the war to 2,000,000 just after it. Many surveys were made and maps published illustrating the cotton districts of India. The soil is in many places admirably adapted for the cultivation, and the natives make good labourers. The most productive cotton districts are a. That part of the Ganges valley from Delhi to Allahabad, i.e., the Dooab and its southern border. The Great East Indian Railway runs right through the middle of it. 2,000,000 acres. b. The Berars and Nizam's dominions (Godavery valley), opened up by the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, 2,250,000 acres. c. A district in the valley of Toombudra, embracing Belgoum and Dharwar, under the W. Ghauts and Bellary, &c., N. of Mysore. The Madras Railway runs through this. 2,000,000 acres. d. Coimbatoor and Tinnevelly in S. India, the former of which has a through railway from Madras to Beypoor. e. Gujerat, the peninsular portion, 2,000,000 acres. f. Chittagong, 60,000 acres. The grand total of land in India under cotton cultivation was in 1868 no less than 13,000,000 acres. The export of cotton from India to England alone has more than doubled in the last twenty years. Thus, in 1851, the export was 226,500,000 lb. of raw, and £674,000 worth of twist, yarn, &c.; and in 1870 it was 538,000,000 lb. of raw, and £1,299,000 worth of cotton goods, including twist and yarn. Indian cotton sells at about 9d. a lb. in Liverpool; American, 1s. to 1s. 6d. The following figures exhibit the effect of the American war on the Indian cotton trade: 3. OPIUM.-The poppy is and has long been extensively cultivated for this drug in Upper Bengal, S. of the Ganges, from the Soane eastwards, in the districts of Behar, Patna, Bhagulpoor, &c. It is also grown around Seronge W. of Saugor in the upper valleys of some of the Chumbul feeders. This drug is chiefly exported to China. It is the source of great revenue to India, but quarrels regarding its introduction into China have frequently arisen, and have had to be decided by war. value has been nearly doubled in twenty years. Export in 1851-chests, 53,609; value, £5,450,135. Its 4. INDIGO is an old staple product of Lower Bengal, from the Gunduck eastwards, as far N. as the Sul Forests, and as far E. as the Burramputra. A portion of the Ganges delta is also given up to this cultivation. The Indian trade in dyes of various kinds is immense and rapidly increasing this, too, in face of the discovery of chemicals, which are taking the place of vegetable dyes. Export 1851-17,500,000 lb.; value, £2,000,000. Export 1870-39,000,000 lb.; value, £3,500,000. 5. RICE is cultivated in Lower Bengal and in deltaic countries generally, along most of the rivers, especially the Godavery, &c. It is in these parts of India only that rice is the common food. The total quantity of rice, grain, and pulse, exported has risen from 772,000 qrs. in 1851, to 3,217,000 in 1870. 6. TEA has succeeded well in Assam, where its cultivation is prosecuted by several companies. Land suitable for the cultivation of tea is said to occur all along the southern borders of Bhotan, Nepal, Kumaon, Gurwhal, &c., and in Cutch. The area under tea in Bengal is 67,000 acres. The tea-gardens in Cachar, Subsaugor, Darjeeling, &c., give employment to 70,000 labourers, and produce nearly 12,000,000 lb. of tea annually. 7. COFFEE is largely cultivated in the W. and S.W., chiefly by English capitalists. The exports have increased from 26,000,000 lb. in 1850, to 36,500,000 lb. in 1870-value, £872,000. 8. SUL FORESTS stretch all along the southern border of the Himalaya system, parallel to and S. of the tea district. Sul is also grown in the Godavery valley. 9. TEAK FORESTS.-This valuable shipbuilding timber is chracteristic of the E. and W. Ghauts, especially between Baroda and Bombay. There are also extensive forests in the Lower Nerbudda valley, in Holkar's dominions, and in the whole upper valleys of the streams which enter the Gulf of Cambay between the Vindya and Aravulli ranges. The export value of timber exported has increased from £27,000 in 1850, to £156,000 in 1870. 10. OIL SEEDS of various kinds, such as hemp, flax, &c., are extensively grown for exportation in the Godavery valley, &c.; and this seed trade has enormously increased. In 1850, 218,762 qrs. were exported, worth £339,517; and in 1870 the export value had risen to £2,276,000. Nearly 2,000,000 galls. of oils, seed oil, &c., are annually exported. Value about £250,000. 11. SPICES of various kinds are exported. The export varies very much between 10,000,000 and 20,000,000 lb. Thus, in 1860, the export was more than 20,000,000 lb., and in 1870 rather more than 10,000,000. 12. SUGAR is not so extensively cultivated as formerly, at any rate, for export to England. It is grown along the Upper Mahanuddy. In 1850 the export was more than 1,500,000 cwt., worth nearly £2,000,000; and in 1870 only rather more than 250,000 cwt. 13. JUTE, the fibre of the cocoa-nut, and many other fibres used for sail and sack making (as at Dundee), and for the manufacture of coarse paper, are now largely exported. This represents one of the new articles of commerce in which Indian trade has recently developed. In 1850 the export was about 500,000 cwt., worth nearly £200,000; but in 1870 the export value was £2,191,500. The chief district of the cocoa-palm is the eastern and southern part of the W. Ghauts. Cocoa-nuts are chiefly imported as stowage in ships. Fibres of many kinds are now extensively exported. 14. VINE is cultivated in Kashmir and on the Deccan. 