former chapter. It is the seat of com- hill, Greenwich Park, and Putney Commerce, and is now entirely devoted to mon. The visitor should by all means banks and offices, warehouses and shops; select a clear day, and visit one of these comparatively few persons sleep there, points. nearly all the merchants and their clerks By the following statistics, the comhaving residences and lodgings in the parative progression of this great city suburbs. The "West-end" is the seat will be seen. of fashion. From Cavendish-square to The population of London in the Belgravia the private houses are inha- reign of James the First (commencebited by the aristocracy and fashion of ment of the 17th century), was about London, while the shops contain the 160,000 persons; in the reign of Queen richest and rarest articles of commerce. Anne (1702), it was 674,000; in the The "East-end" is populated by the reign of Queen Victoria (1851), at artizans and labourers, employed in least 2,400,000. shipbuilding, and other manufactures, It has been calculated that if the one part especially by the Spitalfields population of sixty-nine of the princisilk-weavers. The "North Squares" is pal cities and towns of England were a title given to a comparatively modern added together, the total would not quarter of London (occupying the space equal the population of London. between Holborn and Camden Town), There are upwards of 10,000 streets, and inhabited chiefly by lawyers and terraces, lanes, and courts, eighty merchants, whose offices are in the Inns squares, and upwards of 230,000 houses. of Court and the "City." Westminster Adding the estimated increase of 15 is the seat of government, and contains per cent. to the census of 1841, the prothe houses of British legislature and fessions, trades, and occupations of Lonthe courts of justice, and government don show the following proportions:offices. The "Borough" of Southwark, 220,000 Domestic Servants. and the whole of the southern bank of the Thames, from Deptford to Lambeth, bear some resemblance to the East-end," but has one feature which distinguishes it, viz., it contains a great number of factories and works, which in their nature are disagreeable and offensive, such as tan-yards for skins, soap-boiling works, &c., &c. In consequence of this, it is almost entirely inhabited by those who cannot afford to live away from the seat of labour. Islington is a complete colony of persons whose occupations are in the City, and who, at this short distance, are enabled to breathe pure air, and practise economical living. While the merchants themselves live in princely style at the West-end and in the environs, their clerks and warehousemen enjoy their quiet cottages and snug apartments at Islington. Observe: The most commanding views of London are from Hampstead Heath, Highgate Cemetery, Primrose 60,000 Day Labourers. 32,000 Boot and Shoemakers. 25,000 Dressmakers and Milliners. 17,000 Masons, Bricklayers, and Plas- 16,000 Painters, Plumbers, & Glaziers. 13,000 Silk and other Weavers. 11,500 Schoolmasters, Governesses, and Teachers of Languages. 9,000 Cabinet-makers and Uphol sterers. 9,000 Gardeners (London & suburbs). 8,500 Tavern-keepers and their Em- TOTAL.-Great Britain and 18,547,721 21,282,966 24,410,429 27,019,558 Ireland A subject necessarily of considerable great market for country-killed meat; interest, is the supply of food for such there is also a common market every a vast community as 2,000,000 of per- day for all kinds of provisions. The sons. There are for this purpose a great fruit and vegetables have been removed many markets in London, the chief are to Farringdon market. the following FARRINGDON MARKET is a spacious SMITHFIELD MARKET.-Famous for building, with a central open area, bethe sale of bullocks, sheep, lambs, calves, tween Farringdon-street and Shoe-lane. and hogs, every Monday and Friday; This is the great depôt within the on the latter day there is also a market City for vegetables and fruit, both native for horses. and foreign. NEW SMITHFIELD, Ball's Pond.- BILLINGSGATE, Thames-street, is the This market-place was first established fish market, which is principally supby Mr. Perkin, to obviate the necessity plied by fishing smacks and boats coming of driving the cattle through the streets from the sea up the river Thames, and of London. It is 800 feet square, up- partly with fresh fish by land carriage wards of 15 acres of land. It is ca- from every distance within the limits of pable of containing 4,000 oxen, and England and part of Wales; this mar40,000 sheep. It is surrounded by ket is held daily. A new façade next stalls, and in the open area has ranges the river is being erected, after the deof pens. At the entrance is a hand- signs of Mr. Bunning, the City architect, some building for offices. This market is on the site of the dock, which has been not used. enclosed; the style is Italian, with a LEADENHALL MARKET is the greatest campanile clock-tower. in London for the sale of country-killed HUNGERFORD MARKET, Strand, is a meat, and was, till the erection of the commodiously arranged and well-supBermondsey market, the only skin and plied market for fish, fruit, game, poulleather market in the bills of mortality. try and butcher's meat. Its site is NEWGATE MARKET is the second between the Strand near Charing-cross, and the river Thames. The avenues some deductions must be made for of the market form the approach to sucklings. Try and see the large dairy Hungerford Bridge, and always present farm at Islington, where 999 cows are a busy thoroughfare. kept. LEATHER AND SKIN MARKET, Ber- The annual consumption of butter in mondsey.