COOPER, George, song-writer, b. New York, N. Y., 1840. A contributor of songs to juvenile and other magazines. A resident of West Hoboken, N. J.

COOPER, James Fenimore, b. Burlington, N. J., 15 Sept., 1789; d. Cooperstown, N. Y., 14 Sept., 1851. Studied at Yale and served as midshipman in U. S. navy, 1808-11. The first book of perhaps the most American of our novelists appeared in 1820. The few songs scattered through his works are usually put in the mouths of his characters. My Brigantine" is given in "The Water-Witch," 1830.

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CORTISSOZ, Ellen Mackay Hutchinson, b. Caledonia, N. Y., 18-. She obtained a position, at an early age, in the othice of the N. Y. "Tribune," soon becoming a member of its editorial staff. To her care and taste the literary department of that journal's Sunday supplement has owed its repute. Her husband is Royal Cortissoz, the author and art-critic, also of the Tribune" staff. In 1881 Mis. Cortisso2, then Miss Hutchinson, collected some of her verse in a little volume, "Songs and Lyrics," remarkable for the exquisite beauty, in feeling and lyrical charm, of almost every poem which it contained. In her lyrics and ballads, tinged with old colonial and eighteenth-century effects, she has had more than one follower but no equal. She edited, with E. C. Stedman, Library of American Literature," in 11 vols., 1888-89.

COXE, Arthur Cleveland, Episcopal bishop of Western New York, b. Mendham, N. J., 1818; d. Clifton Springs, N. Y., 1895. He was graduated at the University of New York; was rector of St. John's Church, Hartford, Calvary Church, New York City, and Grace Church, Baltimore. He became assistant bishop in 1863, and bishop two years later. Among his many works in verse and prose are : "Christian Ballads," perhaps his best-known volume, 1810; "Athanasion, and Other Poems,) 1842; "Saul, a Mystery, and Other Poems," 1845; "Hallowe'en, a Romaunt, with Lays Meditative and Devotional," 1869; “The Ladye Chace," 1878; Institutes of Christian Ilis

tory," 1887.

CRANCH, Christopher Pearse, artist, b. Alexandria, Va., 1813; d. Cambridge, Mass., 1892. Was an ordained Unitarian minister, but soon abandoned the clerical profession and devoted himself to painting. Connected with the New England Transcendentalists" as a writer for "The Dial," 1840-43. Resided in Europe, 1846-43. Spent the later years of his life at Cambridge, Mass. Author of “Poems," 1844; The Eneid in English Blank Verse," 1872; "The Bird and the Bell," 1875; "Ariel and Caliban, with Other Poems," 1887.

CRANDALL, Charles Henry, journalist, b. Greenwich, N. Y., 1858. A resident of Springdale, Conn., where he devotes his time to literature. Author of two volumes of verse, Wayside Music," 1893, and "The Chords of

Life," 1898, and editor of "Representative Sonnets," 1890.

CRANE, Elizabeth Green, b. New York, N. Y., 18-. With the exception of occasional trips abroad, Miss Crane has lived in the country since her childhood. Her first book was an historic drama, Berquin," 1897. It has been followed by a volume of poems, "Sylva," 1900,

CRANE, Stephen, h. Newark, N. J., 1871 ; d. Baden Weiler, Germany, 1900, Studied at Lafayette College, was occupied for some years with newspaper work, and was correspondent for a New York paper in the Græco-Turkish war of 1897, and in Cuba, 1898. Removed to a suburb of London, England, 1898. Author of

The Black Riders, and Other Lines," verse, 1895; "War is Kind," verse, 1899; and of sev eral volumes of fiction, including The Red Badge of Courage," 1896; The Little Regiment," 1897; "The Third Violet," 1899, etc.

CROFFUT, William Augustus, journalist, b. Redding, Conn., 1836. Entered journalism in 1858. He has published several prose volumes as well as Bourbon Ballads," 1880, and "The Prophecy, and Other Poems," 1896.

