and shall rescue the Greeks, and recover the great city of Constantinople, and shall vanquish the Turks, and win the Holy Cross and the Holy Land, and shall die emperor of Rome, and eternal bliss shall be his end."

A.D. 1516. A new league is formed against the king of France, Oct. 29.

A.D. 1517. A riot against the foreign merchants and artisans settled in London occurs May 1, which is afterwards known as "evil May-day 9."

Wolsey receives the office of papal legate; his coadjutor is Lawrence Campegius, a Roman cardinal.

A.D. 1518. Wolsey is bribed by the king of France, and promotes a treaty between him and the king, in opposition to the existing league.

A.D. 1519. The emperor Maximilian dies, Jan. 12; after some time, his grandson Charles of Spain (Charles V.) is elected".

St. Mary Magdalene College, Cambridge, founded by Henry, duke of Buckingham.

One John Lincoln, a broker, induced Dr. Bell, a canon of the Spital, to preach against the foreigners, at the customary Easter sermon (Tuesday, April 14); in consequence, the houses of many foreigners were sacked. Near 300 of the rioters were made prisoners, and the city was occupied for some days by the duke of Norfolk with a large force. Lincoln and about a dozen others were executed, but the rest were pardoned after a short delay, at the intercession of Queen Katherine, and her sister queens of France and Scotland. Henry proposed contesting the empire, but soon abandoned the idea; Francis I. strove eagerly to obtain it, and his disappointment vented itself in wars against his successful rival, which lasted (with some slight intermissions) for the remainder of his life.

• He called it after his own name, Buckingham College; but being soon after attainted, he left it poorly endowed. Lord Audley, of Walden, about twenty years after, became a considerable benefactor, and gave the college its present appellation.

IRELAND.

A.D. 1520. Thomas, earl of Surrey, is appointed lord-lieutenant, April.

Gerald, earl of Kildare, died in 1512, and was succeeded by his son, also named Gerald, who, with all the ambition of his father, was less successful in contending with the hereditary rivals of his house, the Butlers. Sir Pierce Butler, afterwards earl of Ormond and Ossory, was a resident in England; and his representations to Cardinal Wolsey of the state of Ireland had such effect, that Kildare was deprived of his government, and the earl of Surrey substituted, with full powers, on paper, to redress the disorders of the land; but being ill supplied with money and military forcet, he solicited and obtained his recall in less than two years after, and Butler was appointed deputy (March 6, 1522). Kildare was reappointed in 1524, after signing (Aug. 4) a formal indenture, in which he bound himself in a penalty of £1,000 to pursue a legal course of government. This, however, made no difference in his conduct, or in that of Butler; and at last, in 1527, both were summoned to England to give account of their proceedings, Richard Nugent, Lord Delvin, being appointed vice-deputy. The Irish council complained of his inefficiency, and petitioned for the return of both the earls, as the only defence of the

He took with him, beside other forces, 100 of the royal guard, but these being mostly "men of some substance in England," soon grew tired of the rough service, and Surrey obtained permission to pension them off at Id. a-day (their ordinary pay at home was 4d. and in Ireland 6d.), hiring instead spearmen from the Welsh and northern borders. These, too, frequently mutinied for want of their pay.

land against the natives; and when, shortly after, (May 12, 1528,) Delvin was made prisoner by O'Connor, (a native chief and son-in-law of Kildare,) they at once elected a brother of the earl, Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, in his place. He was allowed to hold the post for a while; and though, in August, 1529, Sir William Skeffington was sent as deputy, his instructions rendered him, in reality, subordinate to Kildare, who in 1530 was again installed in his ancient post.

A.D. 1520. The emperor (Charles V.) seeks the favour of Wolsey by grants of pensions, and also visits Henry in his journey from Spain to Germany.

Henry proceeds to France, and holds a series of formal interviews with Francis, between Guisnes and Ardres, June 4-25; he also visits the emperor at Gravelines, and returns to England in July.

A.D. 1521. The duke of Buckingham is charged with treason", convicted by his peers, May 13, and executed, May 17.

He was the son of Henry, duke of Buckingham, executed in 1483, by Katherine Woodville, sister to the queen of Edward IV., was descended from Thomas of Woodstock, son of Edward III., and quartered the royal arms. He built a stately mansion at Thornbury, in Gloucestershire, and enclosed a vast park there, to the extreme discontent of the people around; this was taken as evidence of disloyal views, and contributed to his downfall. On his trial he was charged with aspiring to the crown as long back as 1511, and with consulting with Nicholas Hopkins, a Carthusian monk, who pretended to divine revelations, and assured him that he should become king. He was further charged with intending to kill the king, and to behead Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas Lovel, and others. In 1523 he was attainted by act of par

Arms of Stafford, duke of
Buckingham.

