places in the cave, and they can always be found attached to excrementitious matter dropped by the bats, rats, and other animals which extend their range to the outer air. Fungi also grow on the dead bodies of the animals which die in the caves, and are found abundantly on fragments of wood and boards brought in by human agency. The rats also have brought into fissures and cavities communicating with the cave, seeds, nuts, and other vegetable matters, from time immemorial, which have furnished food for insects. Thus rats and bats have, no doubt, had much to do with the continuance of land life in the cave, and the mammals of the post-pliocene or earlier period, which first wandered and dwelt in its shades, were introducers of a permanent land life.

As to the small crustaceans, little food is necessary to support their small economy, but even that little might be thought to be wanting, as we observe the clearness and limpidity of the water in which they dwell. Nevertheless the fact that some cave waters communicate with outside streams is a sufficient indication of the presence of vegetable life and vegetable débris in variable quantities at different times. Minute fresh water alga no doubt occur there, the spores being brought in by external communication, while remains of larger forms, as confervæ, &c., would occur plentifully after floods. In the Wyandotte Cave no such connection is known to exist. Access by water is against the current of small streams which discharge from it. On this basis rests an animal life which is limited in extent, and must be subject to many vicissitudes. Yet a fuller examination will probably add to the number of species, and of these, no doubt, a greater or less number of parasites on those already known. The discovery of the little Lernæan shows that this strange form of life has resisted all the vicissitudes to which its host

has been subjected. That it has outlived all the physiological struggles which a change of light and temperature must have produced, and that it still preys on the food of its host, as its ancestors did, there is no doubt. The blindness of the fish has favoured it in the "struggle for existence," and enabled it to maintain a position nearer the commissariat, with less danger to itself than did its forefathers. E. D. COPE

THE

SCOTTISH COAL FIELDS

HE "Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute" for August contains Prof. Geikie's paper read at the recent meeting in Glasgow "On the Geological Position and Features of the Coal and Ironstone-bearing Strata of the West of Scotland." The paper is meant chiefly for the benefit of those who are acquainted only with the British Carboniferous strata as seen in the English coal-fields, and to point out the geological position of the Scottish carboniferous deposits as contrasted with those of England. A geological map of Scotland shows that the Carboniferous formation is for the most part restricted to that broad belt of undulating low ground that extends from sea to sea, between the northern highlands on the one hand, and the southern uplands on the other. Throughout this area the strata are arranged in a series of great basins with intervening ridges. The chief basins, beginning in the east, the basins of Fifeshire, and Midlothian being first; second, the Lanarkshire and Stirlingshire basin; third, the broken and interrupted basins of Ayrshire and the south. This system is capable of being divided into four great series, which, beginning at the top, are as follows:-(1) the Coal Measures, (2) the Millstone Grit, (3) the Carboniferous Limestone (4) the Calciferous Sandstone series.

From Prof. Geikie's review of the more characteristic features assumed by the Scottish Carboniferous system, it is evident that the series which diverge most from those that are typical of the English area are the Calciferous Sandstones and the overlying Carboniferous Limestone

series. In England, the strata that underlie the Coal Measures and Millstone Grit are composed almost exclusively of beds which have been amassed upon a sea bottom. In Scotland, on the other hand, we find the strata upon which the true Coal Measures and Millstone Grit repose giving evidence of numerous interchanges of land, fresh or brackish water, and marine conditions; while at the same time we are assured that during the accumulation of these underlying strata the eruption of melted matter hardly ever ceased in central Scotland.

NOTES

THOSE interested in the early history of geology will be glad to learn that a work is announced as ready for publication, with the title, "A Book about William Smith and the Somersetshire Coal Canal; being an Account of the Commencement of Stratigraphical Geology in England." The book is illustrated by a series of consecutive photographs of the districts along the north side of the Canal valley, and each photograph is accompanied by a geologically coloured key, which shows at a glance the outcrop of the various strata. This method is, as far as we know, quite original, and serves to show clearly the data with which Smith dealt in arriving at his discoveries.

