wife, (she died in 1394, at the age of 24,) were four sons and two daughters; viz.

1. HENRY, who succeeded him.

2. Thomas, born in 1389, was appointed lieutenant of Ireland in 1401, and created duke of Clarence in 1412. He served in France in that year, and also under his brother, and was killed at Beauge, in Anjou, March 22, 1421. He left no issue by his wife, Margaret, daughter of Thomas Holland, earl of Kent, and relict of John Beaufort, earl of Somerset, but his natural son, Sir John of Clarence, had a grant of several manors in Ireland from Henry VI., by patent dated July 11, 1427.

3. John, born in 1390, was appointed constable of England in 1403, and was created duke of Bedford in 1415. His talents upheld the English rule in France, and he died regent of that kingdom, at Paris, Sept. 14, 1435. He married, first, Anne, sister of Philip, duke of Burgundy, and soon after her death, (which occurred Nov. 14, 1432,) Jaqueline of Luxemburg, who survived him until 1472, and became the wife of Sir Richard Woodville, and mother of Elizabeth, the queen of Edward IV.

4. Humphrey, born in 1391, was created duke of Gloucester in 1414. He was protector of England during the minority of his nephew, Henry VI., was involved in foreign wars through an imprudent marriage, opposed by his uncle, Cardinal Beauforti, and at last was

He was the third son of John of Gaunt by Catherine Swinford. He entered the Church, became dean of Wells, and when young was promoted to the see of Lincoln; he succeeded Wykeham as bishop of Winchester, and in later years was made cardinal and papal

found dead in his bed, under suspicious circumstances, Feb. 1447. He married, but was afterwards divorced from, Jaqueline of Holland; his second wife, Eleanor, daughter of Lord Cobham, was accused of witchcraft and treason, and after doing penance in London, was imprisoned, first at Calais, and afterwards in the Isle of Man, for the remainder of her life. He left a natural daughter, Antigone, who married Henry Grey, earl of Tankerville.

5. Blanche, born in 1392, was married when only ten years old to Louis, son of the emperor Rupert, and died in childbed, May 22, 1409.

6. Philippa, born in 1393, married Eric XIII., of Denmark. She acted with wisdom and courage as regent of the kingdom while Eric made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and defended Copenhagen from an attack of the Holsteiners, but failing in an attempt on Stralsund, their stronghold, she was

brutally beaten by her savage husband, and died of grief in the monastery of Wadstena very shortly after, Jan. 5, 1430j.

Henry bore the same arms as his grandfather, Edward III., viz., ancient France and England quarterly.

Arms of Henry IV.

legate. He was esteemed a profound canonist, held the office of chancellor thrice, was employed on frequent embassies, and made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He was for many years at variance with his nephew Gloucester, and died very shortly after him, April

1447.

11; Eric, who was half-witted, and had before been saved from expulsion by the popularity of his queen, was soon after driven from his kingdom; he lived for a while as a pirate in Gothland, but ended his days in the monastery of Rugenvald, in Pomerania.

Supporters, a lion and antelope, also an antelope and swan, are ascribed to him, but on doubtful authority. Beside the collar of SS. * numerous badges and devices, as a genet, an eagle displayed, crescents, the fox's tail, panthers and eagles crowned, appear to have been employed by him.

It is impossible to form a favourable estimate of the character of Henry. Great talents he no doubt had, but it seems equally certain that he had few virtues1. His persecution of the Lollards, whose patron he had formerly been, and whose dislike to Richard had been so serviceable to himself, proved him utterly devoid of care for any interests but his own; his seizure and imprisonment of the prince of Scotland, and siding alternately with one and the other party in France, shewed him wanting in honourable feeling; his cruelty was signally manifested in many instances; and perhaps the most that can with truth be said for him, is, that he probably was not guilty of the murder of his predecessor, as has been often charged on him.

A.D. 1399. Henry of Lancaster is received as king by the parliament, Sept. 30m. He creates his eldest

His tomb at Canterbury is covered with this ornament, which is known to have been borne by him when earl of Derby; it is presumed to stand for " Souveraigne," and to have been meant as an assertion of his claim to the throne.