CROSBY, Ernest Howard, humanitarian, b. New York, N. Y., 1856. Graduated from the University of New York and the Columbia College Law School. He was appointed judge of the international court of Alexandria, Egypt, in 1889; resigned in 1894. On his way back to America he visited Count Tolstoi, and since has given up the law to devote his attention to social reform. He was first president of the New York Social Reform Club. Author of two volumes of verse: "War Echoes," 1898; "Plain Talk in Psalm and Parable," 1899.

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CROSWELL, William, b. Hudson, N. Y., 1804; d. Boston, Mass., 1851. He graduated at Yale, and was the first rector of the Church of the Advent, Boston. His first poem appeared in The Episcopal Watchman," which he ed ited at Hartford, with Mr. Doane, afterwards bishop of New Jersey. Much of his verse is found in Arthur Cleveland Coxe's compilation, "Poems Sacred and Secular," 1859.

CURTIS, George William, man of letters, orator, and a leader in social and political reform, b. Providence, R. I., 24 Feb., 1824; d. Staten Island, N. Y., 31 Aug., 1892. From his youth, when at eighteen he became a member of the Community at Brook Farm, until his death after years of service in every good and perfect work, he was a practical idealist, and the typical American exemplar of "sweetness and light.' His earlier prose writings were Nile Notes of a Howadji," 1851; The Potiphar Papers," 1853; “Prue and I," 1856. Their pages were charged with poetic sentiment. One of his very infrequent pieces in verseform is given in this Anthology. A condensed but admirable biography of Curtis, by Edward Cary, constitutes a volume of the American Men of Letters" series.

CUTLER, Elbridge Jefferson, b. Holliston,

Mass., 1831; d. Cambridge, Mass., 1870. Professor of modern languages at Harvard, 186570. Author of "War Poems," 1867; "Stella," 1868.

DALLAS, Mary (Kyle), b. Philadelphia, Penn., 18-; d. New York, N. Y., 1897. A contributor, for many years, of fiction and verse to family story papers. Some of her novels were published in book-form. Her poem, "Brave Love," has been set to music by Ilarry Pepper.

DALY, Eugene Howell, Columbia University, Class of 1894.

DANA, Richard Henry, poet, critic, and essayist, b. Cambridge, Mass., 15 Aug., 1787; d. Boston, Mass., 2 Feb., 1879. After leaving Harvard College, without graduation, on account of being involved in the students' rebellion of 1807, he entered upon the study of law, and was admitted to the bar of Boston in 1811. He was active in polities as a Federalist, and was elected to the Massachusetts legislature. As a journalist he is conspicuous for his connec tion with the "North American Review," of which he was associate editor with Edward Tyrrel Channing (1818-1820). He began the publication at New York of the Idle Man," a literary periodical, to which Bryant, Allston, and others contributed, but which reached only six numbers. Dana's first volume of "Poems," containing "The Buccaneer," appeared in 1833. His lectures on Shakespeare, delivered in several Eastern cities, are representative, and he was the first eminent American to appreciate the beauties of Wordsworth. A collective edition of his "Poems and Prose Writings" was brought out in Boston in 1833 (enlarged edition 1850).

DAY, Thomas Fleming, b. Weston-SuperMare, Somersetshire, England, 1861. Came to the United States in 1868. Son of Edward H. Day, professor of natural science at Normal College, New York City. Editor of a yachting monthly at New York, "The Rudder," since 1895. Author of "Songs of Sea and Sail," 1899.

DE KAY, Charles, art-critic, b. Washing ton, D. C., 1848. Grandson of Joseph Rodman Drake. He was graduated at Yale, and in 1877 joined the staff of the New York Times," His works include "The Bohemian," 1878;. "Hesperus, and Other Poems," 1880; "The Vision of Nimrod," 1881 ; " The Love Poems of Louis Barnaval," 1883; Barye, Life and Works," 1889; “The Family Life of Heinrich Heine," translation, 1892; Bird Gods of Ancient Europe," 1898. Mr. De Kay was the projector of "The Authors Club," New York, and U. S. Consul General, Berlin, 1894-97. DELAND, Margaret.

land.