THE Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, in resigning his office, referred to the progress made by the University in encouraging new branches of study. He commented upon the extension of the influence of the University over the studies in the kingdom, and the increasing desire on the part of thɔse

engaged in the work of education to be brought more closely in

contact with the University. The yearly increase in the number of candidates for the Middle-class Examinations, and the institution of an examination for the higher grade schools, evidenced the fact of the extending influence of the University. The ViceChancellor referred to the munificence of the Chancellor, the Duke of Devonshire, in providing a school for Experimental Physics, and congratulated the University upon the approaching completion of the building of the Fitzwilliam Museum. The acquisition of the Leckenby collection of fossils to the Woodwardian Museum was a worthy proof of the liberality of the Colleges and members of the University, as well as a graceful acknowledgement of the services of Prof. Sedgwick. The donations of Lord Walsingham and Miss Walcott were likewise valuable additions to the collections in the above-mentioned museum. Among other bequests and donations, the Vice-Chancellor particularly alluded to the bequests of Sir John Herschel and the Rev. R. E. Kerrich, and especially to the generosity of the Earl of Portsmouth in presenting the MSS. of Sir Isaac Newton,

THERE has been a marked increase during the present term in the University of Cambridge in the number of students who take advantage of the privilege of being allowed to reside out of their college. Since the scheme was established in 1869, eighty students have been admitted, a considerable number of whom devote themselves to the study of natural science. The University payments for nine terms' residence, including the B.A. degree, do not greatly exceed 30/., and even with books and a lditional instruction the amount need not be much over 50/. The number of freshmen entered at the University this year is 622, as compared with 572 last year.

DR. BROWN-SEQUARD, the eminent physiologist, has resigned the chair of Comparative and Experimental Pathology in the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, which he has occupied for several years. It is understood that this is preliminary to establishing his permanent residence in Boston, U.S. A.

AT a meeting of the Council of the Royal College of

Surgeons, held on October 31, Mr. John Birkett, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to Guy's Hospital, was elected a member of the Court of Examiners, in room of Mr. George Busk, F. R. S., who lately resigned the presidency of the college. Mr. Birkett, who is a member of several scientific societies at home and abroad, is also Examiner in Surgery at the University of London.

MR. JOSIAH MASON, of Birmingham, the founder of the Erdington Orphanage and the Birmingham Science College, now in process of formation, has received, through Mr. Gladstone, an offer of knighthood from Her Majesty, in recognition of his munifi cence in the causes of charity and education.

A CORRESPONDENT of the Times describes an interesting fête given on Sunday, Oct. 27, by the Municipality of Florence on the occasion of the inauguration of the new Florentine Observatory, placed on a very striking eminence from which in former times Galileo made most of his discoveries. Donati, the great star of the stars of Florence, and who was to have been the president and great attraction of the fête, was prevented from attending, as he had the day previously so hurt his leg by a fall that he was confined to his bed. The Municipio of Florence, Peruzzi at their head, had provided a splendid buffet, or dejeûner à la fourchette, for the whole of the guests invited, the music was excellent, and the view from the Observatory superb.

WE hear from Ceylon that there has been a deluge, which has done considerable damage; but the coffee districts are believed not to have suffered much. At Colombo a bank near the Pettah, or native suburb, had to be cut through in order to allow the water accumulated in the lake and its neighbourhood to escape into the sea. Mr. S. Green, of Colombo (a gentleman who takes great interest in science, and has sent home to England a great number of very interesting minute insects new to science, and who has a splendid telescope by Cooke, the best in Ceylon), says in a private letter:-"We have had heavy rains here, which have inundated a great portion of the Western Province. A great many native houses have been destroyed, and one or two lives lost. Many natives took refuge in the cocoa-nut trees around their dwellings; but some were found already occupied by snakes that had climbed the trees to escape the flood. They were very fierce, and maintained their position. A friend of mine going over the paddy-fields in a boat, saw several dead snakes floating on the water, and others swimming about."

THE British Medical Journal informs us that among other improvements about to be carried out at the Medical School of the Charing Cross Hospital, a Demonstrator of Anatomy is shortly to be appointed, with the annual salary of 150/. Preerence will be given to gentlemen possessing a knowledge of Comparative Anatomy, as it is desired to associate a lectureship on this subject with the office of demonstrator.

