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CHAPTER

6

PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, AND DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS

Introduction

T

he consumption of alcohol is a common social behavior in American culture that has the potential to cause problems for the individual drinker, for those coming into contact with the individual, and for society in general. Alcohol is a drug that has unique pharmacological effects experienced by the user, effects that have an impact on future drinking through alcohol's reinforcing properties (see Chapter 5, Neurobehavioral Aspects of Alcohol Consumption). Overall, alcohol use is influenced by genetic as well as by psychological, social, and developmental factors (see Chapter 3, Genetic and Other Risk Factors for Alcoholism). Studying the factors that influence drinking is important in understanding how alcohol use and alcohol problems develop. Investigation of factors associated with drinking behavior can also shed light on ways in which alcohol-related problems may be prevented and controlled.

Psychological influences include cognitive processes such as thinking, attention, and memory, and affective factors such as feelings and attitudes. The way people think about drinking, for example, their expectations about alcohol's effects (such as the belief that alcohol enhances social skill or performance), can have an impact on consumption. Social processes are broad and encompassing, including not only interactions with others, but also media portrayals and environmental contexts of drinking. Use of alcohol and the ways in which alcohol's effects may be displayed are codified into societal rules, both in

terms of cultural norms and legal regulations. That is, different interpretations of alcohol's effects, as well as different standards for the expression of these effects, are developed and maintained by individuals, families, communities, and the wider culture. People learn such rules and standards over time in specific contexts. In our society, much of this learning is accomplished through family and peer relationships.

Alcohol is a drug that has unique pharmacological effects experienced by the user, effects that have an impact on future drinking through alcohol's reinforcing properties.

Developmental processes relate to changes within individuals that occur over time and affect behavior. Developmental factors can result in predictable change or stability in behavior at different phases of the life cycle and are integrally related to psychological and social processes.

This chapter concerns the ways in which individuals develop an understanding of alcohol and its effects, the role of other people and of the broader social context in alcohol use and abuse, and the developmental factors that influence drinking behavior. The chapter begins with psychological processes and focuses on research related to negative reinforcement theories, cognitive models of motivation, and behavioral and

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