and diftance of bodies, by means of the On thefe principles it evidently follows, that if a man, though in the fame room with another, can by any peculi ar modification of the organs of speech, produce a found, which, in faintnefs, tone, body, and in short, every other fenfible quality, perfectly resembles a found delivered from the roof of an oppofite houfe; the ear will naturally, without examination, refer it to that fituation and distance: the found which the perfon hears being only a fign, which he has from his infancy been conftantly accustomed, by experience, to affociate with the idea of a perfon fpeaking from a house top. It is evident too, that when there is no particular ground of fufpicion, any fmall dilparity between the two founds will not be perceptible VOL. IV. per According to our promife at the beginning of this article, we shall add a few particulars relating to the Author's Scaphandre. A few years ago he invented this aquatic acoutrement, or piece of machinery, by means of which a perfon totally ignorant of the art of fwimming may plunge boldly into the deepest and most agitated waters; and there, without any effort or skill, keep himself in an erect pofition: the water rifing all the time no higher than the pit of his ftomach. Here, according to his account, he may at his eafe eat, drink, write, and charge, prefent, and fire a mufker; turning himself round at any time almoft by a mere act of the will. We pafs over many of the ufes of this apparatus; which is not cumberfome, either in the water or on fhore, and may be put on or off in lefs than a minute. The Abbe has now brought it to the highest degree of p fection, by having lately, after many fruitless attempts, discovered an expedient, or, in his own words, attained what he calls a fixed point, by means of which a perfon may walk across the deepeft rivers, as if he was footing it on a folid plane. The Abbe appeals for the truth of these affertions to many thousand witneffes; and in further corroboration of them, has added a letter written by M. Artuo, Captain of Artillery at Huninguen; who there defcribes the fuccefsful trial lately made of one of the Author's Scaphandres in the Rhine, by a mere novice in the art of fwimming; who, with this accoutrement, walked upright and at his ease backwards and forwards in that river, as if by enchantment. We shall only add that the Author intends immedi ately to compofe and publifh a complete defcription of every part of the apparatus, to which he means to add an account of the various ufes to which it is applicable. B + Inquiry into the Human Mind. Firft edit. page 100. Оп er's gain will be very little, if, in proportion to the advancement of his income, he finds an advancement in his expences.- -Wealth is a term merely relative; and a man with ten thoufand pounds a-year muft be a beggar, if eleven thoufand are indifpenfibly requifite for the maintance of his family. -To fupport the propriety of this reafoning, it is barely neceffary to obferve, that, though rents are hourly rifing, the Country Gentlemen were never fo diftreffed as at the prefent moment. The cafe is obvious: Our people are taught by the very legislature to have feparate views, instead of one general intereft; and, of course, inftead of endeavouring to under-fell each other, the only contention is, who fhall charge the highest price for his commodity.Thus the artifan adding as much to his labour as the farmer adds to his butter or cheese, both are inevitably lofers in the end; and the nation in the end alfo, is fhut out from every European market to which she formerly fent her manufactures. That the Country Gentlemen are a moft refpectable body, and contribute very largely to the exigencies of the ftate, must be univerfally acknowledged; but it is very problematical whether they are really benefited when they are allowed a fuperiority over the commercial members of the community: For if (to elucidate this remark) we grant a bounty upon the exportation of corn, to encourage the business of agriculture, we raife the price of bread immediately upon the manufacturer, and oblige him of courfe to raise the price of his commodity upon the bufbandman.- -In our collective capacity as a people, we are all extremely ready to harangue for the national welfare; yet, in our private capacity as individuals, not one of us will bear a load which can poffibly be fhifted to the fhoulders of our neighbour. Giving, therefore, exclufive encouragements to one part of the kingdom, is in fact to make oppreffors of the other; and there is not a fingle article of the edible kind, which, out of regard to the landholder, we foffer to be fent abroad, but what fubjects him at home to treble the amount of his advantages. The value of eftates will unqueftion-perty, the land.--The intereft of the ably encreafe, the more the landholder is cherished in the bofom of minifterial partiality; nevertheless, the landhold . It may feem a paradox in politics, but it is certainly a matter of fact, that the landed intereft would be materially ferved, if it occupied only the fecond place in the confideration of Parliament; for, besides being fubject to an encreased charge for manufactures, in proportion to the encreated rate of rents, an evil falls upon the Country Gentlemen, of a very formidable nature, though it has not yet been pointed out; and this is the accumulating load of parochial taxations, whenever our journeymen mechanics are unhappily out of work.If the Country Gentleman has a town-house as well as a manor-house (which he most probably has,) he is a double sufferer; and as the revenues accruing from Trade are leffened, an equal weight must be added to the permanent pro national debt must be paid; the expences of government must be furnished; provifion must be made for our establishment establishment at fea, and for our eftablishment on fhore; the civil-liit coffers must be regularly filled, and the necessary supplies voted for minor dependencies in America.