THE following lecture arrangements are announced at the Royal Institution for the coming season :-Six Lectureson Air and Gas, by Prof. Odling, F.R.S.; Twelve Lectures on the Three Lectures on Oxidation, by Dr. Debus, F.R.S.; Four Lectures on the Artificial Formation of Organic Substances, by Dr. H. E. Armstrong; Four Lectures on the Chemistry of Coal and its Products, by Prof. A. Vernon Harcourt, F.R.S.; Six Lectures on the Comparative Political Institutions of Different Nations, by Edward A. Freeman, D.C. L.; Three Lectures on the Philosophy of the Pure Sciences, by Prof. W. K. Clifford ; Three Lectues on Darwin's Philosophy of Language, by Prof. Max Müller, LL.D. The Friday Evening Meetings will commence on January 17. Friday Evening Discourses will probably be given by Wm. Spottiswoode, F.R.S., the Rev. Prof. T. R. Birks, Edward Dannreuther, Esq., Robert Sabine, Sir H. Rawlinson, F.R.S., Prof. Clerk Maxwell, F.R.S., James Dewar, E. J. Reed, C. B., J. Emerson-Reynolds, Prof. W. K. Clifford Prof. Tyndall, F.R.S., Lord Lindsay, Prof. Odling, F.R.S.

and others. After Easter:-Three Lectures on the Limits of the Historic Method, by John Morley; Four Lectures on the Evidence for the History of Rome from Existing Architectural Remains, by J. H. Parker, C.B.; Six Lectures by Prof. Tyndall, F.R.S.; Four Lectures by Prof. Odling, F. R.S.; Three Lectures on the Development of Music in connection with the Drama, by Edward Dannreuther. In January the New Laboratories for research will be open for the inspection of the Members of the Institution.

:

THE following lectures are arranged to be delivered during the ensuing season at the London Institution, Finsbury Circus :— Educational Lectures, first course commencing Tuesday, Nov. 12; a lecture on the Nutrition of the Body, by Prof. Rutherford ; second course commencing Jan. 27, 1873, eight lectures on Physical Geography, by Prof. Duncan, F. R.S.; third course commencing Monday, April 7, six lectures on Elementary Botany, by Prof. Bentley; two lectures on Fungoid Organisms in their relation to Mankind, by Prof. Thiselton Dyer, Mondays, March 24 and 31. Evening Lectures: Cavern Researches, by W. Pengelly, F.R.S.; Kent's Cavern, Torquay, Nov. 6; and The Cave Men of Mentone, Nov. 13; on Spontaneous Movements in Plants, by Alfred W. Bennett, Nov. 27; on the Paraffin Industry, by F. Field, F.R.S., Dec. 14; on Ancient Science, by G. J. Rodwell, Jan. 15, 1873; on Fresco and Siliceous Paintings, by Prof. Barff, Feb. 5 and 12; on the Result of recent Meteorological Inquiry, by Robt. H. Scott, F.R.S., Feb. 26. On Dec. 11, 1872, Mr. Austen will read a paper, to be followed by discussion, on Peat as a Substitute for Coal. Prof. H. E. Armstrong will deliver a holiday course of four lectures, adapted to a juvenile auditory, on Air, Earth, Fire, and Water, commencing Dec. 30th.

MR. J. JENNER WEIR, F. L.S., delivered a lecture last evening at the Crystal Palace, on the Aquarium and its Contents. The West Kent Microscopical Society exhibited their instruments on the occasion.

THE following lectures will be delivered before the Bolton Literary and Scientific Society (Subject not fixed):-J. Glaisher, F.R.S., Nov. 19. On Coal and Coal Plants, by Prof. W.

C. Williamson, F.R.S., Dec. 10. Where are the 'Bones of the Men who made the Flint Implements? by Wm. Pengelly, F.R.S. The Gulf Stream; what it does, and what it does not, by Dr. Wm. B. Carpenter, F. R.S., Feb. (day not fixed). An elementary course of six lectures on astronomy has been delivered by the Rev. J. Freeston; to be followed by one of eight lectures on geology and physical geography, by J. Collins.

THE birth of a hippopotamus is again announced to have taken place at the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, on Tuesday

last.

A MDLLE. JACOBS is mentioned in the Dutch papers as having successfully passed her examination in physics and mathematics at the University of Gröningen. This lady will be the first female medical student in the Netherlands.

DR. DRUITT, well known as an author of standard surgical works, as a leading labourer in the cause of sanitary progress, and as the Editor of the Medical Times and Gazette, is compelled by ill health to retire for two years to a more genial climate. At a meeting attended by many of the leading members of the profession on October 31, it was resolved to initiate a subscription with a view to the public recognition of his eminent services.