-An extensive pile of buildings London amounts to 11,000 tons, and devoted to the sale of leather and skins. that of cheese to 13,000 tons. The The traffic of this market was chiefly quantity of poultry annually consumed at Leadenhall market. is worth from £70,000 to £80,000, exBOROUGH MARKET, in Southwark, clusive of game, the supply of which is an extensive wholesale and retail depends on the season. market for potatoes, home-grown fruits The consumption of wheat annually and vegetables of every description. It amounts to 2,000,000 quarters, fouris held on an extensive spot adjacent to fifths of which are made into bread, St. Saviour's Church, at the foot of forming upwards of 60,000,000 quartern London Bridge. loaves. Vegetables and fruit per annum, WHITECHAPEL MARKET is held in £1,000,000; wine 65,000 pipes; spirits High-street, Whitechapel, and its prin- 2,000,000 gallons; 110,000 bullocks; cipal traffic is in hay, straw, and pro- 776,000 sheep; 250,000 lambs; 250,000 vender. calves; 270,000 pigs. COVENT GARDEN MARKET in the London is supplied with water by height of the summer season forms one nine companies, besides artesian wells of the most agreeable lounges in the and spring pumps. Gallons daily. 20,000,000 3,250,000 3,650,000 3,500,000 metropolis. The wholesale dealers and The following table from an article salesmen of fruit, flowers, and vegeta- on the water supply of London, in bles, with the farmers and market-gar- Household Words, shows the companies deners, commence their extensive deal- and the quantities each supplies. ings at a very early hour on each market day. The vendors and green grocers from all parts of London and its suburbs all congregate soon after four o'clock, complete their purchases, with which they drive off, and imme. diately afterwards the avenues are cleared, and preparations made for the comfortable reception of the beau monde, whose carriages occupy the place a few hours before crowded by the carts and waggons of the traders. The market is the property of the Duke of Bedford, whose officers maintain the utmost order and regularity. New River Company Artesian Wells...... 7,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 400,000 1,200,000 44,500,000 8,000,000 3,000,000 1,000,000 56,500,000 An article necessarily in great demand is MILK.-The entire number of cows kept by the London cowkeepers for supplying London is estimated at supplied daily to London from all sources of about 9,600, viz., 7,900 in Middlesex, 950 in Kent, 1,400 in Surrey. The LONDON PORTER is famous throughquantity of milk yielded by each cow out the world. The large breweries has been averaged at nine quarts a day which supply this article of consumption at least; but the total is about 7,900,000 are peculiar to London. There are no gallons annual produce, from which other such establishments either in England or on the Continent. The dition of London is the providence of men with their drays and horses are its people for their families in case of unparalleled-all connected with them fire or death; as an evidence of the is colossal. truth of this, there are in London 162 The principal of these breweries are fire and life insurance companies, many Messrs. Barclay and Perkins, Park- of them very extensive. street, Southwark; Messrs. Truman, Of these, perhaps the most interestHanbury, and Co., Brick-lane, Spital- ing to the stranger and traveller are fields; Messrs. Whitbread and Co., those which railways have suggested, Chiswell-street, City; Sir Henry Meux viz., the "Railway Passengers' Assurand Co., Tottenham-court-road; and ance Companies," by which a traveller, Messrs. Reid and Co., Liquorpond- upon payment of twopence for each street. journey he makes, will ensure for his The quantity of porter and beer family, in case of accidental death, £500. annually brewed by the twelve principal The smallness of this insurance fee brewers is upwards of 2,000,000 of speaks much for the safety of railway barrels, and the quantity of malt wetted travelling in England. For list of Asis 525,000 quarters per annum. surance Companies, see Chapter II. A sight of one of these breweries There is also another important class will well repay the visitor. Between of provident associations, which is exthe hours of ten and four strangers are tensively increasing, viz., Building Soadmitted by order, given by the pro- cieties, which have for their objects the prietors. assistance of individuals to purchase or The consumption of coal in London build houses upon easy terms. For is about 2,000,000 of tons per annum. full explanation of the nature of these For description of Coal Exchange, see institutions, vide Mr. Scratchley's valuChapter V. able work upon Industrial Investment One great, feature in the social con- and Emigration. CHAPTER V. CONCERNS EVERY ONE WHO VISITS LONDON. The following are the objects which LONDON WALL most strangers visit first. They are not MANSION HOUSE arranged according to their importance, MINT but, for the sake of perspicuity, we have MONUMENT placed them alphabetically; : MUSEUM OF THE COLLEGE OF SUR LERY GEONS NATIONAL GAL PALACE, SAINT THAMES TUNNEL TIMES PRINTING OFFICE. BRITISH MUSEUM HORSE GUARDS CHRIST'S HOSPITAL HOUSES OF PAR- PAUL'S, ST. COAL EXCHANGE KENSINGTON GAR- STITUTION |