If credit could be given to the speech ascribed to Richard in confinement by a French chronicler, (published by the English Historical Society,) Henry was guilty of so many crimes, that even his own father wished him to be put to death, but the king spared him, against the advice of his counsellors.

m

Archbishop Arundel preached a sermon on the occasion, taking for his text 1 Samuel ix. 17, "Behold the man whom I spake to thee of; this same shall reign over My people."

son prince of Wales, and appoints the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland" constable and marshal.

The parliament re-assembles at Westminster, Oct. 6, and sits till Nov. 19. Most of the transactions of the late king and his ministers since the year 1386 are set aside as illegal°; a general pardon is granted, except to the murderers of the duke of Gloucester P; special favour is promised to the Londoners for "their good and loyal behaviour;" and, (Oct. 27,) at the

Ralph, lord Neville, had been created earl of Westmoreland by Richard II., after the murder of the duke of Gloucester, and had received other favours; but he was the brother-in-law of Henry of Lancaster, and rendered him most essential service against his benefactor. He joined him on his landing, was appointed earl marshal, and governor of the Tower, and adhered to him against his old associates and kinsmen, the Percies; prevented the earl of Northumberland from joining his son, Hotspur; checked the incursions of the Scots; and, by gross treachery, got Archbishop Scrope, the earl of Nottingham, and others of Richard's partisans, into his hands. He died Oct. 21, 1425, and was buried at Staindrop, in the county of Durham, where a stately monument to his memory yet remains. He married, for his second wife, Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt, and by her he had a numerous family, of whom Richard became earl of Salisbury, and father of "king-making Warwick;" Cecilia married Richard, duke of York, father of Edward IV.; Eleanor married Henry, earl of Northumberland, killed at St. Alban's, in 1455; and Anne was the wife of Humphrey, duke of Buckingham, killed at Northampton. He was succeeded by his grandson, Ralph, who married a daughter of Hotspur.

Arms of Neville, earl of
Westmoreland.

The attainder of the duke of Gloucester and his adherents was reversed, and most of the nobles (including king Richard's half-brother and nephew) who after the duke's condemnation had received higher titles, (see vol. i. p. 415,) were reduced to their former ones; the commons indeed requested that they might be put to death: the earls of Huntingdon, Kent, and Salisbury, and Lord Despenser, were in consequence imprisoned, but they were soon released.

One of them, John Hall, was executed, and his head sent to Calais.

instance of Henry, "Richard, late king of England," is sentenced to perpetual imprisonment, "to be kept secretly in safe ward 9."

The new king creates a number of Knights of the Bath, three of his sons being among them, Oct. 11; he is crowned at Westminster, Oct. 13.

Thomas Arundel is formally restored to the see of Canterburys.

The Isle of Man, lately forfeited by Scrope, earl of Wiltshire, is granted to the earl of Northumberlandt. Edmund Mortimer, earl of March", retires to the

This parliament was one of the most violent recorded in our annals. The nobles charged each other (and with good reason) with falsehood and disloyalty, and more than forty gauntlets were thrown on the floor, as pledges of combats, but it does not appear that they took place.

This is presumed to be the date of the regular establishment of the order, although its distinguishing feature, the bath, had long been one of the ceremonies attendant on the admission of knights.

This is the date of the letters patent, but he seems to have been received as archbishop immediately on his return, in July or August.

This and other great gifts bestowed by the new-made king on his chief supporters occasioned the repeated remonstrances of the parliament, and statutes were passed to check the evil; thus it was enacted, that in any petition for grants of land, mention should be made of their value, [1 Hen.

IV. c. 6,] and of what the petitioner had. received before, [2 Hen. IV. c. 2,] but these restrictions were evidently disregarded, as we meet with another statute soon after against undue grants, [4 Hen. IV. c. 4]. The royal family was exempted from the operation of these statutes, [6 Hen. IV. c. 2]. Henry created his eldest son prince of Wales; of his other sons, one was made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, another constable of England, and all received large portions of the estates which confiscation had placed in his hands.

u He was the son of Roger Mortimer, killed in Ireland in 1398, and presumptive heir to the throne. His friends leagued