alcohol disorders. J Stud Alcohol 51(6):506–513, 1990.

Russell, M.; Martier, S.S.; Sokol, R.J.; Jacobson, S.; Jacobson, J.; and Bottoms, S. Screening for pregnancy risk-drinking: TWEAKING the tests [abstract]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15(2):368, 1991. Sackett, D.L. A primer on the precision and accuracy of the clinical examination. JAMA 267(19): 2638-2644, 1992.

Sanchez-Craig, M. Brief didactic treatment for alco

hol and drug-related problems: An approach based on client choice. Br J Addict 85(2):169– 177, 1990.

Sanchez-Craig, M.; Leigh, G.; Spivak, K.; and Lei,

H. Superior outcome of females over males after brief treatment for the reduction of heavy drinking. BrJ Addict 84(4):395-404, 1989. Saunders, J., and Aasland, O. WHO collaborative project on the identification and treatment of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. Report on Phase I: Development of a screening instrument. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987.

Saunders, J.; Aasland, O.; Amundsen, A.; and

Grant, M. WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. I. Alcohol consumption and related problems among primary health care patients. Br J Addict, in press.

Saunders, J.; Aasland, O.; Babor, T.; de la Fuenta,

J.; and Grant, M. WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. II. Development of the screening instrument "AUDIT." BrJ Addict, in press. Schellenberg, F.; Benard, J.Y.; LeGoff, A.M.; Bourdin, C.; and Weill, J. Evaluation of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin compared with TF index and other markers of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 13(5):605–610, 1989.

Scott, E., and Anderson, P. Randomized controlled trial of general practitioner intervention in women with excessive alcohol consumption. Drug Alcohol Rev 10(4):313–321, 1991. Selzer, M.L. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening

Test: The quest for a new diagnostic instrument. Am J Psychiatry 127(12):1653-1658, 1971. Selzer, M.L.; Vinokur, A.; and Van Rooijen, L. A selfadministered Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST). J Stud Alcohol 36(1):117–126, 1975.

Skinner, H.A. Assessing alcohol use by patients in treatment. In: Smart, R.G.; Cappell, H.D.; Glaser, F.B.; Israel, Y.; Kalant, H.; Popham, R.E.; Schmidt, W.; and Sellers, E.M., eds. Research

Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. Vol. 8. New York: Plenum Press, 1984. pp. 183207.

Skinner, H.A. Spectrum of drinkers and intervention opportunities. Can Med Assoc J 143(10): 1054–1059, 1990.

Skinner, H.A.; Allen, B.A.; McIntosh, M.C.; and Palmer, W.H. Lifestyle assessment: Applying microcomputers in family practice. Br Med J 290:212-214, 1985a.

Skinner, H.A.; Allen, B.A.; McIntosh, M.C.; and Palmer, W.H. Lifestyle assessment: Just asking makes a difference. Br Med J 290:214–215, 1985b.

Sobell, L.C., and Sobell, M.B. Outpatient alcoholics give valid self-reports. J Nerv Ment Dis 161(1):32-42, 1975.

Sobell, L.C., and Sobell, M.B. Self-report issues in alcohol abuse: State of the art and future directions. Behav Assess 12(1):77-90, 1990. Sokol, R.J.; Martier, S.S.; and Ager, J.W. The T-ACE questions: Practical prenatal detection of riskdrinking. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160(4):863–870, 1989.

Solberg, L., and Kottke, T. Smoking cessation

strategies. In: Fleming, M., and Barry, K.L., eds.
Addictive Disorders: A Practical Guide to
Treatment. Chicago: Mosby Yearbook Medical
Publishers, 1992. pp. 95–112.

Stibler, H. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in serum: A new marker of potentially harmful alcohol consumption reviewed. Clin Chem 37(12): 2029-2037, 1991.

