The French king enters into a treaty with Glyndwr, styling him "Owen, prince of Wales," June 14.

A.D. 1405. Constance of York" endeavours to liberate the earl of March and his relatives imprisoned at Windsor, Feb. 15. The duke of York is put in the Tower on suspicion of being concerned in the matter, but is soon released.

The prince of Wales takes the field against Glyndwr in March, but is unable to subdue him.

James, son of Robert III. of Scotland, captured off Flamborough Head, March 30.

Thomas Mowbray, earl of Nottingham, Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, the earl of Northumberland, Lord Bardolf, and others combine together to place the earl (see p. 14). He held the post of High Admiral, and was killed at sea in 1407.

y It was negotiated by John Trevor, formerly bishop of St. Asaph, but expelled as a partisan of Glyndwr in 1402; he died in France in 1410.

She was the widow of Thomas Despenser, earl of Gloucester (see p. 14), and sister to the earl of Rutland, who by the death of his father had now become duke of York.

a He was on his voyage to France for security against the schemes of his uncle, the duke of Albany.

The son of the duke of Norfolk, banished with Henry of Lancaster by Richard II.

Brother of William Scrope, earl of Wiltshire, beheaded in 1399. d Thomas, Lord Bardolf, was born in 1367, and succeeded his father, William, in his seventeenth year. He

had large possessions in Norfolk, Suffolk, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire, and served in France and in Ireland during the latter years of the reign of Richard II. He joined Henry of Lancaster at Shrewsbury, but afterwards espoused the cause of the Percies, and was mortally wounded at Bramham-moor. His head was set up at Lincoln, and his quarters at London, York, Lynn, and Shrewsbury, but his widow was allowed to remove them at the same time as Northumberland received Christian burial.

Arms of Lord Bardoif.

of March on the throne. The archbishop publishes a manifesto declaring Henry excommunicated, May 9.

Ralph Neville, earl of Westmoreland, gets the chief insurgents into his hands by treachery. The archbishop and the earl of Nottingham are beheaded, June 8, and Lords Hastings and Falconbridge soon after. The earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolf escape to Scotland. The French send succours to Glyndwr.

Henry marches against Glyndwr, but is again unsuccessfule.

A.D. 1406. The crown settled by parliament on Henry and his four sons, [7 Hen. IV. c. 2].

Robert III. of Scotland dies, April 4; his brother Robert, duke of Albany, governs as regent, and makes no effort to procure the liberation of the young prince (James I.).

The guardianship of the seas from May 1, 1406, to Sept. 1407, committed to an association of merchants; the parliament assigns to them the taxes on wine, wool, and hides.

The Isle of Man granted to Sir John Stanley, April 6. The earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolf, fearing to be delivered up by the Scottish regent, flee to Glyndwr in Wales.

A.D. 1407. England greatly afflicted by pestilence. Henry, in crossing from Queenborough to Leigh, at the mouth of the Thames, is attacked by French pirates, and narrowly escapes capture.

A strong body of French auxiliaries join Glyndwr,

The campaign was brief, bad weather and want of provisions obliging the English to retire, after considerable loss, in November.

who advances into England, and threatens Worcester, but at length retires.

A parliament held at Gloucester, in October, when severe statutes are passed against the Welsh, [9 Hen. IV. cc. 1, 2, 3, 4].

FRANCE.

A.D. 1407. Louis, duke of Orleans, is murdered by the duke of Burgundy, Nov. 23.

Charles VI. of France had several years before this fallen into a state of mental imbecility, and the dukes of Orleans and Burgundy contended for power with a degree of violence that proved fatal to their country, as well as to themselves. The queen, (Isabella of Bavaria,) a woman of depraved character, allied herself with the duke of Orleans, but after his death she sometimes inclined to the opposite party, and at length even leagued with Henry V. against her own son, the dauphin. The duke of Burgundy was assassinated in his turn, in the year 1419f, and the queen died, universally detested, in 1435.

Two dukes of Orleans and three dukes of Burgundy were concerned in the transactions which brought about the English rule in France; they were all descended from a king (John II.) who died a prisoner in the hands of Edward III. The following table shews their relationship to each other, and to the dauphin, whose throne they endangered.

JOHN II.

A.D. 1408. The earl of Northumberland and Lord Bardolf again appear in the north, and take up arms; they are defeated by the sheriff of Yorkshire (Sir Thomas Rokeby) at Bramham-moor, Feb. 19, the earl being killed in the field, and Lord Bardolf mortally wounded.

A.D. 1409. The council of Pisa deposes the rival popes, styled Benedict XIII. and Gregory XII., June 5; Peter of Candia elected, June 15 or 26, who takes the name of Alexander V.

A strong body of Welsh ravage Shropshire, but are defeated, and their leaders, Philip Dhu and Philpot Scudamore, carried to London and executed.

A.D. 1410. The confiscation of the temporalities of the Church again proposed by the commons, but rejected by Henry.

The circulation of foreign money prohibited by statute [11 Hen. c. 5].

Thomas Badby, a Lollard, is executed, in April.

A.D. 1411. Henry sends a body of troops to assist the duke of Burgundy against his rivals; they gain a victory at St. Cloud %, and capture Paris.

Donald, lord of the Isles, endeavours to make himself independent of the Scottish crown. He is supported by Henry, but being defeated at Harlaw, near Aberdeen, July 24, is reduced to submission.

The giving of liveries again prohibited by statute. The practice had been forbidden in the first and seventh years of Henry's reign, but the enactments had not been attended to, [13 Hen. IV. c. 3].

The French factions were so embittered against each other, that it was with difficulty that the English could prevail on the Burgundians to spare the lives of their prisoners.

Prince Henry is removed from the council.

A.D. 1412. Henry changes his policy, and joins the Orleans party, by treaty, May 12.

A six years' truce is concluded with the Scots, May 7. Henry falls ill, when his eldest son claims the regency, which is refused to him.

The parties in France are reconciled, and unite against the English, who in return ravage Normandyh.

The first university in Scotland founded at St. Andrew's.

A.D. 1413. Henry is seized with a fit while at his devotions in the chapel of St. Edmund at Westminster; he dies a few days after, March 20, and is buried at Canterbury i

They were commanded by the duke of Clarence; at length they withdrew into Guienne, on the promise of a large sum of money, for which the duke of Orleans gave hostages.

i His tomb still exists, and there seems no reason to doubt that he was buried there; but the partisans of the House of York many years after asserted, with the view of blackening his character, that, like Jonas, his body was thrown into the Thames, in order to appease a violent tempest. The curious statement of one Clement Maydeston on the subject will be found in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, and also in Stothard's Sepulchral Monuments.