THE Persian Government, the School Board Chronicle tells us, has engaged, through its representative at Paris, forty tutors fo a Lyceum to be established in Persia on the "model system" of France.

THE meeting of Abbe Moigno's Salle du Progrès of October 25 was so crowded that great numbers could not obtain admission. He commenced on Monday last a series of scientific soirées, which he hopes may prove permanent.

PROF. C. A. WHITE informs us that the report of his paper on the Geology of Iowa, read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science which we took from the New York Tribune, was incorrect in several particulars. There is no quartzite in the north-eastern part of the State, the Sioux quartzite occurring in the north-western corner; and the stoneless area of drift should have been stated at 13,000 to 14,000, instead of 20,000 square miles.

ON the night of July 8 last, the object glass of the Equatoria of the Alleghany Observatory was stolen, as also a few eyepieces belonging to the Transit. It is thought that the object of the thief is to try to extort a large reward for its return, but Mr. Langley, the director of the Observatory, has resolved not to offer a reward, nor guarantee immunity from punishment to the culprit. This he deems a duty to others who may have the charge of similar instruments.

THE fifty-sixth session of the members of the Institution of Civil Engineers will be commenced on Tuesday, November 12, and will be continued thereafter on each succeeding Tuesday, with the exception of a short interval at Christmas, till the end of May. During the recess, the premises occupied by the Institution in Great George Street, Westminster-which were rebuilt and greatly enlarged in 1868 -have been elaborately decorated. especially the theatre, and additions have been made to the library. The members have been specially urged to contribute, for reading and discussion at the evening meetings, well-authenticated accounts descriptive of executed works in foreign countries, in which it is thought British engineering literature is at present somewhat deficient. With regard to candidates seeking admission into the Institution, the members of all classes have been reminded that personal knowledge of the career and antecedents of every candidate is requisite, and only such should be recommended for election as are believed to be in every way worthy of the distinction, and willing and able to advance the interests of the society.

AMONG Messrs. Longmans' announcements for the present season are the following:-Electricity and Magnetism, by Fleeming Jenkins, F.R.SS. L. and E. Professor of Engineering in the University of Edinburgh, small 8vo. ; Geometric Turning, comprising a Description of the New Geometric Chuck constructed by Mr. Plant, with Directions for its Use, and a Series of Patterns cut by it, by H. S. Savory, I vol. Svo., with numerous illustrations; Notes on the River Basins of the British Isles, by Robert A. Williams, 16mo.; Physical Geography for Beginners, by William Hughes, 18mo.; Catechism of Zoology, by the Rev. J. F. Blake, M.A., fcap. Svo.; Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects, by Prof. Helmholtz, translated by E. Atkinson, I vol. 8vo. ; Introduction to Experimental Physics, by Prof. Adolf F. Weinhold, translated and edited by Benjamin Loewy, F. R.A.S., with a Preface by G. C. Foster, F.R.S., I vol. 8vo.; Handbook of fardy Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous Plants, based on the French work of Messrs. Decaisne and Naudin, and including the original woodcuts by Riocreux and Leblanc, by W. B. Hemsley, I vol. 8vo. ; A General System of Descriptive and Analytical Botany, translated from the French of E. Le Maout, M.D., and J. Decaisne, by Mrs. Hooker, edited and arranged according to the English botanical system, by J. D. Hooker, M.D., with 5,500 woodcuts, from designs by

L. Stenheil and A. Riocreux, I vol. medium 8vo.

THE tenth part of the illustrated quarto publication upon the butterflies of North America, by Mr. William H. Edwards, has just made its appearance. This should have completed the first

volume, but as better specimens have been obtained of several species heretofore figured, it is Mr. Edwards's intention to furnish these in a new supplemental number, with title-page and indices. This work, in addition to the numerous coloured figures and the claborate descriptions of various species and their varieties, contains a synoptic list of North American butterflies, embracing 509 species, of which, previous to 1852, only 137 were known as belonging to North America. Sixty-one species were added between 1852 and 1860, and 311 since the latter year. There is every reason to believe that, with a thorough exploration of other regions of North America, many more will

be found and added to this number.

