grass kept finely shorn; the other, because it will give you a fair alley in the midst; by which you may go in front upon a stately hedge, which is to enclose the garden. But because the alley will | be long, and in great heat of the year or day, you ought not to buy the shade in the garden by going in the sun through the green; therefore you are. of either side the green, to plant a covert alley, upon carpenters' work, about twelve foot in height, by which you may go in shade into the garden. As for the making of knots or figures, with divers coloured earths, that they may lie under the windows of the house, on that side which the garden stands, they be but toys; you may see as good sights, many times, in tarts. The garden is best to be square, encompassed on all the four sides with a stately arched hedge: the arches to be upon pillars of carpenters' work, of some ten foot high, and six foot broad; and the spaces between of the same di- | the pool, and delivered into it by fair spouts, and mension with the breadth of the arch. Over the then discharged away under ground by some equalarches let there be an entire hedge, of some four ity of bores, that it stay little. And for fine devices Ext high, framed also upon carpenters' work; and of arching water without spilling and making it rise on the upper hedge, over every arch, a little tur- in several forms, of feathers, drinking glasses, canont, with a belly enough to receive a cage of birds; pies, and the like, they be pretty things to look on, and over every space between the arches, some other but nothing to health and sweetness. Atle figure, with broad plates of round coloured glass, gilt, for the sun to play upon. But this hedge I intend to be raised upon a bank, not steep, but gently slope, of some six foot, set all with flowers. Also I understand, that this square of the garden should not be the whole breadth of the ground, but to leave on either side ground enough for diversity of ande alleys; unto which the two covert alleys of the | green may deliver you: but there must be no alys with hedges at either end of this great enclosure; not at the hither end, for letting your prosject upon the fair hedge from the green; nor at the farther end, for letting your prospect from the hedge, through the arches, upon the heath. For the ordering of the ground within the great hedge, I leave it to variety of device; advising | nevertheless, that whatsoever form you cast it into, first it be not too busy, or full of work; wherein I, for my part, do not like images cut out in juniper or other garden stuff; they be for children. Little low hedges round, like welts, with some pretty pyraads, I like well; and in some places, fair columns upon frames of carpenters' work. I would also have the alleys spacious and fair. You may have closer alleys upon the side grounds, but none in the main garden. I wish also, in the very middle, a fair mount, with three ascents and alleys, enough for four to walk a-breast; which I would have to be perfect circles, without any bulwarks or embossments; and the whole mount to be thirty foot high; and some fine banqueting house, with some chimLeys neatly cast, and without too much glass. For fountains, they are a great beauty and refreshment; but pools mar all, and make the garden unwholesome, and full of flies and frogs. Fountains I intend to be of two natures: the one that sprinkloth or spouteth water; the other a fair receipt of water, of some thirty or forty foot square, but without fish, or slime, or mud. For the first, the ornaments of images gilt, or of marble, which are in se, do well: but the main matter is so to convey the water, as it never stay either in the bowls, or in the cistern; that the water be never by rest disenloured, green or red, or the like; or gather any mussiness or putrefaction. Besides that, it is to be cleansed every day by the hand. Also some steps up to it, and some fine pavement about it doth well. As for the other kind of fountain, which we may call a bathing pool, it may admit much curiosity and Leauty, wherewith we will not trouble ourselves; that the bottom be finely paved, and with images; the aides likewise; and withal embellished with coloured glass, and such things of lustre; encomJased also with fine rails of low statues. But the main point is the same which we mentioned in the former kind of fountain; which is that the water le in perpetual motion, fed by a water higher than For the heath, which was the third part of our plot, I wish it to be framed as much as may be to a natural wildness. Trees I would have none in it, but some thickets made only of sweet-brier and honey-suckle, and some wild vine amongst; and the ground set with violets, strawberries, and primroses. For these are sweet and prosper in the shade. And these to be in the heath here and there, not in any order. I like also little heaps, in the nature of mole-hills, such as are in wild heaths, to be set some with wild thyme, some with pinks, some with germander, that gives a good flower to the eye, some with periwinkle, some with violets, some with strawberries, some with cowslips, some with daisies, some with red roses, some with lilium convallium, some with sweet-williams red, some with bears-foot, and the like low flowers being withal sweet and sightly. Part of which heaps to be with standards of little bushes, pricked upon their top, and part without. The standards to be roses, juniper, holly, berberries, but here and there, because of the smell of their blossom, red currants, gooseberries, rosemary, bays, sweet brier, and such like. But these standards to be kept with cutting, that they grow not out of course. For the side grounds, you are to fill them with variety of alleys, private, to give a full shade, some of them, wheresoever the sun be. You are to frame some of them likewise for shelter, that when the wind blows sharp, you may walk as in a gallery. And those alleys must be likewise hedged at both ends, to keep out the wind; and these closer alleys must be ever finely gravelled, and no grass, because of going wet. In many of these alleys likewise, you are to set fruit-trees of all sorts; as well upon the walls as in ranges. And this would be generally observed, that the borders wherein you plant your fruit-trees, be fair and large, and low, and not steep; and set with fine flowers, but thin and sparingly, lest they