the support of Dudley, earl of Leicester, and the bishops are unable to carry out their instructions.

Peace is concluded with France, in which no mention is made of the restoration of Calais, April 1.

A.D. 1565. Sampson and Humphrey d, two of the most considerable of the non-conformists, are deprived of their preferments, June.

Mary of Scotland marries Henry, lord Darnley, after many attempts on the part of Elizabeth and her ministers to prevent it, July 29.

Mary drives Murray and his associates from Scotland; they repair to England, where they are received with apparent indignation by the queen.

Mary favours the Romanists, and allows the mass to be publicly celebrated.

Sir Henry Sydney is appointed lord-deputy of Ireland, Oct. 13.

See p. 265. The hostages placed in Elizabeth's hands were set at liberty in exchange for some of her agents who had been seized when the war broke out.

They both belonged to Oxford: Sampson was dean of Christ Church; Humphrey was Regius Professor of Divinity and master of Magdalen College. Humphrey eventually conformed, and died dean of Winchester; Sampson refused compliance, but was allowed to receive some small preferment.

He was the son of Matthew Stuart, earl of Lenox, and grandson of Queen Margaret of Scotland by her second husband, Archibald Douglas, earl of Angus. Darnley was a tall, handsome youth, but of a weak, inconstant, and profligate character. He alternately sided with, and deserted the Protestant leaders, and met his death at their hands; this seems certain, but very different views have been put forth by many distinguished writers on the more obscure question of the guilt or innocence of Mary in the matter.

He held the office (with the exception of three years, 15711574) until 1578, and laboured zealously to advance the cause of the Reformation, but his efforts had little success. O'Neal in the north, and the earl of Desmond in the south and west of Ireland, carried on an almost perpetual war, and received supplies of both men and money from the king of Spain and the pope. At length O'Neal was assassinated, but Desmond protracted the contest for several years after the final recal of Sydney.

T

A.D. 1566. Darnley is gained over to the party of the Reformers.

David Rizzio is murdered by Darnley and his associates, almost in the queen's presence, March 9; the confederates attempt to seize on the royal power, but are suddenly deserted by Darnley, and obliged to flee to England.

Murray and his friends are allowed to return to Scotland.

Mary pardons the murderers of Rizzio on the intercession of the earl of Bothwellh.

The Puritans publish books against the vestments and ceremonies; the circulation of the works is forbidden under heavy penalties i.

The parliament meets, Sept. 30.

The consecration of archbishops and bishops, as practised since the queen's accession, declared “good, lawful, and perfecti," [8 Eliz. c. 1].

Among them were the lords Ruthven, Lindsay, and Morton.

h James Hepburn, the grandson of the first earl of that name (see p. 122), was one of the very few Scottish nobles who under all circumstances had adhered to Mary. He was warden of the marches, and of a most ambitious and daring character; he had become the queen's chief adviser, and exercised a most unhappy influence over her.

i The Stationers' company were directed to search for and seize such works. The authors were to be dealt with by the High Commission Court; booksellers were to forfeit 20s. for each copy, and printers to suffer imprisonment and be forbidden to follow their occupation any longer. These enactments utterly failed, and the press continued to be obnoxious, and even formidable, to the government.

This statute was occasioned by an altercation between Horne, bishop of Winchester, and Bonner, the deprived bishop of London, then a prisoner in the Marshalsea. Horne indicted him for refusing the oath of supremacy; Bonner, on his trial, denied that Horne had been regularly consecrated, but as the rulers in those times wisely declined to allow such matters to be canvassed in the courts of law, the proceedings were stayed, and Bonner was allowed to end his days in the prison.

The corporation of the Trinity House empowered to erect and maintain beacons and sea-marksk [c. 13.]

Darnley again quarrels with Mary, and leaves the court. He refuses to be reconciled with her. Murray and others propose to procure a divorce, which she declines. Bothwell then undertakes to murder him, and a bond approving of the deed is drawn up and signed.

A.D. 1567. Mary and Darnley are apparently reconciled, Jan. He lies ill at a lone house, near Edinburgh, called the Kirk of Field, which is blown up, early in the morning of Feb. 10.

Bothwell, being publicly accused of the murder, is brought to trial. He appears surrounded by his friends in arms, and is at once acquitted, April 12. His partisans draw up a new bond, promising, in general terms, to support his views, April 20; when he seizes the queen, April 24, and compels her to marry him1, May 15.