--All thefe things must be done; yet by whom are they to be done, whenever there is a deficiency in the duties laid upon commerce?-By the Country Gentlemen undoubtedly: If four fhillings in the pound prove inadequate, they will be compelled to raife five; and if five prove infufficient, a land-tax of fix is the unavoidable confequence.---The Country Gentlemen, therefore, if they really confulted their own emolument, fhould on all occafions ftudy to promote the commercial profperity of the kingdoin.――The more extended our Trade becomes, the greater revenues it will produce, and the fooner the minifter will be enabled to effect a reduction of the land tax, of the impofts upon foap, candles, and the other indifpenfible articles in the round of our domeftic œconomy But if the Country Gentlemen are allowed to preponderate much longer in the political balance, the very partiality which they experience from government will be their heaviest misfortune: They will realize the fable of the Belly and the Members, and find themfelves utterly unable, when our commerce is anihilated, to fuftain the entire weight of every public tax ation. For feveral years paft the legislature, with refpect to Provisions, has done lit tle more than invert its own plan, to exalt the landed intereft; for if in one feffion a bounty has been given upon the exportation of corn, in the next, the exportation has not only been prohibited, but our ports have been opened to receive the grain of foreign kingdoms. By this means, when we have famished our manufacturers to the verge of the grave, we have been obliged to relieve them at the expence of the unoffending Farmer, whofe commodity became inftantly leffened, when it was no longer to be sent abroad, and had even a rival brought home to its own market. It was impoflible, therefore, on fo abfurd a principle, to escape the calamity which at laft has fallen upon us univerfally: The fee-faw fyftem of opprefling the mechanic to enrich the husbandman, and then oppreffing the husbandman to relieve the me chanic, could not but involve us in a wretchednefs the moft general.Neceffity, then, fhould now fupply the place of wifdom among us, and teach us the first great leffon neceffary to be known in every commercial kingdom, namely, that the landed intereft and the trading intereft are abfolutely one; that both muft unavoidably fuffer, whenever they become oppofed to each other; and that nothing but redu. cing the price of provifions can ever poffibly reduce the price of manufactures. To conclude: As the rate of manufactures must be thus regulated by the rate of provifions, a perpetual prohibition fhould take place on the exportation of every edible which is produced among us.--Nothing in fact fhould ever be exported, but those articles of which we have a permanent fuperabundance; and which, while we have them always certainly among ourfelves, afford always a certain employment to the people.The cheaper those neceffaries of life are to be obtained which conftitute our food, the cheaper all the luxuries of life will be obtained, which are requifite for our enjoyment.- The farmer, of courfe, will gain as much on the one hand as he lofes on the other, and the manufacturer, by a profitable trade with the whole world, will make foreigners entirely remove that enormous load of taxes, which is now fo infupportable to his miferable country. ranks, places and dignities. The Englith feem regardless of it, unless on certain important occafions; the French are lefs attached to it than others, and when circumftances oblige them to practife it, they only remind themselves of it, to forget it afterwards. The fame cannot be faid of the Italians. The important affair of the punctilio is ever prefent to them, and it is one of the principal myfteries of their actual grandeur. The fame obfervation may take place in regard to the petty courts of Germany. It is related on this head, that a French colonel at the end of a campaign, not knowing how to difpofe of himself, bethought himself of going, in a village of Germany, to an affembly that was held in the house of a princefs. "You want" faid one to him," to appear at that affembly, but none but princes refort to it. Are you a prince?"-"Go, go," faid the colonel," they are goodnatured princes; I had laft year a dozen of them in my anti-chamber, when we took the town, and they were all well behaved and civil." How many extravagances has not the etiquette occafioned in Spain? There may be reafon indeed to lament them, as Philip III. fell a facrifice to their folJy. That prince, fcarce recovered from a dangerous illness, was feated near a chimney, where the fire-maker of the court had kindled fo great a quantity of wood, that the monarch had like to be fuffocated with the heat. His grandeur did not permit him to rife to call out for help; the officers in waiting were not in the way, and the domeftics dared not enter the apartment. length the marquis of Pobar appeared, whom the king ordered to damp the fire; but he excufed himself on the pretext of the etiquette's forbidding him to exercife that function, for which it was neceffary to call the duke d'Uffedo. This duke was then abfent from court, and the flame was ftill upon the increafe. The king, notwithstanding, endured the heat, rather than derogate from his dignity; but his blood