15. HEMP is grown in the Central Provinces. 16. MILLET along the Wyne and Peyn Gunga rivers. 17. SAFFLOWER in many parts. § 3. ANIMAL PRODUCTIONS. The wild animals are large and fierce, as is the case in tropical countries. The chief wild animals are-royal or Bengal tiger; elephant, which is caught and tamed'; lion, in N.W.; leopard, panther, hyæna, wolf, bear, lynx, jackal, rhinoceros, &c. Snakes everywhere. The Sunderbunds and jungles abound with animals. All kinds of game are abundant. Domestic animals and fowls abound, the latter, with curry and rice, forming a considerable article of food for all classes. Insects, such as flies, mosquitoes, &c., are fearfully abundant, as are also ants, beetles, &c. Kutch is liable to plagues of locusts. The most important animal productions exported are 1. SILK. This has been from time immemorial the clothing of the wealthy, and consequently the natives have acquired great power in manufacturing silk, satin, velvet, &c. For a long time Indian silk manufactures commanded huge prices, especially handkerchiefs, crêpes, &c. Exports 1850-raw silk, 1,326,000 lb., worth £619,000; silk goods, £355,000. Exports 1870-raw silk, 2,597,000 lb., worth £1,562,000; silk goods, £142,062. 2. WOOL-During the last twenty years the Indian export of this raw material of one of our staple manufactures has largely increased-viz., from about 5,000,000 lb. in 1850, to 24,000,000 lb. in 1866. The export in 1870 was only 10,000,000. Our total import in 1870 from British possessions alone was 231,000,000 lb. About a quarter of a million's worth of very expensive Cashmere shawls, made of the hair of the Cashmere goat, is exported. 3. HIDES and SKINS are exported to the value of more than £1,500,000. Buffalo, ox, deer, and other horns are exported. 4. LAC, or shellac, is a gum or resin caused by an insect on branches of trees. It is extensively produced in the Godavery valley. 5. Cochineal is extensively exported. 6. IVORY and elephants' teeth are exported. The ivory carvings of India are specially famed for their delicacy. The rivers of India abound with crocodiles and alligators; the woods with apes, monkeys, birds, &c.; and the plains with deer of many kinds. § 4. MINERAL PRODUCTIONS. Formerly India was chiefly spoken of as the country of diamonds, precious stones, and gold. This obtains no longer. The mines of Golconda are exhausted. The Cape produces diamonds; Australia gold; and now India has discovered perhaps inexhaustible treasures in the useful minerals iron and coal. 1. IRON occurs abundantly. The ores may, according to the reports of Government surveyors, be profitably worked, in South Arcot; the Saugor and Nerbudda territory; round Gwalior; in Gurwhal and Kumaon; Moorshedabad, near the Burdwan Coal-field; round Tavoy in Tenasserim; and in the valley of the Godavery, especially that of its tributary, Wyne Gunga. 2. COAL-Good workable coal, so important not only to the development of the iron trade but also to that of the network of railways gradually extending over India, and also for the steam marine, is found in the following places : a. Burdwan and Birbhum, in Lower Bengal, from which there is railway communication to Calcutta and the Ganges valley. Forty-four mines are worked in Bengal, which yielded 600,000 tons in 1869. Indian coal is used exclusively in all railways having their termini at Calcutta. b. Saugor and Nerbudda territory, and Rewah, through which goes the line from Bombay to Benares. c. South of Tenasserim. d. Valley of the rivers Wurdah and Peyn Gunga (Godavery). 3. TIN is found near Tavoy and Mergui. 4. SALT, so extensively deposited in many places, is scarce in others. The best is found in Jeypore, and in the middle Jhelum in the Sinde Sagur Dooab. Salt is now very much made on the west coast, and taken inland by the G.I.P. R. 5. LEAD occurs in the Central Provinces. 6. Good building stone is found in many places. 7. Other mineral productions are Saltpetre, or Nitre, largely exported from Bengal; and Borax (or tincal). 8. Diamonds were once very extensively found in India, especially at Golconda near Hyderabad, where the grand Kohi-noor was found; but these supplies appear to be now exhausted, and all eyes are turned to the diamond-fields on the Orange River. Ceylon is famous for its precious stones, and the Gulf of Manaar once had a pearl-fishery. IV. POPULATION AND INDUSTRY. § 1. POPULATION. 1. The total population of British India is returned at—in The whole population of India being about 213,000,000. 2. This enormous population is thus distributed :- N.W. Provinces (Lieutenant-Governor), ... ... 1861 1871 ... ... ... 143,271,210 42,680,169 ... 17,596,752 11,220,747 7,985,411 2,463,484 26,549,052 11,093,512 Sinde (Commissioner), Central Provinces (Chief Commissioner), Bombay (Governor), Hyderabad (Governor-General in Council), ... 111,830 Total under British administration, 158,174,589, on an area of nearly a million square miles. 3. COOLIE EMIGRATION FROM INDIA.-In the year 1872, 5773 emigrants from India were received in Mauritius, 3607 in Trinidad, 3550 in British Guiana, and 1525 in Jamaica; making a total of 14,455. In the same year there returned home from British Guiana 987 such immigrants, taking with them savings in money and jewellery to the amount of £36,458; and 138 Chinese, 104 of whom paid their own passage, and took with them £7729. There also returned from Jamaica 421 immigrants with savings amounting to £3855; from Trinidad 398, with £11,519; and from Grenada 110, with £1609. There is no ac |