A congregation of Protestant nonconformists is seized at Plumbers' hall, in Londonm, June 19.

The Scottish nobles take up arms, when Bothwell flees the country", and Mary is obliged to resign the crown to her son, July 24; she is imprisoned at Lochleven, and Murray is made regent.

Removing any steeples, trees, or other sea-marks, is rendered án offence punishable by a fine of £100, or outlawry.

To prepare for this step, which Bothwell at least had long plotted for, he had divorced his wife (Jane Gordon, sister of the earl of Huntley).

The party consisted of about 100, 15 of whom were seized and sent to prison for the night; on the following day they were examined before Bishop Grindal and others, who failed to reduce them to conformity.

" He lurked awhile on the Scottish coast, and then retired to Norway, where he was seized as a pirate, and where he died a madman several years after.

Mary escapes from her prison of Lochleven, May 2; she raises some troops, which are defeated at Langside (near Glasgow) May 13; she escapes into England, landing at Workington, in Cumberland, May 16°.

The English College at Douay is founded by William Allen.

Conferences held at York, before the duke of Norfolk P, the earl of Sussex, and other commissioners, at which the charges and counter-charges of Mary and the Scottish lords are brought forward, but nothing is determined. Mary, however, remains a prisoner, and plots begin to be formed for her liberation.

She wrote at once to Elizabeth, wishing to be allowed to come to the court, but this was refused, as was her next request, that she might be permitted to depart out of England. She was instead kept a prisoner, first at Carlisle, subsequently at Bolton, Tutbury, and other places.

P Thomas Howard, son of the accomplished earl of Surrey, executed by Henry VIII. (see p. 201). Mary's agents interested the duke in her favour, and led him afterwards into a plan of marriage with her, which eventually cost him his head.

He was the great-grandson of Lord Fitzwalter, executed in 1494, (see p. 124). His father was one of the first to declare in favour of the Princess Mary, and he himself was employed in embassies by her. He held the office of deputy of Ireland, as also that of president of the Council of the North, in which capacity he promptly repressed the insurrection of the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, and ravaged the lands of their Scottish partisans. He was a very important person in Elizabeth's court, where he was lord-chamberlain, but lived in a constant rivalry with the earl of Leicester, against whom he warned his friends on his death-bed. "Beware of the Gipsy," he said, "for he will be too hard for you all; you know not the beast so well as I do." Sussex died July 9, 1583, and was buried at Boreham, in Essex, where he had raised a stately monument, to which the bodies of several of his ancestors were removed. He was twice married, (one of his wives was aunt to Sir Philip Sydney,) but he left no issue, and was succeeded by his brother Robert.

The duke of Alva (Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo), governor of the Netherlands, seizes the goods of the English merchants"; they remove their trade to Hamburgh.

The pope (Pius V.) sends agents into England, who denounce the queen as a heretic, and "fallen from her usurped authority."

The duke of Norfolk intrigues with them, and also corresponds with Mary; he is summoned to court, and sent to the Tower, Oct. 11.

The earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland (Thomas Percy and Charles Neville) are also summoned to appear; instead, they take up arms, and proclaim their design of restoring the old religiont. They enter Durham, destroy the Bibles and Prayerbooks in the minster, and set up the mass there and in other places. They advance southward into Yorkshire, but are obliged to retire before the royal forces under the earl of Sussex, and soon abandon their en

* Alva was a bitter persecutor of the Protestants, thousands of whom sought shelter from his tyranny in England. A large sum of money sent to him from Spain being carried into English ports to escape capture from the French, a dispute arose about it; he ill used and drove out the English merchants, and afforded a refuge to the queen's enemies; she retaliated by assisting the Netherlanders to establish their independence.

8

The most considerable of these was Nicholas Morton, formerly prebendary of York, but who had long held an office in the papal court. Philip of Spain was concerned in the plot, and placed large funds in the hands of Ridolfi, a Florentine merchant settled in London; and the duke of Alva sent the marquis of Cetona, an experienced soldier, under pretence of a commercial negotiation, to prepare for a projected invasion.

On their banners were painted the five wounds of Christ, or a chalice, and Richard Norton, "an old gentleman with a reverend grey head," bore a cross with a streamer before them. The queen of Scots, whom they intended to release, was hastily carried from Tutbury to Coventry.