deceive the trees. At the end of both the side grounds, I would have a mount of some pretty height, leaving the wall of the enclosure breast high, to look abroad into the fields. For the main garden, I do not deny but there should be some fair alleys, ranged on both sides, with fruit-trees, and some pretty tufts of fruit-trees, and arbours with seats, set in some decent order; but these to be by no means set too thick, but to leave the main garden so as it be not close, but the air open and free. For as for shade, I would have you rest upon the alleys of the side grounds, there to walk, if you be disposed, in the heat of the year or day; but to make account, that the main garden is for the more temperate parts of the year; and in the heat of summer, for the morning and the evening, or overcast days. For aviaries, I like them not, except they be of that largeness, as they may be turfed, and have | and so govern him. In dealing with cunning person living plants and bushes set in them; that the birds may have more scope, and natural nestling, and that no foulness appear in the floor of the aviary. So I have made a platform of a princely garden, partly by precept, partly by drawing; not a model, but some general lines of it; and in this I have spared for no cost. But it is nothing for great princes, that for the most part, taking advice with workmen, with no less cost set their things together; and sometimes add statues, and such things, for state and magnificence, but nothing to the true pleasure of a garden. XLVII. OF NEGOTIATING. : It is generally better to deal by speech, than by letter; and by the mediation of a third, than by a man's self. Letters are good, when a man would draw an answer by letter back again; or when it may serve for a man's justification, afterwards to produce his own letter; or where it may be danger to be interrupted, or heard by pieces. To deal in person is good, when a man's face breedeth regard, as commonly with inferiors; or in tender cases, where a man's eye upon the countenance of him with whom he speaketh, may give him a direction how far to go and generally where a man will reserve to himself liberty, either to disavow or to expound. In choice of instruments, it is better to choose men of a plainer sort, that are like to do that that is committed to them, and to report back again faithfully the success; than those that are cunning to contrive out of other men's business somewhat to grace themselves, and will help the matter in report, for satisfaction sake. Use also such persons as affect the business wherein they are employed, for that quickeneth much; and such as are fit for the matter; as bold men for expostulation, fair-spoken men for persuasion, crafty men for inquiry and observation, froward and absurd men for business that doth not well bear out itself. Use also such as have been lucky, and prevailed before in things wherein you have employed them; for that breeds confidence, and they will strive to maintain their prescription. It is better to sound a person with whom one deals, afar off, than to fall upon the point at first; except you mean to surprise him by some short question. It is better dealing with men in appetite than with those that are where they would be. If a man deal with another upon conditions, the start or first performance is all; which a man cannot reasonably demand, except either the nature of the thing be such which must go before; or else a man can persuade the other party, that he shall still need him in some other thing; or else that he be counted the honester man. All practice is to discover, or to work. Men discover themselves in trust, in passion, at unawares, and of necessity, when they would have somewhat done, and cannot find an apt pretext. If you would work any man, you must either know his nature and fashions, and so lead him; or his ends, and so persuade him; or his weakness and disadvantages, and awe him; or those that have interest in him, we must ever consider their ends to interpret the speeches; and it is good to say little to them, as that which they least look for. In all negotiations ( difficulty, a man may not look to sow and reap once; but must prepare business and so ripen it degrees. XLVIII OF FOLLOWERS AND FRIENDS. Costly followers are not to be liked; lest while. man maketh his train longer, he make his wirs shorter. I reckon to be costly, not them alone wh charge the purse, but which are wearisome and ir portune in suits. Ordinary followers ought to cha lenge no higher conditions than countenance, recom mendation, and protection from wrongs. Factic followers are worse to be liked, which follow r upon affection to him with whom they range them selves, but upon discontentment conceived agains some other whereupon commonly ensueth that intelligence that we many times see between gre personages. Likewise glorious followers, who make themselves as trumpets of the commendation of the -they follow, are full of inconvenience; for they ta business through want of secrecy; and they expr honour from a man, and make him a return in env There is a kind of followers likewise, which are dangerous, being indeed espials; which inquire the secrets of the house, and bear tales of them to others Yet such men many times are in great favour; for they are officious, and commonly exchange tales The following by certain estates of men answerable to that which a great person himself professeth, as of soldiers to him that have been employed in the wars, and the like, hath ever been a thing civil, and well taken even in monarchies; so it be without too much pomp or popularity. But the most honourabl kind of following, is to be followed as one that ap prehendeth to advance virtue and desert in all sorts of persons. And yet where there is no eminent odds in sufficiency, it is better to take with the more passable than with the more able. And besides, to speak truth, in base times active men are of mor use than virtuous. It is true, that in government. it is good to use men of one rank equally: for to countenance some extraordinarily, is to make them insolent, and the rest discontent; because they may claim a due. But contrariwise in favour, to use men with much difference and election is good; for it maketh the persons preferred more thankful, and the rest more officious; because all is of favour. It is good discretion not to make too much