See M. W. C. De

DELAND, Margaretta Wade (Campbell) (Margaret Deland), b. Allegheny, Penn., 1857. She was married, in 1880, to Lorin F. Deland, of Boston, Mass., which city became her resi dence. Among her writings are: "The Old Garden, and Other Verses," 1886, and “John Ward, Preacher," 1888. The latter is a novel which deals with theological questions, and which brought wide reputation to its author.

DENNEN, Grace Atherton, educator. b. Woburn, Mass., 18-. Graduated at Smith Col lege. Removed to California, 1894, and en gaged in teaching and literary work. Is a tutor in the English department of Leland Stanford, Jr., University. Edited "The Ebell," 1898.

DE VERE, Mary Ainge, "Madeline Bridges," b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 184-. She has always lived in Brooklyn, devoting herself to literature, and making frequent contributions to the Galaxy," " Century," "Independent,” "Life," and many other periodicals. Author of Love Songs, and Other Poems," 1570; "Poems," 1890.

DEWEY, George Washington, b. Baltimore, Md., 1818; d. Philadelphia, Penn., 1864, His father was a painter from Westfield, Mass. The son lived in Philadelphia, where he followed the occupation of an accountant, and afterwards that of a merchant. His poems, essays, and reviews were never collected in

book-form. Mr. Dewey held an official position in The Art Union of Philadelphia.

DICKINSON, Charles Monroe, b. Lowville, N. Y., 1842. He was admitted to the New York bar, 1865, and practised law in Binghamton and New York City. In 1878 he became editor and owner of the Binghamton "RepubliPublished "The Children, and Other Verses," 1889.

can.

DICKINSON, Emily, b. Amherst, Mass., 1830; d. there, 1886. Her father, Hon. Edward Dickinson, was treasurer of Amherst College. Her life for the most part was spent in close Beclusion, and it was only under protest that a few of her poems were printed during her lifetime. In 1862 she was moved to write to Col. Thomas W. Higginson, enclosing four pieces, and seeking his criticism and advice. This led to a correspondence of many years, and to the posthumous volume, Poems by Emily Dickinson, Edited by Two of Her Friends, Mabel Loomis Todd and T. W. Higginson," 1890. In later volumes more of her pieces were given to the world. Her letters, 1847-1856, have been edited by Mrs. M. L. Todd.

DICKINSON, Martha Gilbert, niece of Emily Dickinson, b. at Amherst, Mass., 18— of Puritan stock. Since 1892 her poems have appeared in various periodicals. The first collection of her verse, "Within the Hedge," 1899, has been favorably received.

DINNIES, Anna Peyre (Shackelford), b. Pineville, S. C., 1805; d. New Orleans, La., 1886. Was a resident of St. Louis and New Orleans. In 1847 she published one hundred poems under the title, The Floral Year."

DOANE, George Washington, Episcopal bishop, b. Trenton, N. J., 1799; d. Burlington, N. J., 18.59. Graduated at Union College. He became bishop of New Jersey in 1832. Some of his hymns are standard favorites. Ilis Life and Writings," edited by his son, appeared in 1860.

DOANE, William Croswell, Episcopal bishop, b. Boston, Mass., 1832. Son of the preceding. He graduated at Burlington (N. J.) College, and entered the Episcopal ministry in 1853. In 1869 he was made bishop of Albany, N. Y. He is the author of several theological works and of much devotional

verse.

DODGE, Mary Barker (Carter), b. Bridgewater, Penn., 184. She was educated in Philadelphia, and married, 1850, to Charles F. Dodge, after which she lived in Williamsport, Mass.. and elsewhere. She has published: Belfry Voices," 1870; "The Gray Masque, and Other Poems," 1885.

DODGE, Mary Elizabeth (Mapes), b. New York, N. Y., 1838. Daughter of Professor James J. Mapes. After the death of her husband, William Dodge, she wrote for the N. Y. "Hearth and Home," of which she and Donald G. Mitchell were the editors. "St. Nicho

DOLE, Nathan Haskell, man of letters, b. Chelsea, Mass., 1852. Graduating at Ilar vard, 1874, he was preceptor of Derby Academy, Hingham, Mass., 1876-78, and since has been engaged in scholarly work. At one time a critic on the Philadelphia Press," and afterwards editor of the N. Y. "Epoch." Has been active as a translator, and is now editing a twenty-volume edition of Tolstoi's works. In 1896 he edited a multivariorum edition of the "Rubaiyát of Omar Khayyam." Author of several novels and a volume of verse, "The Hawthorne Tree, and Other Poems," 1895.

