The wages of members of parliament settled at 4s. aday for knights of the shire, and 28. a-day for burgesses, [c. 11].

The king's debts remitted, and any sums that he had paid ordered to be returned to him, [c. 12].

The earl of Lenox m makes a treaty with the king, engaging to forward his views on Scotland, May 17; in return he receives the hand of Lady Margaret Douglas, the king's niece.

The king invades France, in July; he besieges Boulogne, which surrenders Sept. 14.

The emperor and the king of France suddenly conclude a peace, Sept. 19, when the English army is obliged to withdraw; the king returns to England, Sept. 30.

A.D. 1545. The French make several unsuccessful attempts to retake Boulogne; they are foiled by the earl of Hertford and Lord Lisle.

The king raises a large sum by a "benevolence," which is very unwillingly paid ".

The French fleet attempts to invade England; they have an indecisive action off Portsmouth with the English ships, July 18.

The French ravage the marches of Calais, and also send assistance to the Scots.

The earl of Hertford overruns and plunders the south of Scotland.

m Matthew Stuart; he was, like the regent Arran, descended from James II.

Richard Read, a London alderman, declining to contribute, was sent as a common soldier to the army in Scotland, where he was taken prisoner at Jedworth.

All colleges, chantries and hospitals dissolved and granted to the crown°, [37 Hen. VIII. c. 4].

A law made against usury, which limited interest to 10 per cent., [c. 9].

Persons dispensing slanderous libels declared guilty of felony, [c. 10].

Tithes in London fixed at the rate of 2s. 9d. in the £1 on rent, [c. 12].

Laymen empowered to exercise ecclesiastical jurisdictionP, [c. 17].

A.D. 1546. The French continue their efforts to retake Boulogne. The earl of Surrey, the governor, being defeated, is recalled to England; he gives vent to his resentment in violent speeches, which are reported to the king.

Cardinal Beaton is killed, in his castle of St. Andrew's, May 28.

• From the terms employed, the universities considered themselves in danger, but Henry condescended to assure them of safety. P The occasion of this act was that papal decrees denounced excommunication against laymen who ventured to judge in ecclesiastical causes, as marriages and wills.

The murder had been proposed by Lord Cassilis a year before, and was sanctioned by Henry, though he declined to appear openly in it: a fact established by a letter of the English council to Lord Hertford, dated May 30, 1545, to be found in the State Papers of Henry VIII., vol. v. p. 449. In the same collection is a letter (p. 560) giving the particulars of the murder. The party consisted of Norman Leslie, James Melvin, and 15 others; they first killed the porter and threw his body into the ditch, then drove out the workmen and servants; the cardinal, hearing the tumult, came from his chamber to the blockhouse, and was there killed. "The common bell of the town rang, the provost and town gathered, to the number of 300 or 400 men, and came to the castle, when Norman Leslie and his company came to the wall-head, and asked what they desired to see-a dead man? Incontinent they brought the cardinal dead to the wallhead, in a pair of sheets, and hung him over the wall by the one arm and the one foot, and bade the people see there their God. This

A peace is concluded with France, June 7; it provides for the restoration of Boulogne in eight years, and also for a peace with the Scots.

Christ Church, Oxford', and Trinity College, Cambridge, founded by the kings.

The duke of Norfolkt and the earl of Surrey are committed to the Tower, Dec. 7.

John of Douglas of Edinburgh.... shewed me.... who was in St. Andrew's, and saw the same with his own eyes.'

The castle was held for some time by Norman Leslie and his party, who were in the pay of Henry; at length it was captured by a body of French troops, and destroyed, as having been polluted by the blood of a cardinal.

In 1524 Cardinal Wolsey had obtained permission to convert the priory of St. Frideswide into a seminary, which he styled Cardinal College; this came into the king's hands on the fall of the founder, and was re-established as King Henry's College, Sept. 27, 1532; fourteen years after it was more fully endowed, and the name again changed to its present

one.

To form this college several smaller halls were added to King's Hall, founded by Ed

ward III. in 1346; Queen Mary was also a Arms of Christ Church, Oxford. benefactor.

"If a man coming of the collateral line to the heir of the crown, who ought not to bear the arms of England but on the second quarter, with the difference of their ancestor, do presume to change his right place, and bear them in the first quarter, leaving out the true difference of the ancestry, and, in the lieu thereof, use the very place only of the heir male apparent, how this man's intent is to be judged; and whether this import any danger, peril, or slander to the title of the prince, or very heir apparent; and how it weigheth in our laws." Such is the first sentence of a remarkable paper of charges against the duke, drawn up apparently for the opinion of the judges, and corrected in many places by the king himself, preserved in the State Paper Office. Others relate to "presuming to take an old coat of the crown" (the arms of Edward the Confessor; see vol. i. p. 136), "which his ancestor never bare, nor he of right ought to bear;" giving arms to strangers; holding pleas, and exercising free warren in his grounds, without license; "depraving of the king's council;" "compassing to govern the realm;" and, which seems to shew that the jealousy of the Seymours had inspired these

A.D. 1547. The earl of Surrey is tried and convicted of high treason", Jan. 13; he is beheaded, Jan. 19.

The duke of Norfolk is attainted by act of parliament, to which the royal assent is given by commission; Jan. 27x.

The king dies at Westminster, Jan. 28; he is buried at Windsor, Feb. 16.

proceedings, there is a charge against the earl of Surrey of saying, "If the king die, who should have the rule of the prince, but my father or I?"

"The charge against him was that, "machinating to extinguish the cordial love which the king's lieges bore to him, and to deprive him of his crown and dignity, he had set up, joined to his proper bearings, the arms or Edward the Confessor, Azure, a cross fleury between five martlets gold,' which belonged to the king in right of his kingdom, and might not be borne by any subject."

His life was saved by the death of the king early on the following morning, but he was imprisoned in the Tower until the accession of Mary.

EDWARD, the only son of Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour, was born at Hampton Court, Oct. 12, 1537. He succeeded to the throne Jan. 28, 1547, and his reign is a very important period of English history, although, from his youth, his influence on its transactions was very limited. The real rulers were, first, his uncle Somerset, and afterwards John Dudley, duke of Northumberlanda,

He was born in 1502, and was the son of Edmund Dudley. Very soon after his father's death he was restored in blood, soon distinguished himself in arms, accompanied Cardinal Wolsey on his embassy to France, and was appointed master of the horse to Anne of Cleves. In 1543 he was, in consequence of his maternal descent, made Lord Lisle; and was soon after appointed lord high admiral, when he took Leith, and the next year defended Boulogne, and ravaged the French coast. He was named one of the executors of the will of Henry VIII., created earl of Warwick, had the principal part in the Scottish campaign, and is accused of sowing dissension between the brother which caused the ruin of both. He became on Somerset's

Arms of Dudley, duke of
Northumberland.

Protector and his