Stibler, H.; Borg, S.; and Joustra, M. Micro anion exchange chromatography of carbohydratedeficient transferrin in serum in relation to alcohol consumption (Swedish patent 8400587-5). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10(5):535-544, 1986. Stibler, H., and Hultcrantz, R. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in serum in patients with liver diseases. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 11:468–473, 1987. Swenson, W.M., and Morse, R.M. The use of a SelfAdministered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST) in a medical center. Mayo Clin Proc 50(4):204–208, 1975.

Tabakoff, B.; Hoffman, P.L.; Lee, J.M.; Saito, T.;

Willard, B.; and DeLeon-Jones, F. Differences in platelet enzyme activity between alcoholics and non-alcoholics. N Engl J Med 318(3):134–139,

1988.

Tarter, R.E. Prevention of drug abuse: Theory and application. Am J Addict 1(1):2-20, 1992. Tolley, K., and Rowland, N. Identification of alcohol-related problems in a general hospital

setting: A cost-effectiveness evaluation. BrJ Addict 86(4):429–438, 1991. Umbricht-Schneiter, A.; Santora, P.; and Moore,

R.D. Alcohol abuse: Comparison of two methods for assessing its prevalence and associated morbidity in hospitalized patients. Am J Med 91(2):110–118, 1991.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: Twenty-five Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. DHHS Pub. No. (CDC)898411. Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1989.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Seventh Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)901656. Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1990.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for alcohol and other drug abuse. In: Fisher, M., ed. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions. Report of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Baltimore: William & Wilkins, 1989. Pp. 277-286.

Voltaire, A.; Beck, O.; and Borg, S. Urinary 5-hydroxytryptophol: A possible marker of recent alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16(2):281–285, 1992.

von Knorring, L.; Oreland, L.; and von Knorring, A. Personality traits and platelet MAO activity in alcohol and drug abusing teenage boys. Acta Psychiatr Scand 75(3):307–314, 1987.

Wallace, P.; Cutler, S.; and Haines, A. Randomized

controlled trial of general practitioner intervention in patients with excessive alcohol consumption. Br Med J 297(6649):663-668, 1988.

Wallace, P., and Haines, A. The use of a questionnaire in general practice to increase the recogni

tion of patients with excessive alcohol consumption. BMJ 290(6486):1949-1953, 1985.

Waterton, J., and Duffy, J. The measurement of alcohol consumption. Survey Methods Newsletter. Spring:2-4, 1984.

Whitfield, C.L.; Davis, J.E.; and Barker, L.R. Alcoholism. In: Barker, L.R.; Burton, J.R.; and Zieve, P.D., eds. Principles of Ambulatory Medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1986. PP. 245277.

Willenbring, M.; Olson, D.; Lathrop, L.; Miller, M.A.; Lynch, J.W.; Sonnier, E.; Bielinski, J.; and Weigenaut, J. Early intervention for hazardous drinking in the primary care medical settings: Teaching patients, students, and colleagues. Subst Abuse 11(2):111–118, 1990.

Wilson, D.; Wood, G.; Johnston, N.; and Sicurella, J. Randomized clinical trial of supportive followup for cigarette smokers in a family practice. Can Med Assoc J 126(2):127-129, 1982. Winters, K. Clinical considerations in the assessment of adolescent chemical dependency. J Adolesc Chem Depend 1(1):31–52, 1990a.

Winters, K. The need for improved assessment of adolescent substance involvement. J Drug Issues 20(3):487-502, 1990b.

Yokoyama, H.; Ishii, H.; Nagata, S.; Hibi, T.; Tsuchimoto, K.; Takagi, T.; Maruyama, M.; Israel, Y.; and Suchiya, M. Antibodies against acetaldehyde adduct in alcoholic liver disease. In: Kuriyama, K.; Takada, A.; and Ishii, H., eds. Biomedical and Social Aspects of Alcohol and Alcoholism. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1988. pp. 537–539. Zweben, A.; Pearlman, S.; and Selena, L. A comparison of brief advice and conjoint therapy in the treatment of alcohol abuse: The results of the marital system study. Br J Addict 83(8):899-916, 1988.