The king writes a book on the Seven Sacraments, in opposition to the views of Luther, and receives in re

liament [14 & 15 Hen. VIII. c. 20], but this act was in reality one of grace to protect the interests of numerous persons who had held property or office under him, and by subsequent statutes of the same parliament some provision was made for his wife and his son ; the latter was restored in blood. under the title of Lord Stafford, by Edward VI.

Martin Luther, the son of a miner, was born at Eiseleben, in Saxony, in 1483. He joined the Augustinian order, and being a man of talent, and a good preacher, he soon became popular. He received the appointment of divinity professor in the University of Eisenach, and also visited Rome on the business of his order, where he displayed much zeal and firmness in opposing some attempted violation of their privileges. It had been customary to extend to the Augustinians the disposal of indulgences in Germany; but when Pope Leo X. wished to raise money by such means, he employed instead Tetzel and other Dominicans, who abused the charge, and thus laid themselves open to the fierce denunciations of Luther, who was supported by his own order, and, as a consequence of his popularity as a preacher, by the people also. He was summoned to Rome, but declining to appear, a cardinal (Cajetan) was sent to Germany to conduct a process against him. Luther was protected by Frederic, elector of Saxony, and in his own justification published a statement of his opinions, differing greatly from the established Church system, in regard to the sacrament of the Eucharist, the number of the other sacraments, the obligation of monastic vows, of confession, of indulgences, the rights and duties of the clergy, the employment of an unknown tongue in public worship, and in many other particulars. In consequence, he was excommunicated, in 1520, but he openly defied the papal power, burnt the bull, (Dec. 10,) and though cited before the Diet of Worms in the following year, and put under the ban of the empire, (May 26,) refused to make any submission. His protector, the elector of Saxony, placed him for safety in the castle of Wartbourg, where he occupied his time in digesting the system of doctrine since so wel. known by his name, and which now prevails in a large part of Protestant Europe, and in a translation of the Bible into German.

Henry VIII. undertook to reply to Luther in regard to the Sacraments, and in his book (Assertio Septem Sacramentorum adversus Martinum Lutherum) he treated the "arch-heretic," as he styled him, rather coarsely. The reformer replied with equal intemperance, for he was naturally fearless, and each year saw new princes join his party, some actuated by dislike of the papal system, others by fear or hatred of the proceedings of the emperor (Charles V.) At length, in 1532, the Diet at Nuremberg conceded a kind of protection to his adherents, and though this agreement was not adhered to, but instead war speedily followed, the Lutheran opinions

turn from the pope (Leo X.) the title of Defender of the Faith, by bull dated Oct. 11, 1521.

War breaks out between Charles V. and Francis I.; the king mediates a peace. Wolsey is sent to Calais, and holds conferences for the purpose, in August, without effect, but also secretly forms another league with the emperor against Francis.

A.D. 1522. The emperor again visits England, in May; the king declares war against France.

Francis negociates treaties with the earl of Desmond (Maurice Fitzgerald) and other nobles, for the conquest of Irelandy.

The earl of Surrey ravages the coast of Britanny.

Vast sums are raised by way of loan or "benevolence," and an army sent into the north of France; Picardy is devastated, and a great amount of booty brought into Calais.

A.D. 1523. A parliament meets, April 15; Sir Thomas More is the speaker. Wolsey visits the house in great state, and endeavours to procure a large grant of money; this is at length obtained. The convocation grant one

were very generally received in the north and west of Germany, in Switzerland, in Sweden and in Denmark; divisions soon broke out, and views differing from those of Luther were advocated by Zuinglius and others, but he continued the acknowledged head of the opponents of the papacy until his death, which occurred at Wittemberg, Dec. 18, 1546, leaving by his wife Catherine Bora, who had been a nun, a family of three sons, of whom nothing remarkable is recorded.

The king was to supply ships and troops, and was to have Kinsale and other western ports assigned to him; Desmond, already palatine of Kerry, was to have the south of Ireland in full sovereignty; Richard de la Pole, the exiled nephew of Edward IV., was to be king of the remainder; the plan, however, came to nothing.