chambers of presence and ordinary entertainments with some bed-chambers; and let all three sides be a double house, without thorough lights on the sides, that you may have rooms from the sun, both for forenoon and afternoon. Cast' it also that you may have rooms both for summer and winter, shady for summer and warm for winter. You shall have sometimes fair houses so full of glass, that one cannot tell where to become2 to be out of the sun or cold. For embowed3 windows, I hold them of good use; in cities, indeed, upright do better, in respect of the uniformity towards the street; for they be pretty retiring places for conference, and, besides, they keep both the wind and sun offfor that which would strike almost through the room, doth scarce pass the window; but let them be but few, four in the court, on the sides only.

Beyond this court let there be an inward' court, of the same square and height, which is to be environed with the garden on all sides; and in the inside, cloistered on all sides upon decent and beautiful arches, as high as the first storey; on the under storey, towards the garden, let it be turned to a grotto, or place of shade, or estivation; and only have opening and windows towards the garden, and be level upon the floor, no whit sunk under ground, to avoid all dampishness; and let there be a fountain, or some fair work of statues in the midst of the court, and to be paved as the other court was. These buildings to be for privy lodgings on both sides, and the end for privy galleries; whereof you must foresee that one of them be for an infirmary, if the prince or any special person should be sick, with chambers, bed-chamber, 'antecamera' ['anti-chamber'],

1 Cast. To plan.

From that day forth, I cast in careful mind
To keep her out.'-Spenser.

2 Become. To betake oneself.

'I cannot joy until I be resolved
Where our right valiant father

Is become.'-Shakespere.

3 Embowed. Bowed.

'I saw a bull as white as driven snow,

With gilden horns, embowed like the moon.'-Spenser.

4 Inward. Inner. Though our outward man perish, yet the inward man is

renewed day by day.'-2 Cor. iv.

5 Whit. The least degree. See page 421.

and 'recamera,' ['retiring-chamber,' or 'back-chamber'] joining to it; this upon the second storey. Upon the ground storey, a fair gallery, open, upon pillars; and upon the third storey likewise, an open gallery upon pillars, to take the prospect and freshness of the garden. At both corners of the farther side, by way of return, let there be two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily' paved, richly hanged, glazed with crystalline glass, and a rich cupola in the midst, and all other elegancy that may be thought upon. In the upper gallery, too, I wish that there may be, if the place will yield it, some fountains running in divers3 places from the wall, with some fine avoidances. And thus much for the model of the palace; save that you must have, before you come to the front, three courts-a green court plain, with a wall about it; a second court of the same, but more garnished with little turrets, or rather embellishments, upon the wall; and a third court, to make a square with the front, but not to be built, nor yet enclosed with a naked wall, but enclosed with terraces leaded aloft, and fairly garnished on the three sides, and cloistered on the inside with pillars, and not with arches below. As for offices, let them stand at distance, with some low galleries to pass from them to the palace itself.

1 Daintily. Elegantly. See page 1.

2 Hanged. Hung (with draperies). Music is better in rooms wainscotted than hanged.'-Bacon.

3 Divers. Many. See page 212.

4 Avoidances. Water-courses. The two avoidances or passages of water.'Statute, 8th year of King Henry VII.

ESSAY XLVI. OF GARDENS.

OD ALMIGHTY first planted a garden, and, indeed, it is

GOD

4

ment to the spirits of man, without which building and palaces are but gross handyworks: and a man shall ever see, that when ages grow to civility' and elegancy, men come to build stately, sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater perfection. I do hold it, in the royal ordering of gardens, there ought to be gardens for all the months in the year, in which, severally, things of beauty3 may be then in season. For December and January, and the latter part of November, you must take such things as are green all winter; holly, ivy, bays, juniper, cypress-trees, yew, pines, fir-trees, rosemary, lavender; periwinkle, the white, the purple, and the blue; germander, flag, orange-trees, lemon-trees, and myrtles, if they be stoved; and sweet marjoram, warm set. There followeth, for the latter part of January and February, the mezereon tree, which then blossoms; crocus vernus, both the yellow and the grey; primroses, anemones, the early tulip, hyacinthus orientalis, chamaïris, fritellaria. For March, there come violets, especially the single blue, which are the earliest; the early daffodil, the daisy, the almond-tree in blossom, the peach-tree in blossom, the corneliantree in blossom, sweetbriar. In April, follow the double white violet, the wall-flower, the stock-gilliflower, the cowslip, flowerde-luces, and lilies of all natures; rosemary-flowers, the tulip, the double peony, the pale daffodil, the French honeysuckle, the cherry-tree in blossom, the damascene and plum-trees in blossom,

5

1 Civility. Civilization.

'Wheresoe'er her conquering eagles fled,

Arts, learning, and civility were spread.'—Denham.

2 Elegancy. See page 390.

3 Things of beauty. Beautiful things.

'A thing of beauty is a joy for ever!'