DORGAN, John Aylmer, lawyer, b. Philadelphia, 1836; d. there, 1867. He published a volume of verse, "Studies," 1862, twice reissued. His premature death, by consumption, was much lamented.

DORR, Julia Caroline (Ripley), b Charleston, S. C., 1825. Her family removed to New York, where she was married, in 1847, to the Hon. Seneca R. Dorr of Rutland, Vt., which city became her residence. She is the author of Poems," 1871 (complete edition, 1892); Friar Anselmo, and Other Poems,' 1879; Daybreak, an Easter Poem," 1882; and Afternoon Songs," 1885; "The Flower of England's Face," prose, 1895; "A Cathedral Pilgrimage," prose, 1896; In Kings' Houses," novel, 1898. Mrs. Dorr holds a distinguished and enviable position among Ameri

can women.

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'DOUGLAS, Marion." -See A. D. (G.)

Robinson.

DRAKE, Joseph Rodman, b. New York, N. Y., 17 Aug., 1795; d. there, 21 Sept., 1820. Left an orphan at an early age, Drake had a hard struggle with poverty, but obtained a good education, graduating in medicine in 1816. His marriage in the same year to the daughter of Henry Eckford, the marine architect, placed him in comfortable circumstances. He trav elled with his wife in Europe in 1818. In 1819 he went to New Orleans, hoping to benefit his health, but returned to die of consumption in New York in 1820. His first recorded poem, "The Mocking Bird," was written at the age of fourteen. The Croakers," a series of witty poems appearing in the Evening Post," first in 1819, dealt with local celebrities and current events, and created much amusement and curiosity as to their authorship. It was

the

finally proved that Drake wrote the first three. Others were written separately by Halleck and Drake, or by the two poets in collaboration. These poems were collected and published in 1860 by the Bradford Club, of New York. The Culprit Fay," Drake's longest production, grew out of an assertion by some friends that American rivers were not adapted by romantic associations for poetic use. Gen. James Grant Wilson says that Drake composed this poem, a charming example of pure fancy, and read it to his friends as a refutation of their theory. A collection of Drake's poems, containing that national classic The American Flag" (of which Halleck is said to have written the closing quatrain) was published under the title, The Culprit Fay, and Other Poems," by his daughter in 1836 (later editions, 1847, 1865).

"DROCH.”—See Robert Bridges. DUER, Alice. See A. D. Miller.

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QUER, Caroline, b. New York, N. Y., 18—, where she now resides. Daughter of James G. King Miller. Miss Duer's lyrics comprise the larger portion of Poems by Caroline and Alice Duer," 1896, a volume that won friends by the grace and frequent vigor of its verse, and by a certain air of distinction.

DUFFIELD, Samuel Augustus Willoughby, clergyman, b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1833; d. Bloomfield, N. J., 1887. A graduate of Yale, Entered the Presbyterian ministry, and held a pastorate at Bloomfield for the greater part of his life. Author of a volume of poems, Warp and Woof," 1870, and of English Hymns, their Authors and History," 1886,

DUNBAR, Paul Laurence, b. Dayton, Ohio, 1872. Of African blood. Graduated at the Dayton High School, and engaged in newspaper work. His verse soon attracted attention, and he has given successful readings from his poems. In 1899 he accepted a position in the Library of Congress at Washington. His maturer poems are to be found in Lyrics of Lowly Life," 1896; Lyrics of the Hearthside," 1899. "Folks from Dixie," stories, 1897, and ** The Uncalled," novel, 1898, are among his books of fiction.

DURIVAGE, Francis Alexander, b. Boston, Mass., 1814; d. New York, N. Y., 1881. Nephew of Edward Everett. A journalist and writer of verse and fiction. Among his books are "Life Scenes from the World around Us," 1853; "The Fatal Casket," 1866; and A Cyclopedia of History. The poem "Chez Bré

bant is an interesting example of a poem that, although composed by one of the early American school, is quite in the manner of the latter-day verse of which Dobson's Proverbs in Porcelain" is a typical example.

