are engaged in commerce and trade, and 2,500,000 in manufactures.

4. Government.-A Governor, assisted by a Legislative Council, was first appointed in 1853. Prior to that the Governor-General was Governor of Bengal. The Legislative Council consists of 13 members, partly English, partly native. The greatest difficulty experienced by the Government is from the warlike tribes on the frontiers, who have no laws and no particular chief, and subsist for the most part on plunder.

5. Towns.-Capital, CALCUTTA (population, 1866, 378,000), on the Hooghly. Has immense trade. The Bishop has jurisdiction over India. The university and schools are famous. There are numerous hospitals. The sanitary condition of the city is wretched. In 1870-71 the total export and import trade was £49,000,000.

Other towns, Moorshedabad, on one branch of the Ganges ; Kooshtea on another; Monghyr and Patna, on main stream; Burdwan, Barrakur, &c.

II. NORTH-WEST PROVINCES. (Separated 1833.)

1. This division is crescent-shaped, extending from the confluence of the Gogra to the snow-line of the Himalayas, and enclosing the province of Oude. The larger and more important portion of the province is the upper part of the Great Jumna-Ganges Valley, including the Dooab, nearly the whole of which is cultivable, and most of it very fertile. The country to the S. is hilly and covered with jungle, and the rivers in it mostly dry up in summer. The third portion comprises the mountainous districts of Kumaon and Gurwhal, which are rich in mineral wealth, possess extensive forests, and are in many places suitable for the growth of tea.

2. The chief provinces from S. to N. are Benares, Allahabad, Bareilly, Lucknow, Rohilcund, Meerut, Kumaon, and Gurwhal. The small district of Ajmere, in Rajpootana, was transferred to the Government in 1871. These are formed into 7 Commissionerships, divided into 36 Districts.

The chief occupation is agriculture. About 60 per cent. of the total population are agriculturists.

3. Government, &c.-Lieutenant-Governor and High Court of Judicature. Important military works connected with hill sanitaria, canals for irrigation, &c., are in progress. The total area watered by canals in the province is more than 1,000,000 acres, devoted to the cultivation of indigo, sugar-cane, rice, and cotton. The monopoly of opium is

farmed out in each district.

4. Towns.-Capital, ALLAHABAD, a famous Indian sacred city, at the junction of the Jumna and Ganges. Has great trade and grand rail and river communication.

Other Towns.-Benares, an important sacred city, below Allahabad.

Cawnpore, on Ganges, famous for its Indian Mutiny reminiscences. Has a branch rail from the main E.I.R. to Lucknow and Byram Ghat.

Agra, an important city on the Jumna; Bareilly, in Rohilcund; Meerut, N.E. of Delhi.

III. CENTRAL PROVINCES. (500 x 600 miles.)

1. These provinces include that part of India enclosed between the upper courses of the Nerbudda, Mahanuddy, and Wein Gunga. For administrative purposes there are 4 Commissionerships, viz., Jubbulpore, Nagpoor, Nerbudda, and Chutteesgurh; and these are divided into 19 Districts. 2. This division is scantily inhabited. The cultivated area is small, only about one-fourth; and half the remainder is uncultivable. There are 2090 miles of made roads, and 442 miles railroad in the province.

3. Government.-There are 128 judges and 216 magistrates. The protected native states connected with this division are 15 in number, having an aggregate area of 2,803,789 square miles, and a population of 1,100,000.

Before carrying out sentence of death on any criminal they must obtain the sanction of the Chief Commissioner.

4. The area under cultivation is about 14,000,000 acres. The chief crops are cotton, wheat, and opium. The average produce per acre is 548 lb. rice; 430 lb. wheat; 75 lb. cotton; 5lb. opium. The trade of the province consists in

importing salt, sugar, English goods, cattle, cocoa-nuts, and spices; and in exporting cotton, grain, oil-seeds and oil, silk cocoons, ghee, lac, and hides. There are 69 miles of railway. Postal deliveries performed by runners over 8443 miles.

5. Towns.-Capital, JUBBULPORE, the trade of which is said to be larger than any other city of India except Bombay. Cotton is the chief article. The town is on the G.I.P.R., on the Upper Nerbudda.

Other Towns.-Nagpore, Wurdah, &c., in the Godavery valley; Raijore in that of the Mahanuddy. It is proposed to connect Raijore and Nagpore by rail.

IV. OUDE or OUDH. (270 x 160 miles.)

1. Oude is the smallest of the eight regularly constituted divisions of British India, and is about equal to Holland and Belgium. It is bounded on the west by Nepal, and on all other sides by the N. W. Provinces. The chief rivers are the Goomtee and Gogra. The whole country is one alluvial plain.

There are 1678 miles of water communication, 4764 miles of made roads, 42 miles completed railways, and 244 miles in course of construction. Estates are leased by Governmentthe universal landlord-to holders called Talukdars and Zemindars.

