pensioner must have conducted a school for fifteen years, during seven of which it must have been under inspection, and the applicant must be recommended by the inspector, and by the trustees and managers of the school. For ragged or industrial schools there are special grants in addition to those which are common to other schools. They consist of one half the rent of the premises in which industrial instruction is carried on, one-third of the cost of tools and raw materials for labour, and 5s. per annum per scholar for the average number under instruction. All these grants of course subject the schools to inspection by her Majesty's inspectors. Where grants are made for building purposes, the schools must be permanently open to inspection; where aid is given for books, maps, or diagrams, the right of inspection lasts for seven years thereafter. But if the grant is annual, the visit of the inspector may at any time be declined when the grant is given up. Under these various regulations the Committee of Council last year distributed 723,1157., and since the commencement of their operations in 1839, they have distributed 4,378,1837. Of course progress is every year making both in the diffusion and in the quality of instruction given in working-class schools; and an effort was made (without success) by the Right Hon. C. B. Adderly last year to pass a bill, the effect of which would have been to extend the provisions of the Factory Education Act to all employments, and thus to oblige all employers to provide for the instruction of all children under thirteen years of age whilst in their service. We learn that it is proposed to reintroduce the bill this session. The advocates of the secular plan, in order to dispel the fears of the religious world, set up a model school in Manchester in 1844, and have since that period been educating upwards of 300 boys. The annual reports show that the qualification for admission is 'honest poverty,' and the regularity of attendance by the pupils is certainly wonderful; it averages 93 per cent. of those on the books. There is no religious teaching in the ordinary sense, not even the reading of the Bible, but 96 per cent. of the pupils attend Sunday schools. What progress education has made in Manchester since 1852 we have no means of showing; but Mr. Hole's book comes in opportunely to show the condition of Leeds, which is, in many respects, similarly circumstanced. The population of Leeds increased between 1839 and 1851 from 82,121 to 172,270 persons; and the attendants at day-schools from 1 in 12-15 to 1 in 7-89. Mr. Hole asserts that the improvement in the quality of instruction between these periods was much more remarkable than the increase in quantity, and he attributes the the stimulus almost entirely to the operations of the Committee of Council on Education; and thinks that if Dissenters had availed themselves of the facilities afforded by the Government in the same proportion as the Church of England, we should have had very little to regret at this time. In 1853 the Church had in Leeds 30 schools, with 5,500 pupils under inspection; the Wesleyans, four schools, with 1,335 pupils; the Catholics, one school, with 200 pupils; whilst there were three British schools, with 791 pupils; making a total of 6,529 in average attendance, being fully equal to one-third of the whole average attendance at day-schools in 1851. What progress had been made in the two years up to 1853 does not appear; but it is quite clear that in 15 years from the establishment of the Committee of Council the Government had got the control of one-third of the working-class pupils in Leeds; and the state of Leeds is probably similar to that of most of the large towns in England. The progress during the last seven years has not been at a much less rate; and we are not therefore surprised when Mr. Hole tells us, that, as a consequence of the superior instruction given in inspected schools, private schools for the working classes have almost ceased to exist. At the present time (May, 1860) there are in Leeds : In public schools, under inspection Private day schools Total. Children. 