DWIGHT, Timothy, educator and theologian, b. Northampton, Mass., 14 May, 1752; d. New Haven, 11 Jan., 1817. Was a precocious child and entered Yale when but thirteen

years old; became a tutor there when he wa nineteen. Licensed to preach in 1777. While serving as chaplain in the American army against Burgoyne, he wrote his famous poen, Columbia." In 1794 he was elected president of Yale College, and by his dignity, learning, and character proved himself a great educator, whose memory will always be revered. Hẻ belonged, with Trumbull, Barlow, etc., to the group known as The Hartford Wits," contributing anonymous satirical prose and verse to the papers during the decade following the Revolutionary war. A posthumous edition of his divinity sermons was published in five vol umes, Theology, Explained and Defended." 1818. This work has passed through many editions in America and Europe. His metrical works are: The Conquest of Canaan,” 1785; "The Triumph of Infidelity," 1788; "Greenfield Hill," 1794. Under the presidency of Dr. Dwight's grandson Timothy Dwight, in whom the traditions and character of the elder of the name have been nobly revived, Yale College became a university,

EASTER, Marguerite Elizabeth (Mil. ler), b. Leesburg, Va., 1839; d. Baltimore, Md., 1894. She was of German ancestry, and was married, in 1859, to James Washington Easter, a prominent Baltimore merchant. Author of "Clytie, and Other Poems,” 1891.

EASTMAN, Barrett, journalist, b. Chicago, Ill., 1869, Educated at Racine College, and became an editorial writer and dramatic critic on various Chicago and New York papers. Since 1898 he has been conducting a newspaper syndicate in New York City. His writings ia clude many contributions in prose and verse to the journals and magazines, and (with Wallace Rice) Under the Star and other Songs of the Sea," 1898.

EASTMAN, Charles Gamago, journalist, b. Fryeburg, Me., 1816; d. Montpelier, Vt., 1861. A graduate of the University of Ver mont. He founded the "Lamoille River Express "at Johnson, Vt., 1838, and ** The Spirit of the Age ?? at Woodstock, Vt.. 1840; and be camo editor of " The Vermont Patriot,” Montpelier, 1846. Member of the State Senate, 1851-52. Author of “ Poems," 1848, of which revised edition was issued in 1880,

EASTMAN, Elaine (Goodale), b. Mount Washington, Mass., 1863. She and her younger sister, Dora Read Goodale, attracted attention: when children by the publication of several vol· umes of poems, some of the verse appearing as early as 1877. She became interested in the Indian schools; was first a gov rnment teacher in Dakota, and afterwards, i. 1890, was ap pointed superintendent of all Indian schools in South Dakota. In 1891 she married Dr. Charles A. Eastman, a Sioux Indian. She has pub lished separately 'Journal of a Farmer's Daughter," 1881.

EATON, Arthur Wentworth Hamilton, clergyman, b. Kentville, Nova Scotia, 1874.

Graduated at Harvard. A minister of the Episcopal Church, and a resident of New York City. He has published several prose works, and volume of poems, "Acadian Legends and Lyrics," 1889.

EGAN, Maurice Francis, educator, b. Philadelphia, Penn., 1852. Graduated at La Salle College. Was for some years professor of English literature at Notre Dame University, Ind., and now holds the same position at the Catholic University, Washington. From 1880– 1888 he was editor of the N. Y. "Freeman's Journal." In verse he has written: "Preludes," 1881; "Songs and Sonnets," 1885, enJarged edition, 1892. His prose volumes include, beside various novels, "Lectures on English Literature," 1889; "The Leopard of Lancianus, and Other Tales," 1899,

ELIOT, Henrietta Robins (Mack), b. Amherst, Mass., 18-. Now resident in Portland, Ore. Mrs. Eliot is a writer of verso and short stories, and has published "Laura's Holidays," 1898.

ELLIOT, George Tracy, b. Mason, N. II., 1853. Educated at the Massachusetts Instituto of Technology. Since 1881 he has been a cor rector at the Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass.