was put At into fo great a ferment by it, that the next day he had an erefipilas in the head, with a return of his fever, which put an end to his life. Another anecdoce may likewife ferve to prove, that the etiquette was obferved at the court of Madrid, to an incredible degree of rigour. The queenconfort to Charles II. was very fond of riding, and one day wanted to make trial of a horfe, which had been fent to her from Andalufia. She was fcarcely on his back, when he stumbled and caufed her to fall. The queen's foot unfortunately ftuck in the stirrup, and the horfe dragged away with him the queen without any one's daring to help her: the etiquette was exprefsly against it; for any man whatever on pain of death, is forbidden to touch the foot of a queen of Spain. Charles II. who loved dearly his wife, cried out repeatedly from a balcony, for fome perfon to run and help the queen: but the etiquette detained the grave Spaniards as immoveable as fo many rocks. Two cavaliers, however, refolved to deliver her, and notwithstanding the rigour of the law, one of them laid hold of the bridle of the horfe,and the other extricated her majefty's foot. Afterwards, recollecting what the violation of fo auguft a law threatened them with, they availed themfelves of the confufion, which was not yet quite over, to make their efcape. The queen foon after asked pardon for the two delinquents,and obtained it. The etiquitte, as well as gravity, has often been an object of contempt to true merit. When, in 1683, John Sobiefki, king of Poland, had obliged the Turks to raise the fiege of Vienna, the emperor, who had left his capital, and was returned to it, fent him word that he paffionately defired to fee the Polish king, and to embrace him. The etiquette caufed fome embarraffment, and it was asked how, and in what manner that emperor fhould receive an elective king? "With open arms, if he has faved the empire," faid the duke of Lorain, whofe great foul difdained thefe little and abject formalities. The Hiftory of Cyrillo Padovano, The Noted Sleep-walker. IT T has often been a question in the Schools, Whether it be preferable to be a king by day, and a beggar in our dreams by night; or, inverting the queftion, a beggar by day, and a monarch while fleeping? It has been ufually decided, that the fleeping monarch was the happiest man, fince he is fuppofed to enjoy all his happiness without contamination; while the monarch, in reality feels the various inconveniencies that attend his ftation. However this may be, there are none fure more miferable than those who enjoy neither fituation with any degree of comfort, but feel all the inconveniencies of want and poverty by day, while they find a repetition of their mifery in a dream. Of this kind was the famous Cyrillo Padovano, of whom a long life has been written; a man, if I may fo exprefs it, of a double character, who acted a very different part by night from what he profeffed in the day. Cyrillo was a native of Padua in Italy, a little, brown-complexion'd man, and, while awake, remarkable for his fimplicity, probity, piety, and candour; but, unfortunately for him, his dreams were of the ftrongeft kind, and feemed to overturn the whole fyffem of waking morality; for he every night walked in his fleep, and upon fuch occafions was a thief, a robber, and a plunderer of the dead. The first remarkable exploit we are told of Cyrillo was at the univerfity, where he fhewed no great marks of learning, tho' fome of affiduity. Upon a certain occafion his mafter fet him a very long and difficult exercife, which Cyrillo found it impoffible, as he fuppofed, to execute. Depreffed with this opinion, and in certain expectation of being chastised the next day, he went to bed quite dejected and uneafy but awaking in the morning, to his great furprize he found his exercife completely and perfectly finished, lying upon his table, and, ftill more extraordinary! written in his own hand. This information he communicated to his mafter when he gave up his task, who being equally aftonifhed with him, refolved to try him the next day with a longer and more difficult task, and to watch him at night when he retired to reft. Accordingly, Cyrillo was feen going to bed with great uneafiness, and foon was heard to fleep profoundly; but this did not continue long; for in about an hour after he lay down, he got up, alighted his candle, and fat down to ftudy, where he completed his work as before. A mind like Cyrillo's, not naturally very strong, and never at reft, began, when he arrived at manhood, to become gloomy, folicitous, and defponing. In confequence of this turn of thinking, he refolved to leave the world, and turn Carthufian, which is the most rigorous of all the religious orders. Formed for a fevere and abftemious life, he was here feen to fet lessons of piety to the whole Convent,and to fhew that he deferved the approbation as well of his fellows in feclufion as of the whole order. But this good fame did not last long; for it was foon found that Cyrillo walked by night, and, as we are told of the fabled Penelope, undid in his fleep all the good actions for which he had been celebrated by day. The firft pranks he played were of a light nature, very little more than running about from chamber to chamber, and talking a little more loosely than became one of his profeffed piety. As it is against the rules of the fraternity to confine any man by force to his cell, he was permitted in this manner to walk about; and though there was nothing very edifying in his fleeping converfation, yet the Convent were content to overlook and pity his infirmities. Being carefully observed upon one of |