10,017 1,994 2,454 14,465 This number, as we learn from the author, accounts only for the working-class schools, and does not, therefore, form a basis for calculation as compared with population, unless we add one-fifth for middle-class schools, when the proportion will be about 1 in 10 of the population. Dame schools are also excluded from the return. The parliamentary grants to schools in Leeds for primary instruction, for building, for apparatus, for teachers, pupil teachers, and capitation grants since 1839, have been 49,4277. Os. 8d. One great difficulty of the question in Leeds as in Manchester appears to be the demand for juvenile labour. Our author gives returns from ten schools, showing that the average age of the last one thousand children who have left them to go to work has been 9.59 years; that they have averaged 4.73 years each at school, including infant-schools; and that they have left for wages averaging from 3s. 2d. to 5s. per week. And he quotes the Rev. F. Watkins, her Majesty's school inspector, who says that as the schools improve in quality, the age at which children leave descends. The remedies proposed are the adoption of an educational test for for employment, and the extension of the Factory Schools Bill to all employments, so as to oblige all children who are at work, under thirteen years of age, to spend half-time at school; and the pleasing fact is again put forth, that half-timers in the best factory schools make almost as much progress as those who spend their whole time at school. To show how effectively such a law would work, Mr. Baker, factory inspector, is quoted as follows Having had occasion to request certain certifying surgeons to test the educa tional powers of the children and young persons of between eight and sixteen years of age who presented themselves for surgical certificates, and a supposition getting abroad that shortly no child would be allowed to work in the mills that could not read;-from that moment the applications for admission to the schools were so great in the district that within a fortnight all the schools were filled.' The number of evening pupils in Leeds in 1858, was 3,582, one-third of whom were in the hands of the Established Church, one-third of other religious denominations, and the remainder in mechanics' and other secular institutes. Those in the hands of the religious sects were free scholars. The number of pupils in the School of Art in Leeds and immediate neighbourhood is 1,949. Speaking of crime, our author tells us that of 1,993 offenders in 1858 and 1859 only 26 were returned as well educated; whilst 1,001 had received no instruction at all, and the remainder very little. Out of 847 prisoners committed in one year 512 had been committed before, and the total number of committals for these 847 persons was about 2,400, or an average of nearly three committals each. To show the value of reformatories, statistics are given, to the effect that, since their establishment in this country, the committals of youths under sixteen years of age have rapidly decreased from 13,981 in 1856, to 8,913 in 1859. The pecuniary saving to the country from the action of these institutions must have been immense, to say nothing of the moral results. An adult thief cannot exist at less than 1007. per annum loss to society, independent of the cost of prosecutions and convictions. If, therefore, we save 5,000 youths from a life of theft, we have saved for society half a million sterling per annum. But there is no disagreement about the duty of Government in regard to convicted felons, nor in regard to the children of paupers ; in both these cases the Government is admitted to stand in loco parentis, and therefore entitled to give any instruction which it may deem proper. It is argued that if it be right for Government to punish, it is also right for it to prevent, crime; and the conclusion is drawn that education is the best if not the only preventive. And undoubtedly, according to the constitution of England, any duty which does not violate the religious conscience and oblige a man to resist the operation of the law on the ground that he ought to obey Sir J. K. Shuttleworth's Views. 33 obey God rather than man may be delegated to the Government, central or local. But then come the political and religious difficulties which we have already set forth. The voluntaries, led by the author of Social Statics,' by Mr. Baines, and Mr. Edward Miall, desire to confine the operations of Government within the narrowest possible limits; whilst the religious educationists, composed chiefly of adherents of the Established Church and the Wesleyans, would enlarge the sphere of government influence; and the advocates of the secular scheme seek a medium in local government. Sir James Kay Shuttleworth, who supported the religious scheme started in Manchester (and who was the first Secretary to the Committee of Privy Council), speaking on this subject, says :— We are now spending in Great Britain at least two millions annually on the support of elementary schools. The annual local cost (without accounting for the expense of training colleges, of inspection, and of administration) for each elementary day scholar in an efficient school in Great Britain, in 1859, was 11. 78. 