ELLSWORTH, Erastus Wolcott, inventor, b. East Windsor, Conn., 1822. Graduated at Amherst. Studied law, but did not follow the profession. Has resided chiefly at East Windsor Hill, where he has been occupied as an inventor of mechanical appliances and with farming. Of late years he has led a xecluded life. He was a brilliant contributor to "Putnam's Monthly "and other magazines. A volume of his poems was published in 1855,

ELLWANGER, William De Lancey, lawyer, b. Rochester, N. Y., 1851. Brother of the well-known bookman and essayist, George Herman Ellwanger, and like him interested in books and letters. His poems have appeared in prominent magazines.

EMBURY, Emma Catherine (Manly), b. New York, N. Y., 1806; d. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1863. She was married to Mr. Daniel Embury, of Brooklyn, in 1825. She published **Guido, and Other Poems," 1828; Love's Token Flowers," verse, 1846; a number of stories; and Poems," issued posthumously, 1869, A favorite writer in the time of Griswold and Poe.

for

EMERSON, Ralph Waldo, b. Boston, Mass., 25 May, 1803; d. Concord, Mass., 27 April, 1882. He seems to have made little noteworthy impression upon his schoolmates save diligent and intelligent work. After leaving Harvard, in 1821, he taught school and studied for the ministry, being ordained 11 March, 1829, the same year in which he was married to Miss Ellen Louisa Tucker. He took an active interest in public affairs, was on the School Board, chosen chaplain of the State Senate, etc. In 1832 he resigned his clerical position in the Second Church." This step marks a great

change in his life. Though he continued to preach, and in many different churches, he would never accept a call, owing to his scruples relating to the communion service. In 1834, after a trip abroad, he became a resident of Concord, Mass. In September, 1835, he married Miss Lydia Jackson, his first wife having died in 1832. In 1835 he began his courses of lectures in Boston. He continued to preach until tho autumn of 1835 in the church at East Lexing ton. In 1836 his first book appeared, a very small volume entitled "Nature." It made no immediate sensation, undoubtedly because incomprehensible to the greater fraction. Car lyle and men of his stamp gave it unstinted praise. His next publication was "The American Scholar," which he delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, at Cambridge, 1837. Holmes has dubbed this oration our "intellectual declaration of independence." His lectures and orations were continued all through his life, and were published as noted below. In 1841 "Brook Farm was organized. Emerson had only tangential relations with the experi ment, and wrote of it in a humorous though kindly manner. His first volume of "Essays" was published in 1841. In 1842 he lost his little son, whose death was the inspiration of the "Threnody." In 1846 his first volume of poems was published. In 1867 his later poems wero published under the title May Day and Other Pieces." Collective editions of his verse appeared in 1876 and subsequently. His prose works, composed principally of his lectures, aro "Essays, 1841;"Essays, Second Series 1844; Miscellanies," 1849; "Representative Men." 1850; English Traits," 1856; "The Conduct of Life," 1860; "Society and Solitude," 1870; "Letters and Social Aims," 1875; and a posthumous volume, “Lectures and Biographical Sketches." He also contributed to the Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli," 1852; and edited Parnassus," 1874, a collection of his poetical favorites. It is impossible to overestimate the influence of Emerson on the Amer ican people. His lectures were a stimulus as well as a guide for the thought of the day. The latter years of his life were peaceful and happy, though his memory_failed him, and his mind lost its alert poise. He died of pneumonia after a short illness, and was buried in ground which he himself had consecrated twenty-seven years before. He was mourned not only by his coun try but by all the world, though his refined and luminous soul lives forever in his immortal work. For a critical analysis of Emerson's life, philosophy, and writings, cp. "Poets of Amer ica," chap. v. [B. D. L.]

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ENGLISH, Thomas Dunn, physician and legislator, b. Philadelphia, Penn., 29 June, 1819. He graduated at the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania, 1839, and after wards studied law, entering the Philadelphia bar in 1842. After 1844 he was occupied in New York as a journalist, establishing "The Aristidean," 1845. Since 1859 he has practised