4 As for the cherry-laurel, the rhododendron, and even the laurustinus and the ilex, though natives of Portugal, Bacon seems not to have known them. But it is strange he does not mention the box, which is indigenous. Evelyn notices it; but with a caution against placing it too near the house, on account of its odour; which, to him, it seems was offensive, though, to others, a most delicious fragrance. 5 Flower-de-luces. The iris.

2

the white thorn in leaf, the lilac-tree. In May and June come pinks of all sorts, especially the blush pink; roses of all kinds, except the musk, which comes later; honeysuckles, strawberries, bugloss, columbine, the French marigold, flos Africanus, cherrytree in fruit, ribes,' figs in fruit, rasps, vine flowers, lavender in flowers, the sweet satyrian, with the white flower: herba muscaria, lilium convallium, the apple-tree in blossom. In July come gilliflowers of all varieties, musk roses, the lime-tree in blossom, early pears, and plums in fruit, gennitings,3 quodlins.* In August come plums of all sorts in fruit, pears, apricocks," barberries, filberds,' musk melons, monks-hoods, of all colours. In September come grapes, apples, poppies of all colours, peaches, melocotones, nectarines, cornelians,' wardens, quinces. In October and the beginning of November come services," medlars, bullaces, roses cut or removed to come late, hollyoaks," and such like. These particulars are for the climate of London; but my meaning is perceived, that you may have ver perpetuum,13 as the place affords.

10

13

And because the breath of flowers is far sweeter in the air (where it comes and goes, like the warbling of music) than in

1 Ribes.

2 Rasps.

Currants.

Raspberries.

'Now will the corinths, now the rasps, supply
Delicious draughts.'-Phillips.

3 Gennitings. Jennethings (June-eating; but supposed by some to be a corruption from Janeton, being so called after a Scotch lady of that name).

4 Quodlins.

5

Codlins.

Apricocks. Apricots.

'Go bind thou up yon dangling apricocks,

6 Barberries.

7 Filberds.

Which, like unruly children, make their sire

Stoop with oppression of their prodigal weight.'-Shakespere.
Berberries.

Filberts.

'I'll bring thee

9 Cornelians. Cherries.

To clustering filberds.'-Shakespere.

8 Melocotone. A large peach.

10 Wardens. A large keeping pear.

'Now must all shoots of pears alike be set,

Crustinian, Syrian pears, and wardens great.'-May's Virgil.

11 Services. A plant and fruit (Sorbus). October is drawn in a garment of yellow and carnation; in his left hand a basket of services, medlars, and other fruits that ripen late.'-Peacham.

12 Hollyoaks. Hollyhocks. Hollyoaks far exceed poppies for their durableness, and are far more ornamental.'-Mortimer.

13 A perpetual spring.

the hand, therefore nothing is more fit for that delight, than to know what be the flowers and plants that do best perfume the air. Roses, damask and red, are fast' flowers of their smells; so that you may walk by a whole row of them, and find nothing of their sweetness, yea, though it be in a morning's dew. Bays, likewise, yield no smell as they grow, rosemary little, nor sweet marjoram; that which, above all others, yields the sweetest smell in the air, is the violet; especially the white double violet, which comes twice a-year-about the middle of April, and about Bartholomew-tide. Next to that is the musk rose; then the strawberry leaves dying, with a most excellent cordial smell; then the flower of the vines-it is a little dust like the dust of a bent,3 which grows upon the cluster in the first coming forth-then sweetbriar, then wall-flowers, which are very delightful to be set under a parlour or lower chamber window; then pinks and gilliflowers, especially the matted pink and clove gilliflowers; then the flowers of the lime-tree; then the honeysuckles, so they be somewhat afar off. flowers I speak not, because they are field flowers; but those which perfume the air most delightfully, not passed by as the rest, but being trodden upon and crushed, are three, that is, burnet, wild thyme, and water-mints; therefore, you are to set whole alleys of them, to have the pleasure when you walk or tread.

5

Of bean

For gardens (speaking of those which are, indeed, princelike, as we have done of buildings), the contents ought not well to be under thirty acres of ground, and to be divided into three

1 Fast. Tenacious.

'Yet all this while in a most fast sleep.'—Shakespere.

2 Yea. Nay: not only this, but more than this. For behold this self-same thing that ye sorrowed after a godly sort, what carefulness it wrought in you, what clearing of yourselves, yea what indignation, yea what fear, yea what vehement desire, yea what zeal, yea what revenge.'-2 Cor. vii. II.

'I am weary; yea my memory is tired.'—Shakespere.

3 Bent. Bent-grass.

His spear a bent both stiff and strong,

And well near of two inches long.'-Drayton.

'June is drawn in a mantle of dark grass green upon a garland of bents, king-cups, and maiden-hair.'-Peacham.

This name probably comes from the old French gilofre, for girofle, a clove, derived from caryophyllus.

5 Prince-like. Princely.

"The wrongs he did me have nothing prince-like.'-Shakespere.