of any man at the first; because one cannot hold out that proportion. To be governed, as we call it, by one, is not safe; for it shows softness, and gives a freedom to scandal and disreputation; for those that would not censure, or speak ill of a man immediately, will talk more boldly of those that are so great with them, and thereby wound their honour. Yet to be dis tracted with many, is worse; for it makes men to be of the last impression, and full of change. To take advice of some few friends is ever honourable; for lookers-on many times see more than gamesters; d the vale best discovereth the hill. There is little ndship in the world, and least of all between ls, which was wont to be magnified. That that between superior and inferior, whose fortunes comprehend the one the other. XLIX. OF SUITORS. "Iniquum petas, ut æquum feras," is a good rule, where a man hath strength of favour; but otherwise a man were better rise in his suit; for he that would have ventured at first to have lost the suitor, will not in the conclusion lose both the suitor and his own former favour. Nothing is thought so easy a request to a great person, as his letter; and yet, if it be not in a good cause, it is so much out of his reputation. There are no worse instruments than these general contrivers of suits; for they are but a kind of poison and infection to public proceedings. L. OF STUDIES. Many ill matters and projects are undertaken; private suits do putrify the public good. Many matters are undertaken with bad minds; I jan not only corrupt minds, but crafty minds, that d not performance. Some embrace suits, which er mean to deal effectually in them; but if they there may be life in the matter by some other Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for they will be content to win a thank, or take ability. Their chief use for delight, is in private-¦ ond reward, or at least to make use in the mean ness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and of the suitor's hopes. Some take hold of suits for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of for an occasion to cross some other, or to make business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps information, whereof they could not otherwise judge of particulars, one by one; but the general we apt pretext; without care what become of the counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, when that turn is served: or generally, to make come best from those that are learned. To spend ker men's business a kind of entertainment to too much time in studies, is sloth; to use them too in their own. Nay, some undertake suits, much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment ⚫ a full purpose to let them fall; to the end to only by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. fy the adverse party or competitor. Surely They perfect nature, and are perfected by experiis in some sort a right in every suit; either ence for natural abilities are like natural plants, Fight of equity, if it be a suit of controversy; or a that need pruning by study; and studies themselves of desert, if it be a suit of petition. If affection do give forth directions too much at large, except aia man to favour the wrong side in justice, let they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men rather use his countenance to compound the condemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise er than to carry it. If affection lead a man to men use them: for they teach not their own use: ar the less worthy in desert, let him do it with- but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, praying or disabling the better deserved. In won by observation. Read not to contradict and which a man doth not well understand, it is confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to to refer them to some friend of trust and judg- find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. that may report whether he may deal in them Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, honour; but let him choose well his referen- and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, rs, for else he may be led by the nose. Suitors some books are to be read only in parts; others to distasted with delays and abuses, that plain be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read fang in denying to deal in suits at first, and re- wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some ting the success barely, and in challenging no books also may be read by deputy, and extracts thanks than one hath deserved, is grown not made of them by others; but that would be only in honourable, but also gracious. In suits of fa- the less important arguments, and the meaner sort er, the first coming ought to take little place; so of books: else distilled books are like common disforth consideration may be had of his trust, that, tilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full Intelligence of the matter could not otherwise man; conference a ready man; and writing an exbeen had but by him, advantage be not taken act man. And therefore if a man write little, he e note, but the party left to his other means, had need have a great memory; if he confer little, in some sort recompensed for his discovery. he had need have a present wit; and if he read be ignorant of the value of a suit, is simplicity; little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to well as to be ignorant of the right thereof, is know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; of conscience. Secrecy in suits is a great poets, witty; the mathematics, subtile; natural phiof obtaining; for voicing them to be in for-losophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, ess, may discourage some kind of suitors; but quicken and awake others. But timing of the is the principal; timing, I say, not only in rete of the person that shall grant it, but in respect those which are like to cross it. Let a man, in the ce of his mean, rather choose the fittest mean than greatest mean: and rather them that deal in certhings than those that are general. The reparaof a denial is sometimes equal to the first grant; if an show himself neither dejected nor discontented. able to contend: "Abeunt studia in mores." Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises: bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again: if his wit be not |