THE formation in Manchester of a Society for Promoting Scientific Industry is advocated by Mr. Frank Spence, of the Pendleton Iron Works. He says, in a letter to the Manchester Guardian, that the proposed society "will deal only with science in its practical applications-in the selection and perfection of all the instruments of production, not excluding the most important, and, just now, to many a manufacturer, most embarrassing of them all, the worker." He refers, as a precedent, to the Société Industrielle de Mulhouse, organised, in 1825, for "the advancement and propagation of industry, by the assemblage in a central situation of a great number of the elements of instruction, by the communication of discoveries and of remarkable facts, as well as by the initiation of original investigations, and by all the means which shall suggest themselves to the members in order to insure its prosperity and the happy results to which it may give rise." This is an attempt at a movement in the right direction.

PROF. MARSH, having completed the determination of the new species of fossil mammals and birds obtained during the Yale College expeditions of the summers of 1870 and 1871, has begun upon the reptiles, and has described five new species of a new genus, which he calls Thinosaurus. These were large carnivorous lizards, resembling the Varanide, or monitors, but differing in certain features pointed out by the professor. They are all from the tertiary beds of Wyoming. Other species belong to two new genera, Orcosaurus and Tinosaurus, together with a new species of a genus, Glytosaurus, previously indicated.

DR. HOOKER states that the rainfall for October amounted, at the Royal Gardens, Kew, to 6'46 inches. Of this no less than 3'09 inches was recorded in the last seven days of the month. The rainfall for October registered at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park, seven miles distant from Kew, was 5'25 inches.

Les Mondes describes a curious experiment of M. R. P. Lafond. Take a chameleon top, and place on the centre one of the prismatic discs which can be bought with the article, and instead of producing the singular optical illusions usually obtained from these discs by means of the fingers (in the same way as the "checked action" of Wheatstone is produced), illumine the table with a large Geissler tube. The result is described as charming; the most varied combinations of colours and designs succeed each other, without any necessity for touching the discs and consequently destroying the movement of the top. Moreover-and this makes the plaything a veritable scientific instrument-we have here a beautiful demonstration that the light of the Geissler tubes is intermittent.

Harper's Weekly announces the early publication of an im portant work on American Natural History-the investigation of the Cetaceans of the western coast of North America, by Capt. C. M. Scammon of the United States Revenue Marine. This

gentleman has for many years been directing his attention to the subject, and has collected a large amount of material in reference to the various species of whales and porpoises of the western coast, together with their zoological peculiarities and their habits.

CATALOGUE OF BRIGHT LINES IN THE SPECTRUM OF THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE*

WITHOUT waiting to complete my entire report of the spec

troscopic work at Sherman, I send for immediate publication, should you think proper, a list of the bright lines observed in the spectrum of the chromosphere during the past summer. The great altitude of the station (nearly 8,300 ft.), and the consequent atmospheric conditions, were attended with even greater advantages for my special work than had been really expected, although I was never quite able to realise my hope of seeing all the Fraunhofer lines reversed; unless once or twice for a moment, during some unusual disturbances of the solar surface. Everything I saw, however, confirmed my belief that the origin of the dark lines is at the base of the chromosphere, and that the ability to see them all reversed at any moment depends merely upon instrumental power and atmospheric conditions.

In this view, a catalogue of the bright lines actually observed is of course less important than it would be otherwise; still it is not without interest and scientific value, since the lines seen are naturally those which are really most conspicuous in the chromosphere spectrum, and this conspicuousness stands in important, but by no means obvious or even entirely simple, relations to the intensity of the corresponding dark lines, when such exist. There can be no doubt that a careful study of these bright lines and their behaviour would yield much valuable information as to the constitution and habitudes of the solar atmosphere.

In the catalogue, the first column contains simply a reference number: a refers to a note at the end of the catalogue.

The numbers in the second column refer to my "Preliminary Catalogue," containing 103 lines, which was published a year ago in the American Journal of Science. In this column a t indicates that some other observer has anticipated me in the determination and publication of the line. As I have depended for my information almost solely upon the Comptes Rendus and the Proceedings of the Royal Society (which give the ob. servations of Lockyer, Janssen, Rayet, and Secchi), it is quite possible that some other lines ought to be marked in the same

manner.

The third column, headed K, gives the position of the lines on Kirchhoff's scale, the numbers above G being derived from Thalen's continuation of Kirchhoff's maps. In this column an asterisk denotes that the map shows no corresponding dark line, a ? that the exact position, not the existence, of the line is for some reason slightly uncertain.