14d. or at the rate of 64d. per week for 48 weeks in the year for 748,164 scholars, who, on the average, were in the inspected and aided schools. Of this, the parents pay weekly rather more than 1d. The private contributions, endowments, and the sums derived from other sources, amount to rather more than 2td. per week; and the Government at present provide towards pupil teachers, for the augmentation of teachers' salaries, and for other objects contemplated by the Minutes of 1846 and 1853, the remaining 24d. per week. This was the proportion in 1859 for Great Britain. The two millions, which is the lowest estimate of what is annually spent in Great Britain on elementary education, include the cost of day schools receiving no aid from the Government, as well as of night schools and mechanics' institutions. The sum actually expended by the Committee of Council in the support of the inspected elementary day schools in Great Britain, in the year ending December 31, 1859, was 413,6731., and of night schools only 1,3217.; whereas, in the same inspected schools, 341,6147. 198. 11d. was derived from private contributions and endowments, while 259,3941. 138. 1d. was derived solely from school pence; so that the whole income of the inspected schools thus aided by Government was 1,014,6827. The second million which, besides the foregoing, I estimate to be at the least annually expended on elementary education, is solely derived from voluntary subscriptions or from school pence; so that 1,600,000l. are now annually raised from private sources. In the schools which derive no aid from Government, the proportions of the school pence to the subscriptions probably exceed those of the elementary schools inspected and aided. They would, I think, amount to one half of this million. If that estimate be accurate, the Government pay 413,6731. annually, the middle class and upper classes, by subscriptions and endowments, 841,6147.; and the working classes, 759,3941, towards the local support of elementary day and evening schools. When 1,601,0087. is annually derived from subscriptions, endowments, and school pence, and of this sum 759,3947. is paid directly from earnings of working men towards the support of schools, any Government which should, in a spirit of short-sighted economy, determine to stint the application of the public revenues to education, must be indifferent to its highest obligations.' Here, then, is our question :-There are now, in all probability, in England and Wales nearly a million of children of school age, who are neither at school nor at work: out of this class come most of our paupers and criminals. Shall we leave it to voluntary benevolence to impress the parents of these and future generations of children with the value of education; or shall we, by a national Vol. 4.-No. 13. D effort, effort, provide at once for their mental and moral development? And if we go to work nationally, what system or combination of systems shall we adopt? Or shall we leave the matter in the hands of the Government, and see the annual vote increased to one and a half million sterling; putting the working-class schoolmasters entirely in the hands of the national executive for the time being, and extinguishing the schools of all who conscientiously object to share the grants? We believe that the present Government would be glad to have the matter taken out of their hands, for its management involves immense labour and responsibility; but without either the inauguration of a national scheme, or the absorption of the neglected by voluntary means, the Government cannot now give up. To these questions we ask the serious attention of our readers, with the conviction that, whether an Education Bill be or be not passed, great practical good will result. ART. III-1. Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion. By William Beaumont, M.D., Surgeon in the United States Army. Plattsburgh: 1833. 2. An Experimental Inquiry concerning the Presence of Alcohol in the Ventricles of the Brain, after Poisoning by that Liquid; with Experiments illustrative of the Physiological Action of Alcohol; for which a Gold Medal was awarded by the Medical Faculty of the University of Edinburgh. By John Percy, M.D. Nottingham: 1839. 3. Digestion; the Influence of Alcoholic Fluids on that Function. By Robert Dundas Thomson, M.D. London: 1841. 4. Scientific Teetotalism; exhibiting a view of the accordance of Teetotalism with Organic Chemistry, and explaining the modus operandi of Alcohol, firstly, on the function of Respiration, and, secondly, in the formation of Fat. By Dr. F. R. Lees. March, 1843. 5. Uber das Verhalten des Alkohols im Thierischen Organismus. Von Dr. Duchek. 1853. 6. Du Rôle de l'Alcool et des Anesthétiques dans l'Organisme. Recherches Expérimentales par Ludger Lallemand et Maurice Perrin, Médicins-Majors, Professeurs agrégés à l'Ecole Impériale de Médicine et de Pharmacie Militaires, et J. L. P. Duroy, Membre de la Société de Pharmacie de Paris. Paris: 1860. THE HE discussions of the last thirty years on the doctrine of temperance, in its chemical, physiological, and critical relations, have illustrated an old and consoling truth; namely, that |