2. Agriculture, the chief employment, is capable of very great improvement. The great staples are wheat and food grains, which yield from 6 to 27 bushels per acre, according to irrigation, &c. Sugar-cane, indigo, opium, and tobacco, if skilfully cultivated, would yield abundantly. The province has nearly 3,500,000 cows, and 1,000,000 sheep and goats.

3. Government.-It is governed by a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the Viceroy. The divisions are 4 Commissionerships and 12 Districts.

4. Towns.-Capital, LUCKNOW, on the Goomtee; will long be remembered in connection with the inhuman atrocities of the Sepoys in the Indian Mutiny, and the gallant relief by Sir Henry Havelock. It has a branch line to the E.I.R. at Cawnpore.

Area,

V. PUNJAUB. (800 × 650 miles.)

200,000 sq. m. (British 102,001

kingdom of Italy).

17,596,652; 173 to sq. m.

Population, 1868,

=

Annexed 1848; Lieut.-Gov. 1859.

£3,852,650.

£3,458,184.

£5,500,000.

1. The territories under the Punjaub Government include all British India N. of the province of Sinde, Rajpootana, and the N. W. Provinces. More than half is held by feudatories. Less than a third of the British territory is cultivated, another third is cultivable, and the remainder uncultivable.

2. There are 2902 miles water communication, 19,852 miles of roads metalled (i.e., hard, like English roads) and unmetalled, 412 miles of railway completed, and 990 miles of telegraph lines. Public works, such as canals and railways, are effecting vast improvement in the province.

3. It is governed by a Lieutenant-Governor, and is divided into 10 Divisions, 32 Districts, and 132 Revenue Collectorates. Some idea of the extent of the country may be obtained from this fact: "There are 34,462 villages at an average distance of 14 miles from the nearest law court."

4. The native states with which the Governor of the Punjaub has political relations are divided thus

(1.) Dependent and Feudatory States, 34 in number, having an area of 104,000 square miles, a population of 5,250,000, and a revenue of £1,125,000 per annum. They are bound to prevent suttee, slavery, and female infanticide, and to co-operate with the British Government against an enemy.

(2.) Independent States, the most important of which is Kashmir, 25,000 square miles; population, 1,500,000.

5. There are nearly 19,000,000 acres under cultivation. Wheat, barley, pulse, oil-seeds, and tobacco are grown for spring harvest; and millet, rice, cotton, indian corn, and sugar-cane for autumn crop. SALT is the chief mineral, the average production of which is worth £400,000 a year. Manufactures, such as shawls, &c., valued at £5,000,000.

6. Towns.-Capital, LAHORE (98,924), on Ravee, and connected by the S. P. & D. R. with Calcutta, &c. A line is projected through Attock to Peshawur.

Delhi (154,417), the largest on the Jumna. Once the seat of the famous MOGUL Dynasty, of which the student

will find some particulars in Macaulay's essays on Lord Clive and Warren Hastings.

Amritsar (135,813), or Umritsur, between Sutlej and Ravee. Peshawur (58,555), on Cabul river (Khyber Pass). Trade fairs have recently been established.

Multan (56,826), on Chenab, terminus of S. P. & D. R. line projected down to Kotree.

inland,

93,664 sq. m. (or more).

Most

2,491,736, or 265 to sq. in. sparsely peopled prov. of India. RANGOON.

1852, after second Burmese War. £1,145,098.

£639,499.

£7,298,039.

£2,341,009.

1. British Burmah includes four natural divisions :-(1.) the narrow strip of country between the Bay of Bengal and the Aracan Yoma range, which terminates at Cape Negrais; (2.) the valley of the Irawaddy; (3.) the valley of the Sittoung; (4.) the valley of the Salween. The three administrative divisions, Aracan, Pegu, and Tenasserim, were united and placed under a Commissioner in 1862.

2. About 9 per cent. of the cultivable land is improved. Pegu alone contains an area nearly twice as large as Wales, which only requires population to be made as fertile as any part of the world. The communication is chiefly by water, but there are 504 miles of first-class roads, e.g., from Rangoon to Pegu, &c., and 200 miles of inferior. A steam flotilla has been established on the Irawaddy.

3. The province is governed by a Chief Commissioner, closely connected with the Viceroy and the Indian Council. The Andaman Islands (capital, Port Blair, where Lord Mayo was stabbed), a convict prison belong to this Government.

4. Owing to the dry climate, wheat can be grown only on the Burmese frontier. The chief objects of cultivation are rice, sesamum, sugar-cane (consumed as food), cotton, indigo, tobacco (coarse), and hemp, for which the climate is peculiarly suitable. The number of cattle in the province is rather more than half a million. The average yield of rice per acre varies from 850 to 2500 lb.

5. Towns.-RANGOON, on one of the mouths of the Irawaddy. Bassein, on another. Prome, also on Irawaddy. Martaban, Moulmein, Amherst, Tavoy, Mergui, are small places.