The fourth column, headed A, gives the wave-length of the line in ten millionths of a millimetre according to Angstrom's atlas. The numbers in this and the preceding column were taken, not from the maps themselves, which present slight inaccuracies on account of the shrinking and swelling of the paper during the operation of printing, but from the numerical catalogues of Kirchhoff and Angström which accompany their respective atlases. In the preliminary catalogue the numbers were derived from the maps; hence some slight discrepancies in the tenths of division.

The fifth column, marked F, contains a rough estimate of the percentage of frequency with which the lines were seen during the six weeks of observation; and the sixth column, B, a similar estimate of their maximum brightness compared with that of the hydrogen line C.

The variations of brilliance, however, when the chromosphere was much disturbed, were so considerable and so sudden, that no very great weight can be assigned to the numbers given. Nor is it to be inferred that lines which have in the table the same index of brightness were always equally bright. On some occasions one set of lines would be particularly conspicuous, on others, another. With two or three exceptions, indicated in the notes, no lines have been catalogued which were not seen on at least two different days. In the few cases where lines observed only on one occasion have been admitted to the list, the observations were at the time carefully verified by my assistant, Prof. Emerson, 30 as to place their correctness beyond a doubt. Many other lines were "glimpsed" at one time and another, but not seen steadily enough or long enough to admit of satisfactory determination.

The last column of the catalogue contains the symbols of the chemical elements corresponding to the respective lines. The

* Letter to the Superintendent of the U. S. Coast Survey, containing a Catalogue of Bright Lines in the Spectrum of the Solar Atmosphere, observed at Sherman, Wyoming Territory, U. S. A., during July and August, 1872; by Prof. C. A. Young, of Dartmouth College. Reprinted from advance sheets of the American Journal of Science and Art.

materials at my disposal are the maps of Kirchhoff and Angström, Thalen's map of the portion of the solar spectrum above G, ani Watts's Index of Spectra.' Since the positions of the lines in the latter work are given only to the nearest unit of " Angstrom's scale," I have marked the coincidences indicated by it with a (w), considering them less certain than those shown by the maps.

In addition to the elements before demonstrated to exist in the chromosphere, the following seem to be pretty positively indi cated-sulphur, cerium, and strontium; and the following with a somewhat less degree of probability, zinc, erbium, and yttrium, lanthanum and didymium. There are some coincidences also with the spectra of oxygen, nitrogen, and bromine, but not enough, considering the total number of lines in the spectra of these elements, or of a character to warrant any conclusion. One line points to the presence of iridium or ruthenium, and only three lines are known in the whole spectrum of these metals. The reversal of the H's deserves also especial notice.

No one, of course, can fail to be struck with the number of cases in which lines have associated with them the symbols of two or more elements. The coincidences are too many and too close to be all the result of accident, as for instance in the case of iron and calcium, or iron and titanium.

Two explanations suggest themselves. The first, which seems rather the most probable, is that the metals operated upon by the observer who mapped their spectra, were not absolutely pure either the iron contained traces of calcium and titanium, or vice versa. If this supposition is excluded, then we seem to be driven to the conclusion that there is some such similarity between the molecules of the different metals as renders them susceptible of certain synchronous periods of vibrations-a resemblance, as regards the manner in which the molecules are built up out of the constituent atoms, sufficient to establish between them an important physical (and probably chemical) relationship. I have prefixed to the catalogue a table showing the number of lines of each substance, or combination of substances, observed in the chromosphere spectrum, omitting, however, oxygen, and nitrogen, and bromine, since with one exception (line 230), neither of them ever stands alone, or accounts for any lines not otherwise explained.

The instruments and methods of observation were the same as those employed in the construction of the Preliminary Catalogue. Telescope, 9 inches aperture-spectroscope automatic, with dispersive force of 12 prisms.

The approximate geographical position of Sherman is long. 1h. 53 2m. west of Washington, lat. 41° 07'; altitude above sealevel 8,280 feet; mean height of barometer about 22.1 inches.

Table showing the number of coincidences between the bright lines observed in the spectrum of the chromosphere, and those of the spectra of the chemical elements. Fe, Ti, S(w) I Ti, S(w)

32

Unknown. 52 Total.

66

Ba, S(w)

66

S(w) Zn(w)

Co, Ce,

Ca, "Mn, "Ce,

64 ΠΟ

Ti,

23

66

Ni, E(w)

I

Ca, Cr, Ce,

"Sr,

Mn,